فهرست مطالب سید علی بدری

In Iran, the border areas are at a much lower level than the interior areas in terms of their development. Solving these problems requires the use of approaches that take steps towards a desirable future by knowing the past and identifying the existing capabilities. Futuristic studies as a new approach can play a significant role in shaping the future by analyzing the existing resources. This study is done to identify the major factors influencing these residential areas in the next 25 years. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. MicMac software was used to analyze the questionnaire and cross-effects matrix. The results of the study show that there are 21 important factors that influence the future housing situation in Kermanshah province. The most influential variables for the future of the housing system of Kermanshah province are the variables whose alteration can cause a change in the arrangement of housing networks in the province. Variables such as proximity to the international border, rail and road transportation network, and border markets are highly influential ones. Five possible situations for the future of the province's housing system were also identified, with the likelihood of each of these situations depending on the attention or lack of attention to each of the variables.

Rural development is one of the goals of countries and governments, especially developing countries, because despite having natural and agricultural resources, villages face many problems and issues such as poverty, unemployment, weak infrastructures. economic suitability, the lack of endogenous service activities, the low productivity rate in the agricultural sector of rural production and the lack of sustainable energy on the one hand and the destruction of natural resources on the other hand, which have made rural development somewhat impossible (Akbari) et al., 2016: 2). Attitude towards sustainable environmental development since the 1970s with international meetings and discussions. These issues presented the importance of paying attention to the sustainable development of rural areas and the need for renewable energy approaches and providing realistic strategies with spatial-spatial dimensions.

This research is a comparative research, in terms of purpose, development and in terms of qualitative nature. In terms of methodology, it is a type of content analysis. Considering that the final goal of this research is to compare the structure of renewable energy exploitation, the studied examples with Iran in identifying weaknesses and strengths, a fundamental look at the eploitation of renewable energy. It is acceptable and in the end it is to provide suggestions in order to strengthen this structure, therefore, in order to achieve these goals, the structure of renewable energy utilization in rural areas of Iran has been compared with four countries: Germany, Poland, Pakistan, and Thailand. The comparative approach is carried out in the analysis and monitoring of the functional comparison of the use of renewable energies in the rural areas of the countries and their similarities and differences are presented. So, using comparative and qualitative methods, the situation of rural areas in Iran was analyzed with other countries and its strengths and weaknesses were determined. Also, by identifying the difference in the indicators used, it is possible to improve the performance of renewable energies. Therefore, in the first step, the role of participation of local institutions in the structure of exploitation of renewable energies in Iran, Germany, Poland, Pakistan and Thailand has been discussed. In the second step; The comparative comparison of the government's role in the planning structure was mentioned and then the place of credit allocation in the use of renewable energy at the national, regional and local (rural) levels was discussed. Basically, it can be stated that this research is an applied research and the success and efficiency of comparative research in the field of renewable energy exploitation requires the adoption of a generalist approach in qualitative research. 

Examining the experiences of Germany, Poland, Pakistan and Thailand in the field of using renewable energy at different levels of a country showed that the success of the programs in Germany and Poland is the result of the cooperation of the European Union with these countries and the transfer of policies National decision-making has been realized at the local level. Therefore, in these countries, the government system has pursued a guiding role by creating convergence and partnership between the planning department, and by creating partnerships, they have performed self-welding and giving authority to each of the responsible provinces as a basic strategy. In the country of Thailand, the role of the government as a strategic institution performs its duties in the country's plans, and the basic principle of the plans is in the opinion of the prime minister and lower levels. In this country, the major departments of planning and decision-making regarding the development of the use of renewable energy have made large investments in rural areas with multi-party cooperation in regional and local programs.While the macro-planning structure of Iran and Pakistan practically does not provide the possibility of handing over authority. The power has been transferred from the center of the provincial governments to the level below it. It seems that in these countries, the government seeks to maintain a centralized structure in decision-making, especially large-scale energy and renewable energy programs. Although in these countries in the last decade, the participation of all stakeholders has led to the exploitation of renewable energies. With the comparison between the countries, it can be stated that the policies, policies and plans for the use of renewable energy in Iran have not been effective and currently the policy making of the use of renewable energy is nascent. And it is new.On the other hand, the country's planning system is facing weaknesses at the national level - from the point of view of centralized structure and sectoral plans. At the regional level with weaknesses such as the lack of independence and legal and political authority in the exploitation of renewable energy and at the local level with weaknesses such as not giving the right of legal authority to the local representative and weak public participation in The topics of using renewable energy are facing.

The results of the research showed that the success of the countries of Germany, Poland, Pakistan and Thailand was through interactive programs and the participation of stakeholders and giving them authority at the national, regional and local levels. However, at the national and regional level, Iran faces the view of a centralized structure and a partial approach to programs, the lack of independence and politicization of managers, and at the local level, the lack of legal powers to local institutions and the lack of interactive participation in the field of interest. The removal of renewable energies is facing. One of the applications of this research is to know the strengths and weaknesses of the studied countries in the field of renewable energy exploitation and compare it with Iran and lay the groundwork for the exploitation of renewable energy in rural areas. The country pointed out.. This point of view helps to provide the ground for encouraging popular and local institutions at various levels in rural areas.

Due to the increase in population and the increase in the interaction between humans and the natural environment, humans are more exposed to the risk of natural disasters. Despite all the progress made in recent decades, the negative effects of natural disasters are still felt, and mankind has not been able to significantly reduce the damage caused by natural hazards. Earthquake is one of the natural hazards that cannot be predicted and causes many damages every year. Iran is considered one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world and has historically witnessed many severe earthquakes. In this context, the Tehran metropolitan area is one of the areas with a high risk of earthquakes in Iran, which, in addition to the risk of earthquakes due to the high population density, has a high potential for vulnerability to earthquakes. So far, several studies have been conducted in connection with the vulnerability of urban spaces located in the Tehran metropolitan area, but the vulnerability of rural spaces located in the Tehran metropolitan area has not received much attention from researchers. The first step to analyzing natural disasters and assessing vulnerability to hazards is to identify and determine appropriate indicators. Since in the studies carried out so far, the identification of earthquake vulnerability assessment indicators according to the specific characteristics of peri-urban spaces has not been done, the purpose of this study is to compile and validate appropriate indicators for assessing the vulnerability of rural settlements located in the Tehran metropolitan area.

This study is applied research, and it is descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The research approach is a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative). The qualitative part of the research has been done by using a systematic review of research sources and checking the content of similar articles. From this point of view, the indicators for assessing the vulnerability of rural settlements against earthquakes have been identified. After that, the appropriateness of each index was determined using the Delphi method and the opinions of experts. In the quantitative part of the research, using descriptive and inferential statistics such as mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and One-sample t-test, indicators have been refined and validated. The statistical population of this research included all the experts and people specializing in the field of vulnerability to environmental hazards, of whom 40 experts were selected as a sample by using the purposeful sampling method.

In this study, 38 scientific articles related to the research topic have been identified by using a systematic review of sources to identify indicators of vulnerability to earthquakes, and 98 indicators have been identified by examining their content in the first step. This number has reached 41 indicators after performing initial refinement, removing irrelevant items, and merging similar items. These indicators, categorized in the form of three components that make up the concept of vulnerability, include exposure, susceptibility, and resilience. For validation, the indicators have been provided to the experts through the design of a questionnaire. The analysis of the results from the collection of questionnaires reveals that the component of being exposed to risk has three indicators. Each of the three indicators has been considered appropriate by experts in terms of the average, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, t-statistic value, and significance level. The susceptibility component has 17 indicators, two of which are in poor condition in terms of mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, t-statistic value, and significance level, and 15 other indicators are in good condition and have been approved by experts. The resilience component has 21 indicators, two of which are in poor condition in terms of mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, t-statistic value, and significance level, and 19 other indicators are in good condition and have been approved by experts. Finally, among the identified indicators, 37 of them were approved as suitable indicators for assessing the vulnerability of peri-urban rural settlements against earthquakes.

The findings of the study demonstrate that the values obtained for the indicators of risk exposure are at a more suitable level than the indicators of the other two components, confirming the expert consensus and agreement about the indicators of risk exposure. After that, there are the susceptibility component and the resilience component in terms of the experts' agreement. The results of this research, in terms of scientific application, provide a suitable platform for researchers in the fields of geographic sciences, environmental sciences, social sciences, disaster sciences, and other related specialized fields, each of which in some way studies the concept of vulnerability to earthquake hazards.

A look at the evolution of village management and management approaches shows that rural governance has been considered as an effective and efficient approach to accountability, transparency, legality and accountability of local affairs, which can play an important role in achieving sustainable development. in this study, we tried to examine the role of rural governance in the economic sustainable development in Kahak district in Qom couanty. The research method is descriptive-analytic and for data collection, a documentary and survey method was used. Questionnaire and observation were ccollections tools. The statistical population of the study consists of 17 rural administrations (dehyars) and 34 members of islamic rural councils (IRCs). The validity of the questionnaire was assessed and confirmed by the opinion of the professors and experts of rural management. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated and validated using Cronbach's alpha test at a very high level (0.91). In order to analyze of studied variables the SPSS software and statistical methods were used. The results of the research show that the rated rural-dominated villages in the studied villages is 3.7 and then the accountability with the score of 4.08 is the best. Also, analysis of variance test shows that governance influences on economic development and with increasing level of governance the level of economic development also increases. In this research, responsibility factor in the study area with coefficient of 0.453 is considered as the most important factor affecting economic development.

Women's participation in the labor force and socioeconomic activities is now recognized as one of the key identifiers of human development. because social wellbeing and poverty are intimately correlated with women's economic activities. As a result, the current study's goal is to spatially evaluate the variables influencing rural women's entrepreneurship with a focus on handicrafts. In terms of its goal, method of data collection, and descriptive-analytical analysis, the current study is an applied one. For statistical analysis of the data, we utilized SPSS software's Spearman correlation coefficient, regression, and path analysis tests. For geographical analysis, we used ARCGIS software's spatial statistics models of hot spots analysis, spatial autocorrelation (Moran index), and IDW interpolation. The findings of the research show that according to the results of the path analysis test, economic, political and socio-cultural indicators have the most influence and technological factors have the least influence on rural women's entrepreneurship. Also, according to the results of the regression analysis, the indicators of government support, market, infrastructure, raw materials, education and information have the greatest impact on the entrepreneurship of rural women in the studied villages and the least impact on the entrepreneurship of rural women in the studied villages to social factors, equipment and new methods and approaches.

Governance is the art of guiding organizations and communities. What determines the local nature of governance is the degree of participation in achieving the goals and aspirations of the local community. The aim of this study was to analyze the level of local governance and the factors affecting it in local governments (rural and Islamic councils) in the villages of Tonekabon city with a descriptive-analytical research approach. The statistical population of the study includes two groups of institutions in charge of rural management (including 50 villagers or members of Islamic councils and district experts) and 384 heads of households living in 36 villages of more than 50 households in 5 districts. In order to analyze the level of rural local governance, one-sample t-statistic and Fan TOPSIS were used and in order to analyze the factors affecting rural governance, Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate linear regression were used. Indicators of local governance include participation, legitimacy, accountability, responsibility, central justice, collective agreement, transparency and efficiency and effectiveness and factors affecting local governance including internal factors (organizational characteristics, manpower) and external factors (spatial location, Social and cultural characteristics, economic characteristics). The results showed that local governments are not in a good position in terms of local governance indicators with an average score 2.9. Also, the level of local governance is average in 61.1% of villages. At the same time, the results of regression show that internal factors explain 76.6% and external factors 96.4% of changes in rural governance. In the field of internal factors of Dehyari degree, Dehyari income, age and Dehyari experience with standard coefficient of 0.768; 0.379 and 0.232 and in the field of external factors of village , village population, weight and population density with standard coefficient of 0.411; 0.361 and 0.223 are the most important variables affecting rural governance.

Analysis of tourist's attitudes and tendencies towards community based tourism (Study area: villages of Tonekabon township) Analysis of tourist's attitudes and tendencies towards community based tourism (Study area: villages of Tonekabon township)Analysis of tourist's attitudes and tendencies towards community based tourism (Study area: villages of Tonekabon township) Analysis of tourist's attitudes and tendencies towards community based tourism (Study area: villages of Tonekabon township) Analysis of tourist's attitudes and tendencies towards community based tourism (Study area: villages of Tonekabon township) Analysis of tourist's attitudes and tendencies towards community based tourism (Study area: villages of Tonekabon township) Analysis of tourist's attitudes and tendencies towards community based tourism (Study area: villages of Tonekabon township)

Pro-poor tourism initiatives seek a direct link between tourism activities and poverty alleviation approaches with the aim of hearing the voices of the poor, paying particular attention to their needs and participating in the process of tourism development. Accordingly, the present study, through face-to-face qualitative interviews, seeks to explore the lived experiences of the poor in selected villages of eastern Semnan province to participate in nature-related activities. These three villages have become one of the most popular tourist areas in the country in recent years, but the statistics show that there are also many poor. The results of face-to-face interviews show that most participants face high growth in tourism in their villages in three ways: "trying to participate in formal jobs", "trying to participate in informal activities" and "trying to learn and enhance skills". They have sought to influence and participate in nature-related hiking activities in selected villages. But a number of them also have taken a passive approach to tourism growth, which has isolated them in their living environments.

Panel reports on climate change suggest that climate change around the world is most likely due to human factors. Temperature and precipitation are two important parameters in the climate of a region whose variations and fluctuations affect different areas such as agriculture, energy, tourism and so on. Seymareh basin is one of the most significant sub-basins of Karkheh. The purpose of this study is to predict the impact of climate change on precipitation and temperature of the Seymareh Basin in 2021-2040 period. These effects were analyzed at selected stations with uncertainties related to atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) of CMIP5 models under two scenarios of RCP45 and RCP85 through LARS-WG statistical model. Then the uncertainties of the models and scenarios were investigated by comparing the monthly outputs of the models by the coefficients of determination coefficient (R2) in the forthcoming period (2021-2040) with the base period (1980–2010). The root mean square error (RMSE) calculations presented the best model and scenarios for generating future temperature and precipitation data.             The Seymareh catchment is the largest and the main Karkheh sub-basin that covers parts of Kermanshah, Lorestan and Ilam provinces. The length of the largest river at the basin level to the site of the Seymareh Reservoir Dam is approximately 475 km, and the area of the basin is 26,700 km2. Geographic coordinates of the basin are from 33° 16 ́ 03 ̋to 34°59 ́ 29 ̋north latitudes and 46°6 ́9 ̋to ̋ 5 ́ 0 ° 49 Eastern longitudes, minimum basin height 698 m at the dam outlet and its maximum height 3,638 m. It is on the western highlands of Borujerd. The information used in this study was obtained from the Meteorological Organization of the country. For this study, three synoptic stations of Kermanshah, Hamadan and Khorramabad, which had the highest statistical records and had appropriate distribution at basin level, were used. These data included daily and monthly temperature and precipitation information, and sunshine hours. The LARS-WG fine-scale exponential model was proposed by Rasko et al., Semnoff and Barrow (1981). We used daily data at stations under current and future weather conditions. In order to select the best GCM model from the models mentioned above, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation and sunshine data were entered daily in the base period (1980–2010) and data were generated for five models under two scenarios of RCP45 and RCP85 for the period 2040–2021. The data were generated in 100 random series and the mean of required variables (minimum temperature, maximum temperature and rainfall) were extracted monthly in the period 2021-2040. Then, root mean square error (RMSE) and determination coefficient (R2) were used to evaluate the performance of the models and compare the results. To ensure the models' ability to generate data in the coming period, computational data from the model and observational data at the stations under study should have been compared. The capability of the LARS-WG model in modeling the minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and radiation at the stations under study was completely consistent with the observed data. The model's ability to exemplify rainfall was also acceptable, however the highest modeling error was related to March rainfall. By comparing the observed and produced data including monthly average precipitation, minimum and maximum temperatures through five mentioned models with their indices, the best model and scenario for future fabrication were determined. The results of this comparison showed that among the available models, HADGEM2-ES model under RCP 4.5 scenario had the best result for precipitation and HADGEM2-ES under RCP 8.5 scenario predicted the best result for maximum temperature. Determining the best model, precipitation data, minimum temperature and maximum temperature produced in the selected models and scenarios were analyzed to investigate the climate change temperature and precipitation for the future period. The results of this study indicated that due to the wide range of output variations of different models and scenarios, by not taking into account the uncertainties of the models and scenarios can have a great impact on the results of the studies. It was also found in this study that the LARS-WG exponential model was capable of modeling precipitation data and baseline temperature in the study area, so that the radiation data, minimum and maximum temperatures were completely consistent with the data. The observations are consistent and the models' ability to predict rainfall is very good and acceptable manner. In investigating the uncertainties caused by atmospheric general circulation models and existing scenarios, the best model to predict precipitation in the study area is HADGEM2-ES model under RCP 8.5 scenario, the best model for temperature estimation model HADGEM2-ES under RCP scenario No. 4.5. The overall results of this study revealed that the average precipitation in the basin will decrease by 4.5% on average, while the minimum temperature will be 1.5° C and the maximum temperature will be 2.17° C. The highest increase will be due to the warmer months of the year. Notable are the disruptions of rainfall distribution and the high temperatures will have significantly negative consequences than rainfall reduction.

Entrepreneurship in rural tourism is one of the pillars of rural development that has always been considered as a solution to some of the problems of the villagers. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the tourism entrepreneurship ecosystem in the villages of Tehran province and identify the most important factors affecting its development. This is an exploratory study conducted using descriptive-analytical method and the main tool for collecting data is a questionnaire completed by "Rural Business Owners", "Rural Managers" and "Elites and Specialists". Regarding the development of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in rural tourism, the results showed that all three groups of business owners, rural managers and experts consider the economic dimension as the most important dimension and the results of the factor analysis model in evaluating the most important indicators affecting the development of entrepreneurship ecosystem in rural tourism by summarizing 24 indicators to 5 factors showed that the most important indicator in the development of entrepreneurship ecosystem in rural tourism is the "investment" index. Other indicators of the first factor include participation, investor, access (market or economic), government, awareness and education (policy). Accordingly, it can be concluded that the most important requirement for the development of tourism entrepreneurship in the villages under study is cooperation between two groups of investors (for investment and marketing) and the government (to provide education and awareness) in the villages with tourism entrepreneurship and partnership with the residents of these villages.

Iran’s rural sector faces many problems in terms of ecological, physical, economic and social dimensions. These problems lead to the situation in which villages become places for high-income urban groups, physical unrest, land use change, and a lack of attention to the process of developing policies and programs against their products and outcomes. As a result, the future of physical development in rural areas faces a serious challenge. The aim of the present study was to analyze the current situation in the framework of developing a spatial policy for the sustainable physical development of rural areas of the country. In this regard, both the content of rural development policies and the process of formulating these policies and the role of effective factors in it have been examined. The method of obtaining cognition in this research is qualitative, which is divided into two

1- method of analysis of directional qualitative content; and 2 - Grand Theory. The results show that the existing spatial policy development framework for sustainable physical development of rural areas in Iran consists of policy factors, policy processes and policy content. Important factors such as the lack of general policies of the political system in rural development, centralism and the marginal position of rural society at the national level affect the framework of spatial policy development. Also, current policy processes, following the factors, have several challenges that include sectoral and centralized policies, as well as the lack of coherence and coordination of agencies in the development of programs. Therefore, solving these challenges requires reforming processes and institutions instead of expanding administrative organization, integrating agricultural and rural development policies, and ultimately creating and strengthening clusters, systems, and networks. Analysis of the qualitative content of the documents showed that the factors of planning, budgeting and formulation of national sustainable development strategy, the need for coordination of sectors and communication of different national and local levels as well as economic dimension, infrastructure-physical dimension have the greatest role and influence in developing spatial development policy of rural areas.

Villages have been gradually established and developed in a natural environment using local materials and technology over the decades. People expanded the agricultural fields by managing water and rural forests serve as the sink of resources used by humans for daily life and agriculture. Current condition of a landscape can be a reliable indicator of future trends and areas in need of further attention. Moreover there are specific cultural backgrounds, which have influenced on the settlement patterns of regions and countries. So, many criteria must be considered in order to achieve sustainability. Given that the destruction of rural environments and its valuable elements is taking place, it is necessary to identify and explain the indicators of a sustainable rural landscape in accordance with the situation and conditions in Iran. The research method is exploratory, in which the main indicators of sustainable landscape are explained through a continuous and selective process of accreditation and through the evaluation of university professors, professionals, managers and decision makers in the field of rural. The results of 25 questionnaires (consisting of four dimensions and 130 indicators) were included in the evaluation. The respondents were asked to rank each indicator based on “related rate”, “importance” and “measurability”. The results show that the sustainable landscape of rural area is related to their multi-functionality services; spatial patterns of villages and natural resources. From the point of view of experts, the indicators of the sub-category “socio-cultural dimension” have had the greatest impact on the sustainable rural landscape.

This paper takes up the qanat of Hassan Abad and its special peculiarities which made it eligible to be nominated as UNESCO World Heritage in 2015. Hasan Abad originates from Ebrahim Abad valley near the town of Mehriz and travels 40 kilometers to Yazd. The water of this qanat is shared out between the town of Mehriz, the village of Dehno and Yazd (district of Hasan Abad). One of the most important properties of this qanat is its territorial cooperation which is resulted from a lax territorial behavior caused by the qanat’s dynamics. Dormant territorial behavior can pave the way for a high sense of cooperation and social capital, which are all associated with the peculiarities of the qanat. In the region, the social foundation which has been formed and evolved around the water resources management could have increased the sense of cooperation. Through the research method of grounded theory, this paper tries to answer the question of how a water current like the qanat of Hasan Abad can pave the way for such social convergence and cooperation between three beneficiary territories.

In recent years, rural policy has undergone fundamental changes and is mainly studied in the form of sustainable development with a territorial perspective, where the coverage of all sectors is considered by the territorial perspective. In Iran, the lack of a holistic point of view in the policy making process has led to different parts of villages to operate as an island basis and not pay attention to the principle of completeness of places. The purpose of this paper is to design a pattern for the challenges of spatial policy-making formulation in rural regions of the country and provide appropriate strategies. Grounded theory is used to extract and analyzing data in three coding staged including open coding, axial coding and selective coding used for data analysis. To achieve the theoretical saturation, the theoretical sampling and snowball method are used for obtaining the opinions of 14 elites (individuals in the rural development trustee systems) through semi-structured and individual interviews. Accordingly, "sectoral, centralized and top-down policy making" was identified as a central category. The results showed that the weakness of the conceptual and theoretical foundations of rural policy-making in Iran has been the most important factor in the emergence, consistency and durability of centralized, partial and top-down policy making. At the same time, the policies formulated are not integrated from institutional and territorial perspective, and on the other hand, the process of formulating and implementing rural development programs is not coherent and does not provide adequate feedback. It can be said, therefore, that in the current context, attention should be paid to integrated sectoral -spatial policy-making. This necessity should be provided with a view to bureaucratic- spatial decentralization and integrated territorial policy-making, which will result in a relative reduction of partiality and attention to spatial policies in the country's policy-making and planning system.

The poor have been the focus of attention in tourism development programs in developing countries. This has become a primary concern in tourism development programs so that the net revenues of tourism have been the reason for any tourism development initiative. The present qualitative study used content analysis to identify and explain perceptions of tourism stakeholders to reduce the poverty in the selected villages, i.e. Qaleh Bala, Abr and Reza Abad, in the east of Semnan. Because of their geographical isolation and traditional lifestyles, people in these villages suffered from poverty. In recent years, the government made efforts to reduce poverty through tourism development in these areas. The interviews with the five stakeholders showed that with government support, tourism reduced poverty in three ways: direct, indirect, and dynamic. The support had thus increased opportunities and skills for a large part of the rural poor and had also promoted relative cohesion, participation, and environmentally responsible behavior.

Analysis of Rural Settlements Resilience against Earthquake
Case Study: Marivan County
 
Iran is a seismic prone country located over the Himalayan-Alpine seismic belt. Striking earthquakes during the past years and decades are strong proofs for vulnerability of rural areas in this country; loss of lives, damage to buildings, even demolishing villages have been experienced in Iran rural areas. All these fatal effects are evidences to make villages more resilience and strengthen their structures because in the case of vulnerable structures, earthquake can be tremendously destructive. Therefore, losses of live and property can be avoided through making resilience rural social, economic and physical structure like construction of buildings that sway rather than break under the stress of an earthquake. Making villages resilience are directly related to saving rural residents lives and their property. Briefly, reaching or maintaining rural areas capacities to an acceptable level are the main purpose of this study by analyzing mentioned structures. This study conducted in Marivan rural settlements which exposed to earthquake.
According to Morgan Table, 310 samples responded to the questionnaires. The samples of this study were selected by chance from 6 districts and 18 villages. The main methods for analysis of collected data were Dimatel, ANP and Statictical analysis by SPSS. The results of ANP and Dimatel analyses led to the determination of relation among the factors. It should be noted we used Delfi method for this part. Moreover, for the final part ANOVA analysis is used by the authors. 
All around the world, countries have different approaches to deal with hazards in order to mitigate fatal affects. In fact, the goal of all management practices is to reduce hazard impacts. Iran faces a variety of hazards because of placing in a special geographical position; in this regard earthquake is the most important one. Resiliency approach can improve the flexibility of rural settlements through strengthen the capabilities of them and reduce their vulnerability. In the present study, analysis of rural settlements resilience against earthquake has been investigated. The results show that the resiliency is lower than the average in the studied villages. Also, there was a significant difference among the studied villages in terms of the resiliency against earthquake. The findings are consistent with the results of Nouri and Sepahvand in 2016 and Rezaei et al., in 2014.
Considering the analysis of data and ANP analysis of the internal and external factors in a general and separate way, the studied villages of Marivan city can be considered as non-resilience structures; in this regard, the most important reason is the inappropriate condition in the internal factors of rural settlements. The poor quality of construction and the inadequate structure of buildings must be considered, as well. Another obvious reason is the existence of eroded texture in this area. According to external factors, relief does not cover rural areas and led to reduce the resilience of rural settlements. Investigating the resilience of rural settlements based on external factors not only indicates the inappropriate situation of rural structure in this analysis, but also it proves a more favorable situation than internal factors. The findings show that structure and the amount of structure confinement in decrease the tissue texture of rural settlements play a profound role; changing these factors requires a long time and long-term planning. Regarding the post hoc test, variance analysis suggests the highest resiliency in Zarivar with an average of 2.99 and the lowest survival rate in KhavumirAbad rural district with an average of 1.87. Moreover, according to the one-sample T-Test, the socio-cultural dimension with a mean of 3.05 has the best situation in terms of resiliency against earthquake in the studied villages. For improving resiliency in the studied villages, authors’ suggests are including: managing and organizing preparation measures and response along with effective actions to reduce the risks of earthquake and providing a crisis management department; strengthen scientific and research studies to identify and reduce the risks; applying the rules to retrofit the buildings and increasing the safety factors in new construction; mapping the vulnerabilities in rural areas; increasing people participation and preparing them to deal with an emergency situation caused by an earthquake.
 
Keywords: Resiliency, Rural Settlements, Earthquake, Marivan County

This paper examines the role of shared water resources in establishing territorial cooperation. To do so, the Abarkooh basin which lies on the border between the Yazd and Fars provinces has been singled out as our case study. Across this basin, the upstream and downstream villages all exploit a common groundwater reserve. Until the late 1970s, the exploitation of the common groundwater took place based on a systematic relationship between the basin’s upstream and downstream, which was associated with geographical distribution of vital resources and livelihood differentiation. However, the traditional cooperation has turned into competition and social tension, which contribute to the destruction of their shared water resource. This study has deployed the research method of grounded theory in order to answer the questions: how the shared water resource can serve as the groundwork for systematic interaction and cooperation, and under what conditions such systematic interaction may turn into a competitive confrontation. According to our field studies, the geoghraphical difference between the basin upstream and downstream led to the different possibilities accessed by the human communities in both areas. The same different possibilities gave rise to the creation and development of different economic systems under a condition to which we refer as livelihood differentiation. Livelihood differentiation in turn paved the way for the cooperative exploitation of the shared water resources. However, over the past decades, the exogenous socio-economic programs along with the climate change impaired the livelihood differentiation so that the traditional cooperation was replaced by competition.

Rural development programs based on different patterns in Lorestan province did not have the expected effect on the economic prosperity and improvement of villagers' life. Socially, they had no success to establish the participation of villagers and their empowerment either. In order to eliminate these shortcomings from the rural areas of the province, it is necessary to identify and analyze the key factors in presenting a rural spatial planning pattern through a foresight approach. In this research, Delphi and panel techniques together with the analysis of interactions were implemented with the MicMac software to identify and analyze the key factors involved in designing a pattern for rural spatial planning. The results showed that, out of 40 main problems in rural programs, 13 factors are the most important ones to affect the design of a pattern for the rural areas of Lorestan. These factors include rural perspective, futurism, environment, rural economic structure, rural governance, alternative scenarios, features of the regions, land use planning, rural participation, spatial development principles, rural, local capacity and social capital, rural management, and convergence-divergence of the sectors.

An integrated approach to the key elements of rural spatial policy-making -including places, people and activities- in the formulation of laws, programs and policies; promotes sustainable rural development. Lack of integrated vision, while having a sectorial approach, in the process of formulating rural development programs in Iran, has caused serious challenge to the sustainable development of these areas. The aim of this paper is analyzing the qualitative content of spatial policies of rural development in Iran. The present paper is a fundamental research in terms of nature; and a developmental research, in terms of purpose. Data analyzing method in this paper is based on qualitative-content-oriented Analysis. Spatial policy subjects, include place-based policies, physical sustainable development, and the institutionalization of sustainable development policies. These categories include 11 indicators (subcategories), constituting the conceptual framework of the research. Qualitative-content Analysis of spatial policies, based on the 11 indicators or sub-categories of the research, 143 codes were obtained, after extracting the unit of meaning, compressing the sentences, and encoding. These codes were categorized in different categories (categories and indicators), respecting their conceptual and thematic relationship.  Results showed that of total of 143 codes extracted, the index of planning nature, budgeting, and making Sustainable Development National Strategy, with 21 codes (14.68%) ranked in the first; three indicators of economic dimensions, physical-infrastructural dimensions, and coordination of sectors and Different levels (national and local), ranked the second place with 18 codes (12.58%); and finally the indicator of backwarded-regions protection, with 15 codes (10.48%) ranked the third place. Therefore, the orientation of spatial policies for rural development is towards planning and budgeting factors, physical-infrastructural dimensions, economic, and backwarded regions supporting, while the share of social and environmental factors and the participation of NGOs and the private sector in the formulation of these policies, is little. The Innovational aspect of this paper is its comprehensive analysis of policy-making documents -including five-year development plans, general policies of these plans, general laws and system policies (33 related documents)- using spatial policy indicators.

Part of rural-urban interactions is the flow of people which is considered as a key element. Social life flows into a network of social relations, this network embodies within spatial separation of social groups –the result of accumulation of time, place and social relations. This research investigates the impact of demographic linkages between rural and urban areas on social capital. For achieving this aim, in the first step, the most important indicators of social capital were gathered based on the literature review. Then, according to Cochran formula, 377 questionnaires were responded randomly. The samples of this study were selected radomly from 7 districts and 26 villages located in Damavand, Firuzkoh, and Shemiranat. The main methods to analyze the collected data were network analysis and cross- impact analysis; the results of these methods led to the determination of impacts demographic linkages on creation of social capital. The density index was almost 60% in Damavand, Firuzkoh, and Shemirant. The reciprocity and transferability indices were almost 50% and 60%, respectively. After checking demographic linkage among rural and urban settlements, we analyzed indicators of social capital. We analyzed the results based on the t- test in network analysis framework by UCINET. The results and significance level suggest demographic linkages among the settlements led to social capital at 95% confidence level. Social capital indicator averages (participation and cooperation, compatibility and coexistence, social relations, social identity, trust, and commitment), were higher than average level (almost 3/5 base on Likert Scale) and this result suggests the studied indicators are acceptable.

Rural managers and study of their performance in rural development is one the important topics of rural management. Using public cooperation and participation, rural managers have attempted to eliminate pubic needs, collect garbage, provide public services, and develop pathways. Choosing and explaining components and indicators of research were conducted according to the related literature. So that five components and forty indices were assessed. for effective component (rural managers awareness level of rules and regulations) and impressionable component (desirable rural management). The statistical society of this study include 60 Rural Manager from under study area. The research tools were validated based on experts’ opinions and durability of questionnaire was determined and validated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. There was a positive and meaningful relationship between rural managers awareness level of rural rules and regulations, and desirable rural management; furthermore, there was such a relationship between rural managers awareness level of social rules and regulations and desirable social rural management as well as between rural managers awareness level of economic rules and regulations and desirable economic management of villages. Actually, the results of research showed that the development level of villages have influence on increment of rural managers awareness level of rules and regulations and enhancement of desirable rural management. Thus, paying attention to rural managers awareness level of rules and regulations is a priority for rural managers empowerment in local management, desirable rural management and development level of villages, and leads to enhancement of existing potentials of rural residences. Indeed, the enhancement and improvement of rural development indicators and enhancement of rural managers awareness of functional rules and regulations must be considered by policy-makers and planners of rural development as one of the effective strategies and the required background and infrastructure for realization of it must be provided.

This article focuses on the process of naturalization and poverty reduction in the selected villages of the eastern province of Semnan (Qaleh bala, abr, Reza Abad); therefore, it has been tried to study the natural habitat and poverty reduction of these villages through the theoretical theory (Strauss and Corbin version) . To this end, 30 people were selected using theoretical sampling method from natural disasters and poverty reduction (poor, tourists, poor from extinction poverty, government managers, local administrators and ordinary residents of selected villages). Data were collected through semi-structured and deep interviews, semi-structured observations, and notes and formation of discussion groups. Three-step (open, axial, and selective) encoding was used to analyze the data in the MAXQDA10 software environment. Findings of the research show that the poor, in response to the common concern of unsustainable nature, have used the fundamental strategy of trying to engage in nature-related activities. This strategy included a multidimensional process; the effort to participate in formal jobs, the effort to engage in informal activities, the effort to learn and enhance skills. The support and capacities of the naturalization of the facilitating area and the unsustainable nature of the plan were blocking the solutions. Finally, the consequences of this process were relative poverty reduction in three direct, indirect and dynamic impacts.

The purpose of this study is to examine the goals, motivation, barriers of organic farmers in Ravansar County, Kermanshah, Iran. This study was a descriptive-correlation research. The population of the study was organic farmers in Ravansar. Organic farmers were selected from a list of certified farmers obtained from Agriculture Organization. Among them, 51 organic farmers were selected based on a simple sample randomized method. Data analysis was done with SPSS software. The results showed that organic farmers have had the most importance for the health of food and short-term benefits. In order of preference, statement “organic farming can assure world food production” and “organic products are healthier” was the first priority, and in ecological statement “organic farming can improve soil fertility and structure” and economic statement “organic farming can assure the future of a farm” create motivation for organic farming. The most important barriers of organic farming like marketing and the lack of government support for these products, lack of required standards in order to confirm and supply of products to the market and lack of training and informing have mentioned in this context.

Until now, a large number of studies on tourism in rural regions have concentrated on the recognition of its positive and negative impacts on economic, social, cultural, and environmental dimensions. However, considering the different views held by local people of the impact of tourism, few studies have been carried out to compare the perceptions of stakeholders, especially from the perspective of rural residents. This research aims to do a comparative analysis of the perceptions of local residents about the impacts of tourism on the villages of Kolan river basin in Malayer County. The research method is a mixed procedure. In the qualitative phase, during six sessions, group brainstorming was done by 60 persons participating as local volunteers. They tried to identify the positive and negative impacts of tourism. The findings in this phase were used to design a questionnaire as a measurement tool in the quantitative phase. As many as 350 questionnaires were given to 10% of the population over 15 years of age. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, chi-square, and ANOVA. According to the exploratory factor analysis, the positive impacts were classified into economic, environmental, and social factors. Similarly, the negative impacts were classified into three factors in terms of environmental, social and security, and cultural impacts. The results of the cluster analysis showed three different perspectives. In most cases, there were significant differences between the perceptions of the local residents in terms of positive and negative impacts of tourism. The findings are consistent with the principles of social exchange theory.