سید مجتبی میردامادی

Islamic thinkers and philosophers have always paid special attention to the rational proof of the supreme principle. Argument of order is one of these arguments that has an irreplaceable position and importance in theology and has been emphasized a lot in religious texts. But some have not accepted its proof due to the claim of not establishing certainty in the proof of order, and have excluded it from the number of proofs of the supreme origin. Therefore, the present research with the method of conceptual, propositional and systemic analysis, while re-reading and semantic analysis of "logical certainty in the special sense" and "psychological certainty in the general sense", by examining some interpretations of the proof of order, aims to answer the question of the possibility of providing certainty in the proof of order in the true sense and logical, and examining the place and necessity of order proof in philosophical and theological discussions.In an innovative approach, by proving the validity and certainty of the cumulative argument from a logical and philosophical point of view, the present research makes it a valid and rational basis for expressing real certainty in the proof of order and not merely its assurance, because the cumulative argument implied in the proof of order is consistent with mutavaterat. It is one of the basic certainties and beliefs that the human mind readily acknowledges and doubting it will lead to sophistry. Secondly, due to its obviousness and philosophical mastery, the proof of order has an important place in proofs of the supreme origin for all human levels.

Population is one of the strategic elements of countries and is one of the most important sources of national power and the source of increasing political influence among international communities. Those believe in the theory of generational limitation have been affected by the atmosphere of the community and in a period when the population in Iran grew a lot and governments were seeking to adopt population control policies, they used religious thoughts for confirming these policies.This research was performed by using library sources and descriptive-analytical method to examine and criticize the perceptions of the opponents of population increase from the verses and narrations of generation limitation. The findings demonstrated that the opponents of population increase believe that Quran contains verses, although not directly related to population control, lead to family planning, we can say. Investigations showed that the verses have been interpreted incorrectly and incompletely, and they deserve criticism. Opponents of population increase have also referred to narrations to prove the limitation of generation. The examination of the documents and the content of the narrations showed that the documents of some narrations are weak while some are correct. Assuming the completeness and authenticity of all the documents, they are incorrect interpretations of the narrations.

The sublime laws of Islam are legislated with the aim of perfection and happiness of the society and its people. The sanctity of bribery is one of the divine commandments that has been stated to prevent social and economic corruption and violation of rights. The sanctity of bribery is common among all Muslim sects. However, an issue that has always been a subject of debate is the ruling on paying bribes in order to fulfill the right, especially in the case of exclusive rights. By analyzing and criticizing the bases and arguments of the views proposed in this field, the present research has chosen the unpopular theory and reached the conclusion that bribery in order to achieve justice is absolutely forbidden for the bribe giver and the bribe taker. In order to find the answer to the problem, after analyzing and correctly addressing each of the points of view, and in addition to applying the principles of Muslim jurisprudence, finally, with the governmental and social approach to jurisprudence, as well as using the method of gathering suspicion, the problem has been solved.

In addition to biology, the theory of "evolution" created a huge revolution in various fields such as worldview and ethics. Darwin did not seek theological and philosophical conclusions of evolution, but his view became the basis for an atheistic interpretation of creation, which was based on the random formation of the order of the world. At the same time, theists and supporters of the "intelligent design" theory, with different modeling, show the astonishing insignificance of the possibility of random evolution and even its impossibility. The central issue of this article is to investigate the possibility of random formation of information in the DNA of organisms in the modern evolutionary synthesis. The current research is focused on the problems of the random creation of genetic information with the method of systematic and descriptive analysis and with the analytical statement of the stages of the evolution theory, and by critically examining the latest readings of evolution in the Western world, while rereading the "logical" and "psychological" certainty, it presents an innovative explanation of "cumulative reasoning" through which the logical certainty of the existence of a supreme origin and "intelligent design" beyond the wonderful order of the universe is proven. In fact, this essay examines the theological and philosophical elements of evolution.

Consensus is one of the sources of reaching rulings, which may be a source of beliefs as well. In the theological books of Islamic scholars, Shia or Sunni, the reason for consensus has been used to prove some of the doctrines. And what is the criterion of credibility and the scope of its validity? This research aims to examine the answers to the above questions from the most important theological schools, namely the Imamiyyah, Mu'tazilah, Ash'ari, and Matridiyyah. This research, which is of a fundamental type, has tried to explain the different dimensions of consensus with the analytical and library methods and with the approach of rational and narrative reasoning. In this article, the reasons given for the validity of consensus in matters of belief have been undermined. The most important results obtained in this research are that: the fundamentalists of the Imamiyyah and some Akhbaris accept the authority of consensus based on reason, the Ash'arites accept the authority of consensus through narration, and most of the Mu'tazila and Matridiyya also accept the authenticity of consensus through narration. In this article, there is a flaw in the arguments presented, and Mukhtar's opinion is that: there is no evidence for the validity of consensus in matters of faith.

Language is a collection of regular and interconnected sounds that distinguish words and their meanings from other words; in fact, sound is the most fundamental structure of language; because the appropriate use of vowels and consonants has a deep connection with the thought of the creator of the text, which can inspire specific meanings in the context of the situation; therefore, the purposeful repetition of consonants and vowels causes a great induction of phonemes in expressing the meanings of the text. "Maurice Grammon", a famous French linguist in the 20th century, puts forward the value and concept of inducing phonemes in language and believes that a writer can create the desired images and meanings with a specific and regular melody in a systematic network of words made up of similar phonemes. , to induce in the mind of the audience; for this purpose, the present research investigates the induction of sounds in Hajj verses with the method of content analysis and based on Grammon's theory; the results indicate that the phonetic miracle of the Holy Quran ultimately inspires beauty, concepts and meanings to the audience. So that the frequency of the light(simple) vowels "A" and "A"/a/¸/ã/ and the consonants of the latin words "S,Z"/s¸z/ and the alveolar- fricative consonant "Y"/j/ play a very important role in associating the concepts of Hajj.

A significant volume of international transactions is carried out in the form of a sales contract, and one of the controversial issues in this contract is the defective product and the range of rights arising from it for the customer. Considering the growing volume of domestic and international transactions, these rights must be complete in order to eliminate the violation of the right in general. The inadequacy of traditional rights in the discussion of defects, the obsolescence of laws, as well as the potential of Iran to be present in the international trade arena, shows the need to use scientific achievements and ready-made texts and resources that have been accepted at the international level in order to consciously follow the example of They should open a shortcut to advanced rights. This research with a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach from documents such as the principles of European contract law, the principles of international commercial contracts and the 1980 Convention on the International Sale of Goods indicates that the range of customer rights due to defective goods in the aforementioned legal systems, the set of performance guarantees is generally based on the institutions of 1. Mandatory execution of the contract; 2. Adjustment of the contract (price reduction; Arash); 3. Termination and 4. The demand for damages is available to the customer and although there are differences, these differences in the bases and principles are not the origin of the effect, and in general, the shared aspects of domestic law with the examined documents are more than the aspects of the dispute. It is its incentive and obstacles, and the possibility of greater coordination and alignment with global procedures and their acceptance is possible.

In the field of international relations, trade exchanges are very important. One of the most important examples of trade relations in the field of international trade is the international sale of goods. One of the natural and required issues in any contract is the benefit of the parties to their rights, in which the customer's rights are among the serious and important categories, some of which are related to defective goods in this study. In the present study, it will be observed that, in Iranian law and the Convention, the scope of customer rights resulting from the sale of defective goods consists of two parts: 1. Obligation to fulfill the provisions of the contractual obligation and ultimately relieve the customer from an unbalanced and unbalanced contractual situation, which in Iranian law is referred to as the defective option and its mechanisms, and in the Convention as the non-compliance of goods and related mechanisms. 2. The actual methods of compensation that provide for the possibility of providing damages resulting from the loss of a favorable contractual position both in order to fulfill the obligation and to terminate it. The Convention includes the issue of compensation for the sale of defective goods in accordance with the theory of full compensation, but in Iranian law this scope is more limited.

Political and trade developments in the last half century have introduced the world into a new process, which is characterized by the rapid reduction of geographical distances and the increasing integration of trade, social and political systems with the accelerating process of concluding numerous contracts in the creation, production and consumption. Is. ا ، . In Iranian law and international documents, the scope of customer rights arising from the sale of defective goods can be imagined in two parts: And its mechanisms and in international documents are referred to as non-compliance of goods and defects and related mechanisms. 2. The actual methods of compensation, which raises the possibility of providing damages resulting from the loss of a favorable contractual position both in order to fulfill the obligation and its termination. Basically, in the case of م In the 1980 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the principles of European contract law, in addition to providing for mechanisms to relieve the customer of an unfavorable contractual situation, there is no need to go back. However, in Iranian law this scope is more limited and there is no explicit text regarding the compensation and assignment of damages resulting from the loss of a favorable contractual position; Also, this difference in compensation methods is such that the methods provided in international documents are more diverse, up-to-date and more purposeful than the mostly traditional methods of compensation in Iranian law.

"Differences in hadith" and "factors causing it" are among the issues of hadith research, which neglecting it leads to distrust of hadith and discarding it; therefore, due to the effect of knowing the causes of hadith differences on how to resolve the conflict, scientists and hadith researchers try to find solutions to the conflict by examining these causes. Part of the difference of hadith occurred in the stage of transmission to the next levels of hadith, and the narrators and scribes had a role in creating it. The present study examines the issue of hadith differences with the approach of examining the role of narrators and scribes from the age of the Prophet to the end of the period of the imams (as), with an emphasis on the opinions of Ayatollah Sistani. He has found some unreal differences from the narrators and scribes which caused by factors such as: intention and tolerance, and apart from Rjali's analysis, he has investigated these factors. From the study of his works, it can be seen that the actions of narrators and scribes that lead to the difference of hadith can be divided into three types: intentional, unintentional, and common between intentional and unintentional.

The principle of contradiction in the three domains of epistemology, philosophy and logic is of incomparable importance, and it is necessary to examine the conditions of its realization in order to know the cases of its flow. Among the conditions of contradiction are the unity that must be maintained in two contradictory propositions. There has always been a difference between logicians in detailing the conditions and the number of unity conditions. The famous opinion, the requirement of eight unity is contradictory, but thinkers have always tried to correct this opinion, in such a way that they either added conditions to it or reduced the famous conditions to fewer cases. The present research, with the method of conceptual, propositional, and systemic analysis, examines the conditions mentioned in logic books and concludes that all these conditions are reduced to two conditions: "the unity of the subject" and "the unity of the predicate". In the second part, according to the late philosophy of Wittgenstein, it is proved that in the unity of contradiction, another condition is necessary that is not mentioned in any of the books of the predecessors and on the other hand, it is not an example of any of the aforementioned conditions, and that is the phrase From "unity of language".

One of Islam's jurisprudential and moral issues is the competence or inadequacy of using weapons of mass destruction, predominantly nuclear weapons in war or defense. The present study aimed to analyze this issue and incongruity of do not use weapons of mass destruction with necessities such as the need to maintain the Islamic system or urgency such as preventing harm when there is a suspicion of death and severe embarrassment for Muslims. The results indicated that the use of weapons of mass destruction, both conventional and unconventional, has a jurisprudential and moral prohibition under normal circumstances. There are various reasons for this prohibition: the interdiction of using poison, the ban on killing women, children, the elderly, the prohibition of using inhumane tactics, the aggression rule, the observance of animals and the environment, and the rule of sin. The use of unconventional and prohibited weapons of mass destruction, such as nuclear weapons, according to the term of international law, even in cases of necessity, has jurisprudential prohibition and moral incompetence. Evidence of use permit is distorted and inadmissible.

The buyer's right to receive a healthy product is a matter of course in international legal systems and documents. In this article, with regard to the compensation of defective goods, its economic effects in the light of the Convention on the Sale of Goods and jurisprudential teachings have been studied.

The type of research is descriptive, its method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library.

The most important economic effects of compensation for defective goods from the perspective of the Convention on the Sale of Goods is the restoration of the damaged situation, assuming the implementation of the contract and the option to reduce the price for the buyer and from the perspective of jurisprudence, termination of the transaction.

Preserving the originality of texts and fidelity in quoting speech has been the goal of the authors.

Considering the obligation of the seller to restore the status of the buyer, assuming the implementation of the contract in the Convention on the Sale of Goods, the possibility of eliminating the seller from defects in the conclusion of the contract can be criticized from the perspective of some jurisprudential teachings.

“Hadith difference” is one of the problems facing the researchers involved in Islamic sciences, especially hadith sciences. The reason is that, in many cases, scholars of different branches of knowledge encounter two or more different hadiths about a subject. These scholars first rely on the hadith itself, and then come up with solutions to resolve differences and find authentic hadiths among conflicting hadiths using other evidences. The scientific efforts of scientists continue due to the importance of the issue of differences in narrations. “Ayatollah Sayyed Ali Sistani” has presented some opinions and worked on this issue. These opinions can be very helpful in being innovative, discovering unknown areas, and solving the problems related to the knowledge of hadith differences. Based on his scientific findings, the first step of research to resolve the differences in hadith is to know their causes in the stages of issuance and receipt. In addition, some of these differences are unreal and stem from not understanding the hadiths accurately, not knowing the style of the words of the Ahl-o-al-Bayt (AS), and their various officials. The modals of the hadiths, such as knowing the conditions of the addressee, the society and the custom of the prophet, can also affect the correct understanding of the hadith and the way of resolving the differences among the hadiths.

The right of the buyer (customer) to receive safe goods in exchange for payment is a fact that is reflected in both domestic legal systems and in various international instruments such as the Convention on the International Sale of Goods (adopted in 1980). And its observance is guaranteed by a variety of performances. This article focuses on guaranteeing the implementation of compensation for defective goods, explains and examines the economic effects of it in the framework of the Convention on the International Sale of Goods, as well as jurisprudential teachings.

The type of research is descriptive and the method used is descriptive-analytical. The method of data collection is also library.

The research findings indicate that the most important economic effects of compensation for defective goods from the perspective of the Convention on the International Sale of Goods (adopted in 1980), is the restoration of the damaged condition assuming full implementation of the contract and the option to reduce the price for the buyer; From the point of view of jurisprudential teachings, if the seller is not exempted from possible defects of the seller at the time of concluding the contract, termination of the transaction and also receiving the arche (difference) are the most important economic effects of the need to compensate for defective goods.Ethical considerations: In the present study, preserving the originality of texts and fidelity in speech quoting, as the most important ethical requirements, have been considered by the authors.

Despite the seller's obligation to restore the status of the injured buyer, assuming the full implementation of the contract in the International Convention on the Sale of Goods, the possibility of the seller to avoid possible defec

There are two main views on the explanation of the creation of the world among theologians. The mystics and a group of philosophers present the theory of “manifestation” and, based on the personal unity of being, believe God has the real existence and the world of contingency is a manifestation of the attributes of perfection hidden in God’s essence. Yet most Islamic theologians believe God created the world from nothing and nonbeing and stress on the separation and heterogeneousness of the creator and the created. The mutual prevention of the bases of theologians on the one hand, and of the philosophers and mystics on the other hand, makes it impossible to believe in both theories for the real explanation of the world. However, the theory of “creation” is posed to deny the theory of “reduction of God’s creation to mere designer” and concerns that theory. Presenting an innovation in the analysis of the concept of “nothing”, this writing offers a new reading of the theologian’s views; on this base, the theories of “creation from nonbeing” and “manifestation” have an intersection in the point of “creation not from a thing”.

Self-knowledge is among the most important teachings whose essential role is emphasized by the revelatory and rational doctrines. Human feelings, speech, behavior, and attitudes are based on causes, one of the most important and neglected factors of which is the "supposition" whose realm of influence encompasses all aspects of human life. Since the management of a supposition is peripheral to its cognition, this paper examines the "nature and function" of the supposition in human thoughts and actions through the method of propositional and systematic analysis. The problem of research is directly rooted in the two disciplines of philosophy and psychology, and the researcher tries to explain the quiddity of supposition and its role in Islamic philosophy and religious texts with a philosophical and ontological approach. Supposition is a powerful mental form with an unconscious effect that can gradually become outstanding and replace the real subject, and due to changing attitudes, determine the general framework of thoughts and interactions on that subject and influence the person's decision-making through the logic of preference. The nature and function of supposition among Muslim scholars - and in a sublime way in Mullā Ṣadrā's view - is explained in more detail under the heading of "imagination". In the heavenly teachings of Islam, the role of supposition, interpreted as "suspicion" (ẓann), has been emphasized and attention has been paid to its correction. The present research is intended to correctly understand supposition in the light of revelatory and rational teachings in order to provide the necessary grounds for controlling and correcting supposition in different aspects of life and by reducing the consequences of not paying attention to this hidden dimension, an important step is taken toward self-knowledge and attainment of a goodly pure life.

Based on Islamic teachings, salvation and attaining human happiness is not possible without divine forgiveness. Asking for forgiveness is a blessing that does not belong to all humans; since divine forgiveness is realized in such a way that the servant (of Allah) can achieve it with the satisfaction of the right and the correction of his deeds, which is also possible with repentance. The sinner provides the means of forgiveness if he realizes his rebellion and knows that he has transgressed the divine limits and laws. The question that arises here is whether seeking forgiveness for infidels, polytheists and hypocrites is permissible from the viewpoint of the Holy Qur'an. This paper, which examines this issue with a descriptive-analytical approach and a library method, concludes that according to the verses of the Qur'an, infidels, polytheists and hypocrites are not subject to divine forgiveness and others are forbidden to seek forgiveness for them, and this prohibition is stated in some verses with emphatic negation, which is higher than direct prohibition. This prohibition also continues in their survival considering the prohibition of istighfar after death, in the first way and the drift.

Mirdamad (1041 AH), a famous scientist of the Safavid period, in addition to mastering the rational sciences, is an expert in narrations such as Islamic jurisprudence and hadith, dirayat and rijal, and has compositions. Mirdamad is the most prominent jurist philosopher in different and comprehensive periods of religion and reason, and in his time, he held the position of religious authority. His books, treatises, and commentaries on jurisprudence and hadith, and his interpretation (of the Qur'an) on more than 40 of his 73 outstanding works, out of a total of hundreds of his works left, show his passion in narrations alongside profound philosophical works. This paper extracts and examines the opposing views of this famous scientist in the fields of jurisprudence. Mirdamad's Tafarrod (Individualized jurisprudential fatwa) is in contrast to the fame before him and possibly his own time. In one place, he refers to his special and unique views with the word "Tafarrod" and often does not state the reasons and evidence of his view and fatwa. In some cases, this study has provided arguments and justifications for them.

The verse Tathir is regarded as one of the central verses in proving the infallibility of the Prophet and his future generation`s properties that have long been debated among the Fariqain commentators. The Sunni commentators, without any reasonable proof and only based on the context and etymology of the word al-bait, the house, have viewed all members of Quraysh in the Prophet's House, and in some cases, the Bani Hashim as included in His household. The present study examines the content of the holy verse and the disambiguation of its parts by other relative verses and relying on the explicit context and existing proofs, criticizing the scholars and proving the inconsistency of their interpretations with other Qur'anic verses, has proved the infallibility of the particular pure lights. The study has resulted in the fact the verse 33 of Ahzab, without any harmony with the discussions included in the verses before and after it and, therefore, should be regarded in itself.

Several arguments have been adduced on demonstrating the individual unity of being. Most of these arguments, which have been presented by such gnostics as Dāvood Qayṣarī, Ḥamzah Fanārī, and Ibn Turkah, suffer from some defects in terms of a confusion of concept and referent. In his glosses on Tamhīd al-qawā’id (the section on the arguments on the demonstration of the individual unity of existence), Ḥakīm Moḥammad Rezā Ghomsheī has presented an argument which demonstrates the pre-eternal necessity of God. However, three criticisms have been advanced against it. The first concerns the meaning of the absolute nature of being, which has been stated ambiguously. The second criticism questions the confusion of concept and referent. The first part of the third criticism targets the whole argument, based on the presupposition of the realization of the essence of nature, and its second part objects to the consistency of the realization of the essence of the nature of existence with limited existences, as acknowledged in Ghomsheī’s argument. Finally, the fourth focuses on the absence of any kind of innovation in this argument. Following an analytic-comparative method, this paper examines all these criticisms and responds to the first three of them. Accordingly, the authors acknowledge the truth of Ḥakīm Ghomsheī’s argument by presenting a detailed discussion in this paper.

Abstract The agnostics claim that we do not have any idea of God to remain like what the medieval philosopher Meunov has said in his debate with Socrates that man can not search or search for what he knows and does not imagine, and if he does, it is not known who he was looking for. Therefore, according to the accepted and obvious proposition that "if something is unthinkable, it will surely be impossible to confirm that it is impossible" to conclude that the unbelievable God can not be verified. In this essay, the concept of conception and determination, and the definition of God, with the qualitative traits that are necessary in nature, are manifested and then verified by God's testimony. Keywords: Imagination, Confirmation, God, Concept, Definition, Theorem.

One of the recordings related to the debate and the scientific dialogue is the treatise on the discussion of Bahr al-'Alum with the Jews of Zhulkfel. The principle of the treatise is in Arabic, written and written by the disciples of the late Bahr al-ulum, and then translated into Persian by Ayatollah Mohammad Kazem Hajjarribi. Arabic and Persian Manuscripts This essay has been edited by Dr. Zabineh Schmidkeh (professor of German Islamology) and Mr. Reza Pourjavadi, and has been published in the Publishing of Heritage Letters. The text provided by the moderators - despite its many advantages - is accompanied by bugs and disadvantages. In the present letter, the text of the revised articles is carefully examined and correctional, editorial and editorial errors, along with the statement of evidence, have been reported analytically and critically. In reviewing the revised text, in addition to the handwriting used by the respected commentators, two other versions are also used to compare. The review and critique of this book, and the evaluation of the method of revision, is the present paper's mission.

In that belief to God is a contract and heart condition that took safety for the believer and on top of all minor beliefs has been human and is happinees; there is no say; but providing characteristics of belief and comprehensive definition for that for a discussion of the most basic issues of Islamic theology and Christian theology is need. Among Christian with existentialist Paul Tillich with complex and ambiguous expression of God and his characteristics; and the expression of belief; with charact eristics such as: unconditional attachment and finally life and all action of man’s personality ; and also intentionally praclical feedom issue and considered .
Althougj he is amongst mode action believer –oriented but his definition of belief to above characteristics is paradoxical .
This aiticle seeks to prove two issues: The first absolute and infinite being nature of God means there is no character to God .
The second –belief in all ist stages is voluntarily and authority.

In all legal systems, it’s essential to know the nature of fault due to the absolute responsibility of a salesman or producer, on the one hand, and the possibility of receiving compensation on the other hand. In Islamic law, this absolute responsibility is interpreted as ḍamān (indemnification); therefore, this ḍamān that is our subject of discussion in option of defect, is taken into consideration when preparing legal statements as well as in transactions. Thus by realizing the issue, that is, the defect and by expressing its properties and solving possible conflicts, it is made easy to enforce the propositions related to defect. This paper tries to review some criteria of defect, as well as pondering on its nature, and by presenting ideal criteria, facilitates annulment or correction of a deal and enforcing the propositions of option and receiving compensation or refund.