سید مرتضی افقه

The road transport sector is a fundamental prerequisite and infrastructure for economic development. The New Economic Geography (NEG) literature suggests that transportation cost is a major driving factor for a country's emergence of core-periphery patterns. The aim of this research is the impact of road transport infrastructure on the spatio-temporal development of the cities of Khuzestan province. The research data for the period of 2010-2019 for 27 cities of Khuzestan province is in the form of panel data, which was used to investigate the temporal and spatial effects of the generalized method of moments (GMM). The variables used in this study are the Hubness index, market potential, road transport infrastructure variables such as the length of the sly and subway roads, and the displacement of goods and passengers. The estimation results show the positive effects of the Hubness index and Market potential index on the size of the cities of Khuzestan province. So that the Market potential variable shows more effects than the Hubness index on the development of the cities of Khuzestan province, this survey confirms that the transportation infrastructure in the period of 2011-2020 has been able to improve the spatial-temporal development in the cities of Khuzestan province. Also, side roads and the movement of goods as control variables have shown a positive effect on the development of the cities of Khuzestan province.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the concept of "developed man" and determine the degree to which attention is paid in the Fundamental Transformation Document (FTD) in education in Iran approved in December 2011. This concept has been developed based on the theoretical basics of classical economics on description of "economic man" and also the Engels’s theory on the description of "modern man" and with regard to some of adapted and localized national and Islamic ideas and beliefs. What is meant by "Developed man" in this research is a person whose attitude and opinion has been developed and has the ability to turn the country's resources into wealth and prosperity for the people of society.

The instrument by which one can measure it, is a researcher-made content analysis checklist that involves 25 characteristics for developed human, and its face reliability and validity have been also verified and ranked by subject matter experts. Shannon entropy indices have been used to determine the importance and ranking of developed human components. In order to achieve a valid explanation and transparent results in this study, some important and fundamental concepts and components that were analyzed in the literature reviewing this document and their frequency was determined, were selected, and their frequency was compared with the total frequency of developed human components in the transformation document text.

By use of word-counting the whole text of the Fundamental Transformation Document of education system, it also became evident that only about 1% (113 words out of 10914 words available) of this 64-page document are dedicated to the components of developed human and as a result it can be said that with regard to the weight and importance of the economy and its related issues in the country (such as unemployment, weak attitudes and skills of wealth creation and lack of efforts to increase production and improve public living and poverty alleviation) from the leaders and policymakers viewpoint, especially.

In recent decades, little emphasis and attention has been paid to developed human, and accordingly, it is worthwhile to pay close attention to these components in revision of the Transformation Document text.

One of the significant challenges in regional development is examining the role of local governments and their relationship with large local companies in income distribution. This challenge is particularly pertinent when large companies have national objectives, and most of their production capacity is capital-intensive and knowledge-intensive, but their operational area is locally focused on the user. The present research aimed to explore the role of the government and large local companies in income distribution. Khuzestan Province was chosen due to its unique characteristics in this regard. The study covered the period from 2006 to 2020, analyzing seasonal data using the generalized method of moments (GMM). The findings indicate that the government’s current and construction expenditures in the province have a negative and significant effect on the urban Gini coefficient. In contrast, the value-added variable of large industrial companies in the province has a positive and significant effect on the urban Gini coefficient. The results suggest that careful planning and coordination between large companies and provincial managers should be sought by adopting policies such as increasing local employment and training local workforce, thereby reducing dissatisfaction and income inequality in the province.

This research is aimed at calculating the rate of return on training of public and non-government organizations employees (NGOs).

For this purpose, a sample of 342 public and non-public sector employees working in 10 public and 10 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) was selected and collected by distributing the research data questionnaire. The natural logarithm of the annual salaries of government and non-governmental sector employees have been modeled as dependent variables and variables of school years, study districts, work experience, work experience, gender, job degree and legal status of the workplace (public and non-governmental sector) as independent variables. The method of minimum ordinary squares (OLS) is estimated to differentiate.

the results show that years of study and experience increase the annual salary by five and one percent, respectively. Academic districts (diploma, postgraduate, bachelor's and master's degrees) of government and non-government sector employees have a positive relationship with income. Also, men are also paid more than women and NGOs are also paid more than civil servants.

Conclusions and Suggestions:

 the Education survey shows little impact on the income of governmental and non-governmental organizations in Afghanistan.

Innovation and authenticity:

 research has been done for Afghanistan for the first time.

This study seeks to investigate the effect of uncertainty caused by oil shocks on the stock market in the Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, in this research, first using Box and Jenkiz approach and using the family of Garch models, for the daily period of 2008 to 2021 (4632 days in total), first the oil price uncertainty index and the Tehran Stock Exchange index are extracted. The effects of these two variables on each other were then investigated using VAR analysis. The results show that the global oil price has a significant effect on the stock market index and oil price fluctuation has a significant effect on the stock market index fluctuation. There is also a positive relationship between oil prices and stock return index using causality test; This means that the increase in oil prices leads to an increase in the stock return index in the Tehran securities market. Also, the results of the instantaneous reaction functions emphasize the positive relationship between oil price shocks and the stock return index.

Considering the importance of freeways in connecting urban settlements and their role as the country's main road transportation infrastructure in the development of settlements, a new risk-based modeling for optimal decision-making about the choice of construction and operation strategy - Pickup from freeways inside the country is provided. Maximizing the net present value of the profit for the general society is the function of the main goal. Here, the net present value of freeway projects is determined according to the project's income flow and costs as a criterion for choosing a public-private or traditional strategy. The freeway factors affecting the model include the length and number of freeway lanes, duration of private sector participation, elasticity of demand, traffic volume ceiling, annual inflation rate, annual traffic volume and peak hours for parallel axes, toll avoidance percentage, annual toll rate, interest rate Without annual risk, the annual discount rate of the public and private sectors, the economic growth and the annual population of the country, the economic growth and the population of the two provinces that are connected by the freeway. The amount of increase in duty rates, loans and private sector taxes are considered. The volume of demand for traffic during the operation of freeways as an uncertainty and the corresponding risk of income reduction is entered in the proposed model through the probability tree scenario and the genetic algorithm is used to solve it. In order to validate the proposed model, numerical studies are carried out on Khoramabad-PulZal, Qom-Markazi, PulZal-Andimeshk, Ahvaz-Bandar Imam and Isfahan West freeways in the presence and absence of uncertainty in traffic demand forecast. The results of the simulation prove the fact that the net present value of a freeway project is affected by the predicted values of the probability and intensity of the occurrence of exploitation scenarios, and on the other hand, the duration of participation is an important factor that can greatly affect the profit. The private sector and their motivation to participate should be effective and the increase of this period of time will bring maximum benefits for the private sector.

Marine tourism attracts a lot of tourists every year for the countries that have access to the sea and have been able to use this opportunity and potential, and has led to the development of these areas. In Iran, the northern and southern provinces also have this potential. The northern provinces have been able to make more progress in the field of tourism due to the different climatic conditions, the existence of green and forested areas and the access of a large population. In the south of the country, Kish Island is a successful example in attracting sea tourists. 85% of the length of the coast is in the south of the country, the southern provinces have not been able to use this potential. One of these provinces is Khuzestan, which has better access than the other southern coastal provinces, but has not been able to use it well. This study aims to investigate the position of Khuzestan among the southern coastal provinces in tourism with emphasis on marine tourism, from various indicators, sub-indicators and components to compare the potentials and capacities used in these provinces and using the method TOPSIS benefits.The results show that Khuzestan is in the second place after Hormozgan province and then Bushehr and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces are located. Khuzestan ranks first in the access and non-marine tourism attraction , second in the infrastructure index and number of marine tourists and fourth in the marine tourism attraction index among the four southern coastal provinces.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the type and extent of tax evasion relationship with hidden economy. Based on the theoretical foundations and background of studies, influential and influential variables on tax evasion and hidden economy were identified and then based on Panel-MIMIC structural methodology for the period 2011-2018 in 30 selected provinces and using ML estimator, the relationship between these two variables Was modeled. Due to the similarity of influential variables on tax evasion and hidden economy, the selected model was analyzed as a system of simultaneous equations. The results showed that although the hidden economy has a positive relationship with tax evasion, the causality of tax evasion on the hidden economy has a larger coefficient, which indicates that tax evasion is more on the hidden economy than the similar effect of the hidden economy on tax evasion. It has an effect. Other research shows that income and profit taxes, GDP per capita and government size have a positive effect on tax evasion and open economy has a negative effect on tax evasion. It was also found that with the increase of tax evasion, income distribution becomes more unequal and the labor force participation rate of the economy decreases.

Poverty reduction is one of the most important goals of development programs. Considering the importance of socio-cultural and psychological factors in development and its close relationship with poverty, he studies a set of variables affecting poverty under the title of cultural - socio and psychological factors in the cities of Oramanat, Kermanshah province. The experimental model was estimated in terms of income as an indicator of poverty using the weighted least squares method. The statistical population was first selected using Cochran's formula of 400 heads of households and in the next step using stratified random sampling method. The results showed that among the psychological factors affecting poverty, the self-esteem factor and among the socio-cultural factors, the factors of destiny and discredit in the world are the most influential variables on poverty. Therefore, employing counseling and psychological experts in the organs and departments in charge of the poor in the field of intellectual empowerment of people and also broadcasting applications by radio and television, especially provincial and local networks to create a desirable and correct attitude towards worldly life and religious issues. In citizens - can be effective in overcoming poverty in these areas.

One of the basic principles of development in any country is education sector. Nowadays access to education is an important factor in creating many of inequalities. Also, the mutual and cyclic relationship between education and economy caused the focus of this research to be on these dimensions. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to estimate the indexes of education, economy and two dimensional developments of each province by the method of principal component analysi.

In the first step, by using 11 related indices (general, higher, technical and vocational education) of which its correlation was approved by Bartlett's test, the education index was acquired and educational inequalities of their 30 provinces of the country has been studied. In the second step by applying 11 economic indices that indicate the economic status of the country regions, the economic index was estimated and economic inequality has been analyzed. The data set of this research, which have been collected from the available data method is related to the year 2018.

The findings of this research indicate that the two provinces Alborz and Tehran have the highest two dimensional index of development in the country and Sistan and Baluchestan province with the lowest index suffers from the inequalities of development in the country.

Based on the correlation matrix between education and economics dimension, there is 75% correlation, so it can be generally concluded that provinces that have better educational index enjoy higher rank in economy and vice versa.

The main purpose of this article is to evaluate the effects of the Corona virus epidemic on the production of Iranian manufacturing industries. In order to identify corona waves, in the first part, wavelet analysis is used in the daily time period from March 2019 to March 2020, and in the second part, the effect of different wavelengths on 12 automotive, refining and transportation companies and 15 companies. Food, pharmaceutical and insurance, in the monthly period from April 2017 to March 2019 has been analyzed using panel data and EGLS method. In this study, daily to annual corona wavelengths as well as explanatory variables of inflation and monetary index have been used to examine the economic situation of companies during the corona. The results of wavelet analysis and continuous wavelet transform scalogram indicate that the first, second and third corona peaks are the strongest corona waves. Interpretation of the model estimation results shows that between daily to annual corona waves, daily, weekly and quarterly corona waves have a significant negative effect on company sales. The monthly corona wave, meanwhile, shows a positive effect on corporate sales. Based on the results of the model, it was also found that inflation has a positive effect on sales and production of companies and more deposits than facilities has been able to increase the production and sales of companies

Human Development Index is a composite one to measure three criteria of longevity, access to knowledge and appropriate level of welfare. Since 2011, education, the combination of mean study years for adults (25 years of age and elder) and expected years of studying, life expectancy and income per capita have been considered as components of Human Development Index. Human Development Index is in fact the geometrical mean of these three indexes. This index is annually calculated for countries by the United Nations but not for their states, provinces, cities and regions. Therefore, researchers themselves must calculate this index for provinces for certain purposes.

Lack of such statistics is also a statistic deficit in Iran that has made regional and provincial researches limited and inaccurate. To remove this deficit in this research Khouzestan Human Development Indexes in the years 1996, 2006, 2011 and 2016 have been calculated using the latest formula. It needs to be mentioned that the simulation of Human Development Index is difficult and time consuming. Not paying attention to details can deviate the index. So in order to ensure the precision of calculations, the Human Development of the country has also been calculated and compared with the same index calculated by the United Nations for Iran in order to ensure the authenticity of Human Development Index in Khouzestan. The applied method was a simultaneous behavioral pattern which considers the changes in Human Development Index through components of the United Nations Human Development Index and also simultaneously predicts and includes it in Human Development Index. The estimation method is based on Stock and Watson (1993) Dynamic least squared method that is helpful for predicting variables.

According to results, Khouzestan Human Development Index for the period 1990-2019 can be simulated. The related results are presented in table 1.Table 1. Simulation of Khuzestan Human Development Index results  As table 10 shows, Khouzestan Human Development Index had a slow rising trend up until 2005 but from 2006, there seems to be a jump or structural failure in Human Development Index. However, during 2016-2018 the trend reached a plateau and it seems to have reached its stabilized level. Also, based on this simulation Khouzestsan Human Development Index was in an average level up until 2008 but since 2009 it has reached its high.

To assess this hypothesis, in this research using the new formula Khouzestan Human Development Indexes for the years 1996, 2006, 2011 and 2016 were calculated. The results showed that the indexes of life expectancy and education in Khouzestan were in a worse situation than that of the country but the index of income (taking oil into account) was more than that of the country. The calculation of Khouzestan Human Development Index without oil showed a worse situation than that of the country.Based on results, Kouzestan Human Development Index reached from an average level in 1996 to a high level during 2006 to 2016. This is an acceptable growth. Also, Khouzestan Human Development Index without oil is lower than that of the national index and this represents the worse status of the province compared to the country.The results of simulating Human Development Index show that up until 1389, there was a slight rising trend but from this year on there has been a jump or failure. Moreover, Khouzestan Human Development Index was in an average level up to 1385 but it has reached a high one since 2010.

Human capital is one of the most effective and important factors that affect economic growth. Efficient manpower makes it possible to increase production and added value, and ignoring this important factor can be one of the reasons for underdevelopment in some developing countries. Also, investing in human capital and increasing its share in the total investment of the country, causes better utilization of physical capital and is an important factor in the process of economic growth and development. Therefore, studying the effect of each of these factors on economic growth can help economists in appropriate policy-making. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of demographic change and human capital on economic growth in Iran to examine the relationship between demographic change, human capital and economic growth in Iran. The study period was (2019-2010) and ARDL technique was used to estimate the study model. According to the results of the long-term dynamic model, it was observed that there is a significant relationship between demographic change and human capital with economic growth. In other words, increasing population change through the dependence of young people and adults has a negative effect on economic growth, but population growth also has a positive effect on economic growth. However, the effect of population changes on economic growth with respect to the coefficients of population change variables reveals its negative effect on economic growth in Iran. It was also found that the life expectancy index of human capital indicators has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in Iran during the study period. In other words, investing in the labor force and increasing their welfare and security in order to improve the life expectancy index, will lead to better economic growth.

One of the factors affecting the economic situation in countries at the moment is the state of the corona epidemic. Although this issue manifest itself in health categories, it will gradually show its impact on economic categories as the epidemic increases. Khuzestan province due to ethnic and racial diversity in different regions, has a higher vulnerability in the field of health and due to its national nature is more strongly dependent on the economic sector. Both of these will keep the prevalence level high. Therefore, in this study, the main purpose is to calculate the level of economic resilience in small and medium industries in Khuzestan province by industry and city in the first period of closure in the country, ie the period from February 2020 to May 2020 caused by the Corona virus epidemic using the method of calculating the economic resilience of Briguglio et al. (2008). The results show that the textile, metal, food, electricity and electronics, chemical, non-metallic mineral and cellulose industries have the highest to the lowest resilience in Khuzestan province, respectively. Also, economic resilience in all cities of Khuzestan province is in a state of "instability and convergence" and the cities of Abadan, Ahvaz, Izeh and Baghmalek, Shushtar and Gotvand, Khorramshahr, Dezful and Shoush, Andimeshk, Behbahan and Omidieh and the port of Mahshahr and Bandar Imam Khomeini, respectively; They have been evaluated as having the highest to the lowest resilience in the province.

Karoon River is one of the most important rivers in the south and southwest of the country, which plays an influential role in electricity generation, cultivation of various agricultural products, and water consumption in many cities of Khouzestan province. However, despite the great importance of this river, it has suffered from inefficient management and erratic withdrawals, dams without basic studies, and inefficiency in water use in recent years. Today, there is a discussion about transferring water from Karoon springs for drinking to other provinces, which will definitely be non-optimal without considering the actual value of the river water and taking advantage of the market mechanism. All these problems are in the absence of knowledge of the true value of this river as a natural gift. This study tried to extract the indirect benefits of the Karoon River for a small part of its users, i.e., the residents of Ahvaz city, by using the economic value selection modeling method. Obviously, by involving the whole community with the benefits of this river and demonstrating its other benefits, the numbers obtained will be much larger and more accurate. This issue can be the primary goal of future research. 

A modeling technique was selected to extract the value of river characteristics, and the Logit model with random parameters was used in two simple and compound forms. There are three steps for choosing a model. The first step is to identify the non-market characteristics of the Karoon River. Then, the selection sets should be specified in the next step, and finally, the relevant questionnaire should be designed. To this end, it was sought to make the most of the experimental background of the research and select the features in such a way as to ensure the necessary compatibility. This study determined the salient features of natural happiness, biodiversity conservation, ecological function, and educational function of the Karoon River. In the third step, for each of the features, three levels were considered. The first level or base level showed the current quality of the river services. The following two levels provided the average and good river quality services compared to the current situation.Given that this study aims to calculate changes in people's well-being, a monetary option was also posed as the last question. This economic value was calculated based on the entrance cost to national parks in Iran and consulting with experts from the Environmental Protection Organization of Khouzestan Province. The prices used in this study were set at 0, 45,000, and 70,000 Rials, respectively. The required data were collected by completing the questionnaire from households in Ahvaz city in 2015. To design the modeling, five cards were selected. The method of creating the cards was to use the deficit design technique and eliminate unlikely situations in the SPLUS software. Ten different modes were chosen between the four characteristics of the river and the cost of protecting it. Unexpected situations are either a low level of the river feature with a very high conservation cost or a high level of quality with a meager conservation cost. The ten modes obtained in 5 cards had two Z and T scenarios and a basic scenario. To use the opinion of academic experts and improve the quality of the cards, some members of the faculty of environmental economics were interviewed. The cards were accordingly modified and distributed to some (randomly selected) respondents to examine their transparency and comprehensibility. After reviewing the collected cards and collecting the comments of the experts of the Environmental Protection Agency, the cards were finalized. In the present study, the RPL model was used in two simple forms and with action (compound) variables to control the heterogeneity in people's preferences. The collected data were entered into version 12 of the STATA software to estimate the variables and evaluated by the models' maximum correlation method. The results showed that all coefficients (except C3) were statistically significant in the simple model and had the expected sign. The positive sign of the coefficient of river characteristics showed that with the improvement of the river's qualitative aspects, the people's desirability increases. Also, the negative sign of the cost of protection showed that by paying for the protection of the river, people's desirability is reduced. The correlation ratio showed that the null hypothesis of all variables was simultaneously rejected at the level of 1%, and the model was of sufficient validity. 

Comparing the correct logarithm for the two simple and compound RPL models, the superiority of the compound model over the simple model was revealed. With the introduction of action variables into the basic model, the logarithm of correlation decreased from -690-38 to -57.685. Also, based on the correlation ratio of the null hypothesis, all coefficients were rejected at the level of 1% at the same time, and the composite model had sufficient validity. Based on the significance of the coefficients and their sign, the action model was superior to the base model. All the river characteristics, including the natural landscape, ecological function, biodiversity, and educational function, were positive. The positive sign of these coefficients showed that if any of the characteristics of the river had improved, the responsiveness to the baseline would increase. Also, all of these variables are statistically significant at 1%, 5%, and 10%. The price variable was significant at the 1% level and had a negative sign indicating that respondents preferred to participate in conservation programs that did not require additional costs. Therefore, the negative sign of the payment coefficient indicated its negative effect on the desirability of the individual. Based on the results, by dividing the coefficient of river characteristics by the cost coefficient in the composite RPL model, the willingness to pay the final fee for each characteristic was extracted. The willingness to pay the final exchange between money and the desired feature is assumed to be stable. In other words, the final rate represents the substitution between river characteristics and cost variables. For example, suppose the river's natural landscape improves from an unacceptable to a less satisfactory state (A2). In that case, each of the river's indirect users is willing to pay an average of 12,7810 Rials per month (equivalent to 153,3720 Rials per year). The greatest desire to pay indirect users is related to ecological performance at a reasonable level. The willingness to pay a good level of 212270 Rials per month was achieved for this river feature.To calculate the annual social benefits of the Karun River, the numbers obtained for marginal willingness to pay for all features were generalized to the total population enjoying them. The number thus obtained was a deduction of the annual social benefits of the Karoon River gained from its quality and non-market services. Therefore, multiplying the population of Ahvaz city (1450,000 people) by the combined marginal willingness to pay for all features at a reasonable level, the annual social benefits resulting from the indirect use of the Karoon River were calculated to be 1249 billion Rials. But the annual social benefits do not reflect the capital value of the river, as these benefits will continue each year and continuously for an extended period of time. Hence the numbers obtained were reduced for a long period. The real interest rate of agriculture and natural resources (20%) was used without social discount rates. The capital value of the indirect use benefits of the river was equal to 19825 billion Rials. Of course, the numbers obtained are only from the valuation of the benefits of the indirect use of the river. Obviously, suppose in future studies, other advantages of the river, both used (direct and potential) and non-used, are calculated and added to the number obtained from this study. In that case, the value of the capital of Karoon River will be more obvious. 

The results of this study can be used as a baseline study in environmental policymaking. Among them, the results of this study can be used in the economic-environmental assessment of projects that will be implemented in the riverbed or connected with it in the future. Failure to conduct such evaluations will lead to inefficient allocation of river resources and will have detrimental environmental effects such as dust.The issue of river water allocation should also be considered according to its economic value. Any allocation between water bodies by the government would be a non-optimal allocation, and the mechanism of inter-provincial water markets should be used in this regard. The results of this study can be considered a basis for determining the price of water in this market because the obtained figures reflect the willingness of people to pay for the benefits of the Karoon River. Of course, pricing and valuation methods are very diverse, and this research does not claim to be superior to other processes in the literature.This study aims to estimate the value of the indirect benefits of the Karoon River for the residents of Ahvaz city.

In this study, using economic freedom indices including: rule of law, limited government, regulatory efficiency and market freedom, political freedom, including: civil liberties, political rights and freedom of the press, variables of quality of governance and personal freedom and its impact on human development index in 147 countries for the period 2008-2015 using panel data analysis, the Amartya Sen's "development as freedom" theory emphasizing personal freedom has been tested. The study results show that all kinds of freedoms to achieve development are important and all of them should be paid enough attention to. However, the effectiveness of regulation and personal freedom index represents the greatest impact on the human development index. Survey indicators suggest that increased rule of law among society and government, improve in regulations, improve in market liberty, and decreased government interference in economy will lead to improvements in human development. By examining political freedom index also shows that both indices of civil liberties and political rights and Press Freedom had positive and negative effects on the human development index, respectively. The results also indicated that the indices of quality of governance and personal freedom also has a positive effect on the human development index.

For the United Nations, the overriding goal is to improve the quality of human life. Accordingly, the Human Development Index has been introduced by this organization as a measure of quality of life. The Human Development Index is a pure composite index that measures the average success of a country on three basic benchmarks of development: health, health, education and economic welfare. In this paper, the human development index (without oil) for the provinces of Iran in 2005, 2010 and 2015 based on the United Nations method. According to the results, the highest and lowest human development indices of provinces in 2005, 2010 and 2015 were 0.733, 0.751 and 0.769 for Tehran province and 0.595, 0.539 and 0.631 for Sistan and Balochistan province, respectively. After Sistan and Baluchistan, the provinces of Kurdistan, North Khorasan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, and Lorestan have the lowest human development index among Iran’s provinces. The data show that the average human development of provinces in the country has increased by 3% between 2005 and 2010, while it has decreased to 0.5% between 2010 and 2015. Another result of this study is the impact of human development on the economic growth of provinces using Fuzzy Mamdani method. Implementation of the second and third laws of the fuzzy rules has shown the positive impact of human development index on economic growth as the output of the provinces fuzzy system. An examination of the components of human development indicators shows that the most important factor in the slowdown in human development is the negative growth of provincial per capita income between 2005 and 2015. In the meantime, the per capita income of the provinces has fallen by an average of about 20%. Careful examination of the findings shows that the provincial education index is a strong point of provincial human development index as it has increased from 0.577 in 2005 to 0.736 in 2015, which indicates that good developments have taken place in recent years and that education has been constantly improving. Given that the pace of improvement in human development has been modest in the years 2010-2015, it is necessary for national planners to focus on investing in education and health, which are important components of development. Also, to improve the living conditions of the provinces with low human development indexes and more poverty and deprivation, more attention should be paid to investing in education and health in these areas to increase per capita income and employment, which would reduce poverty and deprivation measures that can ultimately lessen regional and inter-provincial inequality in the country. It is also conceivable that during the past three decades the government and development planners have identified various underprivileged and underdeveloped areas in line with the findings of this paper. However, despite the authorities' attention to these areas, no significant change has been observed in the socio-economic status of these provinces, perhaps due to a one-dimensional look at the issue of development and making blind investments in these areas. Another result of this study is the impact of human development on the economic growth of provinces using Fuzzy Mamdani method. According to fuzzy rules designed in MATLAB software, the impact of human development index on economic growth of provinces is determined. Implementation of the second and third laws of fuzzy rules has shown the positive impact of human development index on economic growth as the output of the provinces fuzzy system. Careful examination of the findings shows that there is little to no relationship between human development and economic growth prior to the level of human development, while there is clearly a positive relationship afterwards

Socio-economic resilience is an important issue in any society and deserves to concentrate on it in all economic planning. However, this very important issue is ignored in almost all socio-economic plans of Iran during last decades. The risk of such an ignorance is more, when the economic indices are evaluated suitable, while from resilience perspective is not in good condition and vice versa. Thus, having faced a critical condition, it is so important to know how much an economic variable or index can resist.The purpose of this paper is to design a system of evaluating and estimating the socio-economic resilience of Khuzestan province in the period of 1991-2016. To do that, employing MIMIC and maximum likelihood (LM) approach and using micro and macroeconomic variables as well as monetary and banking indices to calculate the resilience of Khuzestan province condition. The results show that many of socio-economic indices of Khuzestan province are unstable and inelastic. However, variables such as bank deposits, amount of doctors, private hospitals, ration of suicide amount of Khuzestan to country, migrants to and from province, and the ratio of marriage to divorce are in a very critical condition

In this research have been studied the effectiveness of socio-demographic variable (includes people employed households, dwelling ownership, literacy level of heads of household and household size) on least subsistence and poverty line of Iranian urban income groups via Extended Linear Expenditure System (ELES) approach by Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) method by using Panel Data in 1982-2016 periods. The survey results show that household size is the most important effects to increase the least subsistence in all commodity groups. Survey the time series poverty line of income groups shows that poverty line in all courses is always rising. Its main cause is increase in inflation and changes in socio-demographics effects. On this basis, monthly poverty line in first income group in 1982 is 35,000 Rials and in 2016 is 18,000,000 Rials. While, monthly poverty line in tenth income group in 1982 is 83,000 Rials and in 2016 is 25,000,000 Rials. The average monthly poverty line in 2016 is 22,000,000 Rials. In other income groups poverty line has increased, too. The amount of the poverty line from revenue in the second and third income groups is average four and three times more, respectively and in the fourth and fifth and sixth income groups is average two times more and in the seventh and eighth income group is average similar and only the ninth and tenth income groups the poverty line is higher revenue.

The realization of sustainable growth in today's highly volatile and unstable world requires the recognition and application of new tools. Identifying the risks in the economic, social, geographic, political, technological and environmental fields is suggested by research centers and experts as a prerequisite for any country for achieving sustainable growth. The method of determining these hazards varies according to regions and communities. For example, floods and earthquakes, severe climate changes, the presence of microorganisms and pollution of metropolises, lifestyle changes and the existence of intelligent sanctions in countries can be considered as a threat. Investigating the experiences of different countries shows that some of them are resilient to external risks and shocks and have the ability to withstand and overcome these shocks at low costs, while others may be less resilience. The main objective of this research is to design and provide a system for assessing resilience of Iran in terms of economic and social indicators and estimating the resilience of the most important economic and social sectors during the period of 1370-1395 (Hijri-Shamsi). In this regard, using the MIMIC method and the maximum Likelihood estimator (ML) and using macro, micro, developmental, social, monetary and banking indicators, Iran’s resilience condition investigated. Results show that the state of social and economic indicators of resilience is heterogeneous and dangerous, which in many sectors, the situation was identified as "unstable and irresistible". Based on these results, financial intermediaries, construction sector, unemployment rate, imports, average income and expenditures of urban and rural households, suicide commitment and robbery are in bad situation.

Study of Development Studies suggest that the spread of freedom, the aim and tools for development. In the other hand, type and style of governance is a prerequisite for achieving freedom. But there is some evidence that these relationships do not always exist. However, in this study, using indices of economic freedom, political freedom, the quality of governance and human development in 172 countries for the period 1995 to 2015 it was tried to examine the interactions between some kinds of freedoms and human development which were emphasized by Amartya Sen, using panel data and Dumitrescu -Hurlin causality approach. The results obtained showed that freedom and develop have a very close relationship, and perhaps without improvement in indicators of freedom, achievement to development will be misleading. Based on these results, economic freedom, political freedom, the quality of governance and human development affect each other mutually and have a direct relationship. Also causality results shows that human development and quality of governance are two important pillars in improvement in freedom indices. But political freedom and especially economic freedom, have not been the cause of human development and the quality of governance.