سید مهدی رضوی

The role of human resources has been focused on organizational standards in recent years and is currently on the strategy of increasing the organization'sperformance.Management performance is one of the most important strategies to improve the performance of organizations. Improving the performance of a manager in the organization, achieving goals in an effective and permanent way. It increases the performance of employees and the entire organization and the productivity and efficiency of the organization. On the other hand, the managers of organizational units have to think about the position and success of their organization, and one of the options to increase the scientific growth of the organization is the attendance of employees in inservice training courses. Supervisors believe that inservice training courses can develop knowledge and skill capabilities and appropriate attitude in employees, the quality and quantity of training courses, the lack of codified mechanisms including succession and organizational support as background conditions, management based on merit, internal motivations and organizational justice. As conditions for intervention and empowerment of managers, review of goals and processes and improvement of managers' performance were also identified as strategic categories, and finally, improvement of management quality and improvement of organization's performance were identified as consequence categories.

Using the allelopathic property of some plant species is one of the proposed methods to reduce the use of chemical poisons. Anthriscus nemorosa is an aromatic plant belonging to the Apiaceae that grows naturally in the western and northern parts of in this study. Considering that so far the biochemical and allelopathic properties of this plant have not been investigated in Iran, in this study, the roots of this plant were collected from Khalkhal county and after drying in the shade, the essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation. The essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. 52 compounds were identified from the essential oil, representing 80.21% of the total oil. The main constituents were Myristicin (16.92%), Heptane (12.98%), Elemicin (12.54%), Gamma-Terpinene (12.50%), Decane (3.08%), Beta-Eudesmol (2.95%) and Beta-phellandrene (2.52%) and these compounds were remarkably different with that of A. nemorosa native to Serbia. To investigate the allelopathic effects of this plant, an experimental design was factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications. The results of examining the effects of n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanolic extracts (with concentrations of 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/ml) of the root of this plant on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.capitata) showed that all three extracts had an inhibitory effect on the germination percentage (%), shootlet growth and rootlet growth of lettuce. However, the hexane extract in all treated concentrations had a more inhibitory effect on the germination and shootlet growth of lettuce seed.

Smart contracts are a new generation of electronic contracts based on blockchain technology. These contracts have differentiating features such as being self-executing, decentralized, encrypted and immutable, and these features have led the general public to regulate their legal relationships in the form of these contracts. But the question that was raised from the beginning of these contracts is whether the technology of smart contracts is just a program code that represents the agreements of the parties or is it considered a contract in its legal sense and the rules, regulations and effects of contracts are also applied in them? In this article, by examining the text of relevant laws and regulations and studying library sources, we have explained this issue with a comparative view between the laws and doctrine of Iran and Bulgaria, and we have analyzed the similarities and differences about the nature of the smart contract as program code or legal contract, and we have come to the conclusion that despite the fact that smart contracts are formed in the form of program code, they have the characteristics and features of legal contracts and the rules, regulations and effects of legal contracts apply to them, except for the cases that are excluded by the laws.

In the case proof system in administrative proceedings, the role of the administrative judge is undeniably important to guarantee the rights and freedoms of citizens.In this article, an analytical and descriptive study, the subject of reason and the role of the administrative judge and the extent of his participation have been evaluated with regard to the specific goals and requirements of the administrative proceedings in the litigation proof system. The obligation of the judge to provide reasons in the decision is one of the important issues for establishing a fair trial.This reasoning should be in a way that convinces the litigants and higher courts of the reasonableness of the decision.Adhering to the independence and the degree of public interest, the administrative judge must conduct the necessary investigations to ensure the realization of the rule of law principle and the non-violation of the rights and freedoms of the citizens, and help the citizens who are deprived of access to many evidences and documents, and the inequality between the administration and compensate the citizen to some extent in administrative proceedings.In all stages of the proceedings, from the preliminary investigation to the execution of the judgment. Previous researchers have paid less attention to the role of evidence in administrative proceedings and the role of the judge of the Administrative Court, the principle of procedural fairness, the principle of reasoned and documented judgements, the structure of administrative proceedings and the pathology of administrative proceedings.

Smart contracts, as a new generation of electronic contracts, have been welcomed by many people to conclude contracts in cyberspace due to unique features, including transparency, self-execution, decentralization, and accuracy. Nevertheless, this technology will pose unknown legal challenges similar to what happened to the DAO smart contract in 2016. In this study, the causes of civil liability in case of occurrence of errors during the implementation of smart contracts were identified and studied. Utilizing library and internet resources with descriptive and analytical methods, with the underlying assumption that the terms of the contract were known to the parties, and mutual agreement on the contract's provisions was reached at. It was further posited that any errors that occur were not a result of a mistake by the will of the contracting parties. The results indicated that at least four cases can incur civil for the errors caused by implementing the smart contract, including (1) the blockchain on which the smart contract was implemented, but caused errors in the smart contract due to a security gap or programming problems, (2) artificial intelligence that is responsible for analyzing and executing smart contract codes and has not analyzed or executed the code correctly, (3) oracles connected to the smart contract that provide insecure or wrong information to the smart contract, and (4) the smart contract developer who did not write the security codes of the contract correctly or inadvertently put the wrong code in the smart contract, due to lack of skill or negligence.

Tea (Camellia sinensis) belongs to the Theaceae family and is an evergreen shrub indigenous to China and India. The plant leaves contain different kinds of important flavonoids and, hence, indicate many biological activities. To study the effects of UV-B radiation on the flavonoid content of tea plants, a greenhouse experiment was performed in a completely randomized design. In this regard, first, tea seedlings were purchased from the Fashalem Research Institute and then kept in greenhouse conditions. Then the UV treatment at 5 levels was performed, and the plants were harvested to determine the total flavonoids content using spectrophotometry and certain flavonoid levels by the thin layer chromatography (TLC) method in all the treated groups. The results showed that flavonoids levels decreased at the beginning of UV treatment and then increased at 12 KJ/m2S of UV treatment. On the other hand, the relative chlorophyll content and photochemical efficiency of photosystem II were reduced in the UV-treated tea plants at doses higher than 9 KJ/m2S. It was concluded that although cultivation of tea plants in habitats with high UV index tends to result in a considerable reduction in photosynthetic parameters and plant yield, it can cause an elevation in the flavonoids content and pharmacological potential of the tea plant.

Smart contracts are a new generation of digital contracts that are written in the form of encrypted computer codes. These contracts are based on blockchain technology and therefore have self-executing features and can monitor the performance of contract terms and implement the provisions of the contract without the intervention of human agents, and these activities are irreversible in the context of blockchain. This article, with a comparative study of the laws and regulations of Australia and Iran, investigates the methods of protecting the parties to the contract against unfair contract terms. The level of protection of the rights of the parties to the contract against unfair contractual terms in the two legal systems shows that the Australian regulations in this field are sufficient, even with the new challenges caused by the inclusion of unfair contractual terms in smart contracts and provides the necessary support, but Iran's laws and regulations in this field are at a preliminary level and need more completion and research.

The electronicization of government has happened in the last fifteen years, and governments have moved from e-government to mobile governments with the advancement of technology. The new generation of governments is the Government as a Platform (GaaP). Since the prediction of emerging technologies is part of futures studies, The Government as a Platform preparedness and implementation model is considered the most infrastructure concept of this technology in this article.

This is a qualitative study which is conducted using the meta-analysis approach to analyze data extracted from different selected sources. In this study, more than 30 sources are selected and used for qualitative analysis and coding.

By categorizing the obtained codes, 65 indexes are formed and classified into seven layers. In this regard, the essential requirements in realizing GaaP are: 1- good governance, 2- government’s paradigm shift from service provider to ecosystem leader, 3- cultivating entrepreneurial and startup communities, 4- digital trust, 5- providing the foundation for growth and development, 6- digital transformation and 7- creating a mindset of change and open innovation in society.

The results of this study indicate that there is no a specific version for realizing GaaP in the world. However, considering the specific components, such as digital culture, budget and credits, digital privacy, and digital talent, of a country, the government formulates a customized model for realizing its own version of GaaP. The curent model can be used as a guide for policy to entering the future Government as a Platform.

Soil pollution due to urban and industrial effluents containing heavy metals is one of the most serious environmental problems, and phytoremediation is a bio-cost-effective method for removing heavy metals from contaminated soil and water. In this regard, choosing the suitable plant for phytoremediation according to the type of pollution is very important. Since in addition to the amount of heavy metal absorption, the morphological and physiological characteristics of plants are also important in phytoremediation, an experiment was designed to investigate some morphological characteristics and fluorescence parameters of chlorophyll and the content of photosynthetic pigments of three plants including C. alternifolius, V. zizanioide and A. vera under two types of urban and industrial wastewater treatments. The results showed that urban and industrial wastewater treatments caused significant changes in all of the examined parameters. The interaction of wastewater and plant species on fresh weight of roots and shoots, dry weight of shoots, F0, Fm, Fv, chlorophyll a, b as well as Chlorophyll a+b were significant and for the other evaluated parameters were not significant. In general, based on this study, regarding the phytoremediation potential of the examined plants, it can be said that in soils polluted with urban wastewater, V. zizanioide and C. alternifolius and in soils polluted with industrial wastewater, V. zizanioide and A. vera were more effective.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of chalcone-based nanocomposite in various concentrations on lettuce plants under salinity treatment. The composite was synthesized by chemical methods with a mean particle size of 89.4 ± 4.2 nm. The factors consisted of salinity concentrations of 100, 125, and 150 mmol/l and nanocomposite concentrations of 0.1 and 0.01 ppm. After harvest, different physiological and biochemical characteristics were measured. The results indicated that the nanocomposite significantly increased the fresh and dry weight of roots and glycine betaine in the lettuce plants at higher salinity stress conditions (150 mmol/l). Contrarily, the nanocomposite significantly reduced malondialdehyde at the salinity stress conditions. Also, the nanocomposite caused a significant increase in total flavonoid content under the salinity stress conditions of 150 mmol/l and activity of ascorbate peroxidase, an antioxidant enzyme, at the salt concentration of 150 mmol/l. It can be concluded that chalcone-based nanocomposite may ameliorate the negative effects of the salinity stress on plants.

Artemisia melanolepis Boiss is an endemic species in Iran distributed in north and north west of the country. In the present work, metabolites’ content of the aerial parts of A. melanolepis was analyzed at three growth stages. The non-volatile primary and volatile secondary metabolites of the plants were obtained by extraction and hydro distillated methods, respectively, and then were analyzed using a GC-MS. Our results showed that the non-volatile primary metabolites from amino acids, organic acids, sugars, and sugar alcohols declined considerably from the vegetative state to fruiting period of the plants. The results also indicated that thymol was the main constituent of the volatile oils at all phonological stages with various percentages in each stage. The major volatile secondary metabolite was alpha-terpineol at the vegetative and flowering stages (6.09 and 6.92%, respectively), followed by 4-carene (4.96%) at the fruiting stage. It was concluded that the metabolites profile of A. melanolepis was considerably altered at different stages of the life cycle.

The system of proving litigation in administrative proceedings is of undeniable importance for ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens and guaranteeing the principle of the rule of law. In the present article, we intend to use a descriptive-analytical method to define and present various types of evidence, the quality of evidence in administrative matters and to examine the evidence in the administrative court and the real role of the judge in proving and distributing the responsibility of proof; While in the implementation of Article 96 of the Constitution, the laws have been enacted and validated in accordance with Islamic rules or Imami jurisprudence, so in some cases we refer to the criminal law and civil law of Iran. The procedure in the Court of Administrative Justice is different from that of legal and criminal courts, because the nature of these courts and their principles are different. Therefore, the procedure of those courts cannot be ruled by the Court of Administrative Justice. Imposing the burden of proof on a citizen who claims that the administration has violated the rule of law will be a serious obstacle to achieving the goals of administrative proceedings; Therefore, it is necessary to modify the rule of "Al-Bineh Ali Al-Mada'i" in the administrative proceedings and also consider the administration as a respondent, so that the administration is obliged to explain its decisions in a documented and reasoned manner and provide rational and legal grounds for the challenged decision.

The increase of the entry of industrial effluents containing various types of heavy metals into water and soil leads to the ever-increasing spread of environmental problems. Therefore, it is necessary to find less expensive solutions to reduce the pollution. In this regard, in order to compare the effect of the removal of heavy elements on some of the morphological and physiological characteristics of C. alternifolius, Ch. zizanioides and Aloe vera plants, an experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications for 14 months at the University of Guilan. The results showed that under the treatment of industrial wastewater, the metal accumulation indices (MAI) of zinc, chromium, lead, copper, manganese, nickel, magnesium were higher in Ch. zizanioides and Aloe vera than those in C. alternifolius. In all three studied plants, the indices of root length, shoot length, total biomass and tolerance index (TI) had a significant decrease compared with those in the control plants, and Ch. zizanioides and A. vera plants had the lowest percentage of decrease. In addition, other investigated components including absorption index (UI), total soluble sugar, total phenol content, total flavonoid, total anthocyanin, total tannin, and DPPH free radical inhibition percentage increased in all three plants under industrial wastewater treatment. The highest percentage of increase in all investigated components, except DPPH free radical inhibition percentage, was observed in Ch. zizanioides. In general, it can be said that in terms of MAI and morphological and physiological characteristics, Ch. zizanioides and A. vera were more successful than the C. alternifolius. Therefore, it is recommended to plant the studied plants in the order of priority (Ch. zizanioides ˃ A. vera ˃ C. alternifolius) in soils contaminated with industrial effluents, in order to remediate the soil.

In most of the current legal systems of the world, institutions that have a separate personality from the central government organizations have been created  to administer public duties. These organizations are effective tools for the central government in order to carry out specialized executive and general tasks that require independence and distance from political issues, although there is no uniform model in this regard. Non-governmental public institutions in our country are also among these organizations that were created to provide services that are public. Public non-governmental institutions and organizations in Iran were identified with the approval of the country's public accounting law in 1987, and the official activity of these institutions expanded after the approval of the law on the list of non-governmental public institutions in 1994. According to Article (3) of the Civil Service Management Law approved in 2007 non-governmental institutions and public institutions are specific organizational units that have legal independence and were established with the approval of the Islamic Council and receive more than 50% of their annual budget from non-governmental sources. It is responsible for duties and services that are public. According to the legal documents, it can be said that this legal entity was created in the origin of the law approved by the Islamic Council, that is, according to the law in the special sense and in the case that some institutions with general functions and having other characteristics Public non-governmental institutions created by other institutions such as the government, the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution, etc., are not usually recognized under this title. One of the essential features of these institutions, which can be defined based on its purpose, is to be in charge of duties and services that are public, and on the other hand, they do not pursue profit-making.

In most of the current legal systems of the world, institutions that have a separate personality from the central government organizations have been created to administer public duties. These organizations are effective tools for the central government in order to carry out specialized executive and general tasks that require independence and distance from political issues, although there is no uniform model in this regard. Non-governmental public institutions in our country are also among these organizations that were created to provide services that are public. Public non-governmental institutions and organizations in Iran were identified with the approval of the Country's Public Accounting Law in 1987. According to Article 3of the Civil Service Management Law approved in 2007, non-governmental institutions and public institutions are specific organizational units that have legal independence. Non-governmental public institutions and institutions are institutions that are established with the approval of the Islamic Council and are more than half of its annual budget is provided from non-governmental sources and it provides services that are public in Article 5 of the Public Accounting Law approved in 1987, the legislator has defined non-governmental institutions and public institutions, which according to the said article, Public Non-Governmental Institutions: "They are specific organizational units that have been formed with the permission of the law in order to perform tasks and services that have a public aspect. In some international texts, such institutions are also interpreted as non-governmental organizations and in its definition It has been said that non-governmental organizations are organizations that are not directly considered part of the government structure, but play a very important role as mediators between individuals and the ruling powers and even the society itself.

IIn this study, the effects of paraxanthin on lettuce were investigated. Paraxanthin is a group of purine alkaloids, secondary metabolites of plants. This compound is made up of the caffeine metabolism found in plants such as tea, coffee and cocoa. There have been previous reports of paraxanthine antihypertensive properties.Three different concentrations of paraxanthine as 10, 50 and 100 µg/ml were treated on lettuce seedlings and then some physiological and biochemical parameters were measured at 7 leave stage of the plants. The results showed that seed germination, radicle and plumule growth of lettuce plant decreased at different concentrations of the paraxanthine in a dose dependent manner. At the concentration of 100µg/ml of paraxanthine, all of the growth parameters completely inhibited. Some measured parameters such as wet and dry weights of the shoots, photosynthetic rate, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, leaf relative content and total protein decreased in the paraxanthine treated plants compared to the control group. However, some other parameters such as proline content, hydrogen peroxide and the activity of polyphenol oxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and protease in treated plants increased. On the other hand, a significant change in electrophoretic pattern of the plant leaf proteins were observed. As some electrophoretic bands in treated plants with 100µg/ml of paraxanthine removed in comparison than control group. The present study demonstrated that the paraxanthine as an allelochemical causes some physiological and biochemical responses in the lettuce which are much similar to those appears under abiotic stress.

Lentil is one of the arctic legumes which can be damaged by the severe cold. In this regard, determination of the cold tolerance among different lentil lines or varieties has considerable importance. To evaluate Bilesovar and Precoz varieties and ILL-2580 line of lentils for cold tolerance and seed yield, a field experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with three replications. Also, to study the physiological and biochemical responses of the lentil plants to cold conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted in the greenhouse based on a completely randomized design. The factors were cold conditions and lentil genotypes. The results showed that the highest plant height, 100-seed weight, seed yield, and the shoot dry and fresh weight were observed in the Bilesovar variety followed by Precoz. Also, the highest percentage of cold damage was observed in the ILL-2580 line. The cold damage was 80% in ILL-2580 but it was about 41 and 32% for the Bilesovar and Precoz, respectively. The results also indicated that the chlorophyll index (SPAD) declined in Billesovar and ILL-2580 under the cold stress conditions, whereas it enhanced in Precoz (252% over the control). Moreover, the proline content was significantly increased by about 300% in the cold-treated Percoz plants as compared to the control plants. The activity of the catalase, as an antioxidant enzyme, drastically increased in Precoz and Bilesavar under cold treatment (20 and 73%, respectively over the related controls). Billesovar showed a significant increase in total flavonoids and anthocyanin content of the leaves at cold conditions. The results of SDS PAGE analysis showed that in Bilesavar and Precoz, some characteristic bands with molecular weights of 30-40 and 80-90 KD appeared in the cold-treated plants that were absent in the control plants. It can be concluded that the Bilesovar of lentils might be considered a cold-tolerant variety. On the other hand, Precoz and ILL-2580 can be regarded as semi-tolerant and cold-sensitive genotypes, respectively.

One of the environmental problems is soil pollution with heavy metals from urban and industrial wastewater, and the treatment of these pollutants by plants is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method. In this study, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the phytoremediation rate of Aloe vera in terms of metal accumulation index (zinc, chromium, lead, copper, manganese, nickel, magnesium, cadmium, mercury) and its morphological characteristics under two types of urban and industrial wastewater treatment. The design was completely randomized with three replications. The results showed that urban and industrial wastewater treatments caused significant changes (P≤0.05) in all examined parameters including leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, relative leaf water content, leaf length, leaf gel weight, the ratio of gel to leaf, root fresh weight, fresh plant weight, total biomass, root length, plant height, number of ramets, ramets height, ramets weight and root tolerance index in Aloe vera. The highest index of metal accumulation was observed in plants treated by urban wastewater and all the mentioned parameters showed a more significant decrease by treatment of urban wastewater than industrial wastewater. In the industrial wastewater treatment, all parameters decreased, but the average number of ramets increased compared to the control. In general, based on the parameters studied in this study, it can be said that the Aloe vera plant had better performance in soils containing industrial wastewater than in soils containing urban wastewater. IntroductionOne of the environmental problems is soil pollution with heavy metals from urban and industrial wastewater. Human activities such as the disposal of household waste and industrial activities mainly import heavy metals into the soil (European Commission, 2013; USEPA, 2021). Heavy metal pollution of soil can harm human life and the ecosystem through direct intake or entering the food chain (soil-plant-human or soil-plant-animal-human) (European Commission, 2013). Phytoremediation is a biological and cost-effective method to remove or reduce environmental pollutants. Some plants can remove, stabilize or transfer contaminants of soil or groundwater (Gajic and Pavlovic, 2018). Therefore, choosing a suitable plant for phytoremediation can be a crucial step in eliminating pollution based on region and type of pollution and expansion of urban wastewater.The province of Guilan, located in the north of Iran, has a humid subtropical climate and is a fertile province in terms of agriculture. The increased urban population in this province can cause pollution transfer into the river or land fields. This problem threatens the agricultural products of Guilan and causes a critical challenge. It seems that the cultivation of plants with high phytoremediation ability and the creation of a green belt in the landfill site of urban and industrial wastewaters is the most feasible and low-cost method to decrease the risk of soil and water pollution. In this study, we examined the ability of Aloe vera for phytoremediation of urban and industrial wastewater (UWW and IWW) and the possible alterations of, its morphological and physiological characteristics under wastewater pollution. Materials and Methods For this study, Aloe vera plants gathered from the local nursery were planted in the pots containing 11 kilos of soil suitable for A. vera cultivation. After a month of transferring the plants to the pots and adapting them to the new conditions, they were divided into three groups. Each group was irrigated for 14 months (every twice a week) with 300 mL of one type of solutions consideredas treatments for this experiment, including urban water (drinking water), UWW collected from the landfill site of Saravan, and IWW collected from the paper factory. Moreover, pots without plants were irrigated like pots with plants to determine the amounts of heavy metals (zinc, chromium, lead, copper, manganese, nickel and magnesium) after wastewater addition to the soil and compare it with maximum standard levels, pots with plants.Soil samples were homogenized and dried in an oven at 30°C for 24h and the concentration of heavy metals was determined. The relative water content (RWC) of leaves was measured before harvesting plants (Barrs and Weatherley, 1962). After harvesting the whole plants, leaf fresh weight, leaf length, leaf gel weight, ratio gel to leaf, root fresh weight, plant fresh weight, root length, plant height, number of ramets, ramets height, ramets weight, and tolerance index were measured. Leaf dry weight and total biomass were determined after drying plant tissues (oven 50 ºC for 72 hours). All dried plant tissues were turned into powder. Then the concentration of metal elements in plant samples was determined using ICP-OES based on the method of Salt et al. (1998) and Al-Oud Saud (2003).Metal Accumulation Index (MAI) was calculated using the following formula to determine the amount of metals accumulated in plants. (Liu et al., 2007):  Results and discussionComparison of means showed that urban and industrial wastewater treatments caused significant changes in all examined parameters, including the fresh weight of leaf, root, whole plant, and ramets, dry weight of leaf, length of leaf and roots, the height of plants and ramets, relative leaf water content, leaf gel weight, ratio gel to leaf, total biomass, number of ramets and root TI. The highest index of MAI was observed in plants treated by UWW, and the reduction of all mentioned parameters was more under treatment with UWW than IWW. Under the IWW treatment, all parameters decreased, but the average number of ramets increased compared to the control.Considering that MAI shows the overall performance of plants for co-accumulation of metal elements (Liu et al., 2007), A. vera was successful in accumulating Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Mg. Previous studies have reported that plant species with a high MAI value should be used as barriers between contaminated and vulnerable areas, such as parks and residential areas (Nadgorska–Socha et al., 2017). It has been reported that high levels of metals in the soil inhibit various metabolic functions of plants and cause a delay in growth. The toxicity of heavy metals in different plants varies according to factors such as the type of plant, the bioavailability of metals, and the amount of metal displacement in the plant organs (Wang et al., 2006; Usman et al., 2005).The results indicate that an increase in the concentration of heavy metals probably decreases the amount of plant production, the size of the cells, and the dry weight of the organs. (Sharma and Dubey, 2005; Yadollahi et al., 2016). ConclusionAccording to MAI, morphological and physiological characteristics of the A.vera under UWW and IWW treatments, A.vera can be a good refining plant for cultivating and creating a green belt in contaminated soils. Due to the remarkable purifying ability of A.vera in removing heavy metals from contaminated soils, it is recommended to cultivate A.vera in areas polluted with industrial and urban wastewater to prevent the spread of pollution to the surrounding lands.  AcknowledgementThis article is extracted from the results of Sareh Ebrahimi Nokande’s Ph.D. thesis from the Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. The authors would like to thank University of Guilan for the technical supports.

Since potassium plays an important role in the vital activities of the plant and is one of the inhibitors of the destructive effects of drought stress. In order to investigate the effect of potassium nano-chelated on some physiological and morphological characteristics of wheat in drought stress conditions, a factorial experiment in the form of a completely randomized basic design with three replications was performed in potted culture in the greenhouse of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. The factors include the first factor of drought stress at three levels of osmotic potential (0, -4 and -8 Bar), the second factor of wheat cultivars (Rasad and Gascogn) and the third factor including nano-chelated potassium (non-application of nano-chelated potassium, 35 and 65 mg /litr). Foliar application of nano-chelated potassium and drought stress with polyethylene glycol 6000 was applied simultaneously to plants in three to five leaves stage for five days and then samples were taken from control and treated samples. Foliar application of nano-chelated potassium increased the amount of photosynthetic pigments, leaf chlorophyll index, quantum yield, height of aerial and terrestrial organs, dry and wet weight of stems and roots. Drought stress reduced maximum fluorescence, quantum yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll and the average stem length, internode length, leaf length, root length and also reduced wet and dry stem weight. Among the studied cultivars, the highest amount of measured physiological and morphological traits under drought condition was related to Gascogn cultivar. In other words, this cultivar showed a better response to drought stress under foliar application of potassium nano-chelated, which indicates greater tolerance of this cultivar to drought stress. In general, the application of nano-chelated potassium at a concentration of 35 mg / l moderated the damaging effects of drought stress and increased plant defense mechanisms, especially improving the plant's photosynthetic system.

Public pension funds in Iran, due to several factors like elder population, accumulation of government debts, increasing the number of pensioners in comparison with the current employees, inefficient management of investments, and lack of good investment policies, will encounter serious crises in the coming years. One of the solutions to tackle this problem is to employ scientific asset allocation models of pension funds. According to the strategic nature of these decisions, in this research, scenario planning was employed to identify the possible scenarios pension funds encountering with. In order to identifying the most important and relevant uncertainties and scenarios, a combination of Fuzzy Delphi Method, Wilson Matrix, and Morphological analysis were used. Findings depicted five scenarios of oil Inflation, currency inflation, non-oil inflation, and resistant economy are the most probable scenarios and pension funds will have to allocate their assets according to the characteristics of these scenarios. Next, best worst method (BWM), was employed to extract each scenario weight and asset classes weights in each scenario as well. To our knowledge, this was the first time to combine such methods in an integrated manner to tackle the asset allocation problem.

Cement factory workers exposure to airborne particles containing crystalline silica in Portland cement chemical compound can caused pulmonary diseases, including silicosis and lung cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of occupational exposure to respirable cement dust and crystalline silica in a cement factory in Khorasan Razavi province.

In this cross-sectional study conducted in 1397, the method presented by the Institute of Occupational Safety and Health of Singapore was used to assess the health risk of respirable cement and silica particles. Also, the standard method MDHS101 / 2 recommended by NIOSH was used to determine the concentration of respirable cement particles in the air of the workerschr('39') respiratory area and the X-ray powder diffraction method (XRD) was used to determine the concentration of inhalable crystalline silica particles. Stata software version 14 was used for statistical analysis of data.

This study showed that most of the workers employed in various worksites of the cement factory were exposed to respirable cement dust and crystalline silica particles higher than the OEL recommended by the Iranian TCOH and the TLV recommended by ACGIH. Exposure risk assessment in different parts of cement factory showed a low risk level for respirable particles of cement in the furnace and moderate for other sections. Also a high risk level for workers’ exposure to crystalline silica was found in the cement mill and very high level for workers in other sectors.

Employees who were working in this plant were exposed to moderate risk of cement respirable particles and high risk level of exposure to crystalline silica. Thus, the engineering control methods of exposure to respirable particles is suggested.