سیده مهری دریاباری

Verbs of every sentence have the capability of explaining a situation. Time and essence of that situation is defined by the verb tenses. Turmoil of verb tense inflection appears in most children with speech and language disorder. In Farsi there is no solid research that studies the ability of expressing verb tense inflections on children. The main goal of this survey is to analyze inflection of future, present and past tenses in Farsi, on 3- 5 year old normal children. In this study, 160 Farsi speaking and normal children between the ages 3-5, are chosen from Tehran’s kindergardens. The participants were evaluated with the “expressive pictorial task for verb tense inflections on 3-5 year old Persian (Farsi)-speaking normal children”. This study is an analytical descriptive type. Statistical paired T test is used to compare tenses with each other and The Pearson correlation coefficient is used to calculate correlation coefficient of participant’s score of verb tense inflection and their age. All of the statistical analysis is done with the SPSS version 17. According to the results of this study, the minimum score average belongs to past tense that is 6.96, and the maximum score average is for future tense with a score of 8.37. The lowest score average among all four age groups is43- 48 month olds which is about 22.55 and the highest score average belongs to 55-60 month olds at 23.90. (P<0.05). Comparing the average score of all four age groups shows that they don’t have significant differences with each other, whereas the differences between average score of future, present and past tenses are significant. 3- 5 year old normal children have more capability of expressing future tense inflection compared to the present tense, and their ability to express present tense inflection is more than past tense. Children at the age range of 43-48 months have less capability and Children at the age range of 55-60 months have the most capability in expressing verb tense inflection compared to the rest of the groups. These conclusions approve the U shaped curve forchild development processes.

Stuttering is a communication disorder which includes primary and secondary behaviors. For the assessment, diagnosis and appropriate treatment of stuttering, these two kinds of behaviors should be given sufficient attention. A potential problem in generalizing and maintaining the treatment goals in people who stutter is inappropriate attitudes that may have been prevailed over them through the long periods of experiencing stuttering. For this reason, identifying these attitudes and trying to change them has a major role in the treatment of stuttering. The purpose of this study was to introduce tests to assess the attitude of people with stuttering.

For a complete and comprehensive access to the attitude assessment instruments in people with stuttering, searching was performed in different databases, books and thesis that were in accordance with the objects of this study. In the next stage, after reviewing the tests, those features that were necessary for the introduction of each test to readers were determined.

After reviewing the results, 22 tests were found in the field of assessing attitudes in people with stuttering. Ten tests were related to assessing the attitudes of children, and remaining was related to assessing adults in this regard. These tests are listed in separated tables for more convenient comparisons. Some tests had significant characteristics that will be described.

According to the results of the present paper, it can be stated that attitude assessment is an important step in the treatment process of stuttering. This issue needs to be more attended to by speech and language pathologists.