سیروس کراهی مقدم

The decline in environmental quality has raised public concern about environmental issues. Even in the greenest countries, policymakers face the significant challenge of understanding why environmental policies are often ineffective in addressing these problems. According to the 2024 Global Environmental Performance Index, Iran ranks 133rd out of 180 countries, reflecting a poor global standing and numerous environmental crises, including ecosystem conversion, biodiversity loss, increasing dust storms, drying wetlands and lakes, water resource depletion, land subsidence, and air and soil pollution. Contributing factors include a lack of robust development plans, ineffective environmental policies, outdated laws and regulations, and inadequate coordination among agencies and organizations. These issues underscore the urgent need for effective environmental policymaking to address the growing crises. This study, recognizing the importance of the formulation stage in public policymaking, proposes a model for developing environmental policies in Iran to address these challenges and reduce environmental pollution.

This study employed a qualitative research approach, incorporating both library and field research methods for data collection. Data were gathered through note-taking and expert interviews. The analysis was conducted using a thematic analysis strategy, chosen for its ability to extract meaningful insights from qualitative data, such as interview transcripts. The coding and thematic analysis process followed a comprehensive, step-by-step approach. Using purposive sampling, the research team interviewed 13 experts, including university professors, environmental researchers, executives from the Environmental Protection Organization, and managers involved in environmental policymaking. The interviews continued until thematic saturation was achieved, indicating no new themes or concepts were emerging. To ensure reliability, the test-retest reliability index was applied to the coding of the interviews. In this approach, a few randomly selected interviews were coded and then re-coded after a certain period to compare the consistency of the codes. This technique helped verify the reliability of the thematic analysis process.

The study results indicate that a model for formulating environmental policies to achieve sustainable development comprises eight key themes: economic factors, social factors, environmental factors, political factors, legal requirements, institutional capacity, key stakeholders in policy formulation, and the process of formulating environmental policies. Each theme plays a crucial role in policy development. Addressing environmental issues without a collective approach to these themes is likely to be ineffective. A fragmented approach to implementing these themes can lead to disruptions in development and significant harm to environmental resources. The results emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach that considers all these factors to effectively address environmental challenges and work toward sustainable developmen.

To effectively tackle environmental crises, a holistic approach must be embraced in environmental policy formulation. Social, political, legal, and institutional factors must be carefully considered to avoid severe challenges and complications. Active participation from community organizations, NGOs, citizens, and local stakeholders in policymaking can play a significant role in resolving environmental issues. This requires not only the restructuring of institutional frameworks to strengthen environmental governance but also a review of existing legal systems to ensure they are conducive to effective policymaking. It also highlights the importance of combining bottom-up and top-down policies to improve environmental performance indicators. Bottom-up opportunities from local communities and civil society, along with top-down engagement from legislative, executive, and judicial branches, are critical to shaping effective policies.

Today, the optimal governance paradigm is used on a wide scale from local to international level. According to many experts and experts in this field of research, the most important and effective theory on the way to achieving the desired governance is "decentralization of (political-economic) power" (Chigbu, 2021). Decentralization has been considered as one of the indicators of reducing power distance. Decentralization, means the delegation of power (in political and economic matters), leads to a reduction in the power gap between different levels and the power gap between the government and the people (Rodríguez, 2018). The main problem of this research is that currently there is no firm determination in the country's political and policy-making system to realize the model of decentralization and delegation of authority to local authorities (such as governorates, etc.). On the other hand, it has been found that simply increasing decentralization does not increase welfare; rather, the necessary infrastructure for handing over affairs to the provinces should be evaluated first, and then the realization and improvement of social welfare in the provinces (Khanzadi et al., 1400). From a theoretical point of view, not much effort has been made to provide a political-economic decentralization model, which indicates a major research gap in governance literature. With all the aforementioned, the question of how decentralization helps to realize the desired governance, due to the disagreements and deficiencies that exist in the field of theoretical literature and research background, remains without a firm and definitive answer; Therefore, the main question of this research is: "What is the model of decentralization (political-economic) in Iran's provinces in the direction of good governance?"

This research is practical in terms of purpose, which was done with a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach. The statistical community in the qualitative section includes university experts who have a history of education in the field of public administration and valid scientific articles in this field. To determine the samples of this research and to determine this group of experts, a non-probability and purposeful sampling (Judgmental Sampling) method was used. The criterion for determining the sample size in this research is to reach theoretical saturation, which was achieved after fourteen interviews.The snowball technique was used for sampling. The statistical population of the quantitative stage was the senior and middle managers of the governorate and the program and budget organization and managers of general offices in the provinces of Tehran, Isfahan, Kurdistan, and Khuzestan (N=183). Considering that the number of the studied community is limited, the entire studied community has been used completely and non-randomly as the investigated sample. The main tool of data collection in the qualitative part is the semi-structured in-depth interview. To determine the validity and reliability of the interviews, two methods of retesting and double coder agreement were used.In the quantitative part, to test these research hypotheses, a researcher-made questionnaire including 147 items was used to collect information. The items of the questionnaire were compiled exactly based on the indicators identified in the qualitative phase of the research. In this research, the database theory method has been used to analyze qualitative data. Data analysis in the qualitative section has been done using MAXQDA software version 2020. Inferential statistics and Partial Least Squares (PLS) version 2024 were used to analyze the data and test the research hypotheses.

Based on the results of three stages of coding in the second part of the research, the obtained data are classified into 9 main categories. According to professors and experts, out of all the indicators obtained from the qualitative analysis of 14 interviews, including 9 categories and 30 indicators, have been used to formulate the model of decentralization (political-economic) in the direction of good governance.Figure 1- Research paradigm model.A survey approach was used to validate the obtained model. To check the validity of the questionnaires, two indices Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) have been measured. The results of the content validity index of the questions show that the CVI of all the questions is higher than 0.8, which is the result of the validity of the content of each question. Also, considering that the CVR value of each question is greater than 0.56, the content validity ratio of this questionnaire has been confirmed.The value of Cronbach's alpha reliability and composite reliability for all variables in the research model is more than 0.7. Therefore, the research questionnaire has the necessary reliability. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the conditions of convergent validity are also established. Therefore, convergent validity is also confirmed. The results of the Fornell-Larcker test also confirm the validity of the tool. The coefficient of determination test (R2) and the GOF index (equal to 0.698) also confirm the appropriate fit of the research model. In total, the results of the quantitative part showed that the proposed model in this research has good validity from the point of view of path coefficient and significant value.

Decentralization and formation of local government is a complex and long process that works to increase the participation of all people of a society in the development process based on local capacities, abilities, and resources. In decentralization, the central government hands over decision-making authority to local institutions whose officials are elected by the people of the same place; but their performance is under the control and supervision of the central government. In better words, decentralization refers to the relative authority of local governments in terms of setting goals, providing resources, and managing and implementing public policies. Decentralization facilitates and accelerates decision-making. It increases competition between local governments. It brings regional development and increases transparency and accountability by bringing the government closer to the people. Decentralization is also mentioned in articles of the law of the fifth five-year development plan of the country. In developing countries, there are several categories of main tasks, including "establishing the rule of law and ensuring the implementation of regulations", "creating macroeconomic stability", "and creating and upgrading infrastructure "," providing welfare services "," protecting the environment "and" strengthening the productive capacity of the national economy" can be summarized as the most important activities of the public sector. This research is one of the first studies that provide a comprehensive model related to decentralization in the direction of good governance. The components identified in the model of this research can have management guidelines for policymakers to facilitate the decentralization process and consequently strengthen good governance. Also, the proposed model provides researchers with a new perspective by separating different factors so that they can identify the important areas of decentralization from the perspective of good governance.

This study was conducted with the aim of designing a model of decentralization (political-economic) in Iran's provinces in line with optimal governance. The current research is considered to be a developmental research in terms of its purpose, exploratory in terms of its method, and a qualitative method in terms of its data collection method.

The statistical population consists of 14 executive and academic experts who have a history of education in the field of public administration and valid scientific articles in this field. The main tool of data collection in the field section includes semi-structured interviews. The reliability of the interviews was confirmed by the method of intra-subject agreement and retesting. To analyze the data, foundation data theory was used using MaxQD software.

Based on the results of the qualitative analysis of six categories of factors including causal factors (planning, competence, and flexibility), contextual factors (accountability, public empowerment, responsibility), intervening factors (environmental decentralization), central phenomenon (political-economic decentralization), Strategies (social development, economic management, and promotion of public participation), and consequences (decentralization based on governance, efficiency and effectiveness, formation of public consensus for justice) were identified. Based on the identified components, a paradigmatic model of political-economic decentralization was developed.

Based on the obtained results, public empowerment, responsibility and accountability were identified as the basic conditions for the realization of desirable governance. The growth and development of any society and country is dependent on the efficient and favorable performance of government organizations and institutions, and accordingly, the efficient and favorable performance of the people working in these institutions and organizations.

issue scrutinizing is a multi-dimensional phenomenon that has been paid less attention as an independent stage in the policy-making process. Weakness in scrutinizing the issues causes ineffective policies. Using a comprehensive framework to scrutinize policy issues provides the possibility for policy makers to determine and deal with priority issues and strategies efficiently and effectively. This research provides components to understand policy issues in the field of production of National Iranian Oil Company. This research is an adaptation of a doctorate thesis with the title of presenting the problem-solving framework of production in the National Iranian Oil Company and it presents a conceptual model that is the result of qualitative content analysis of 252 documents, 169 of which are first category and 83 non-first category and in the form of 20 The concept is grouped. This research has counted 3243 concepts, 264 secondary components and 16 main components during three stages of open, central and selective coding. The results of this research show that the components related to governance, interested groups, influential groups, problem sensitivity, problem domain, the time period of occurrence and the costs related to the problem have an effect on the process of scrutinizing production policy issues in the National Iranian Oil Company.

According to the "Environmental Performance Index" certificate, Iran's environment is not in a good condition in 2022. And it faces many crises, including the phenomenon of fine dust, drying up of wetlands, land subsidence in most parts of the country, air pollution, etc. For this purpose, considering the importance of the drafting stage in the public policy making process, the present research intends to propose and provide a framework for the drafting of the country's environmental policies in order to solve environmental problems. The present research has a qualitative approach, which was first a literature review and then a semi-structured interview was arranged with 13 experts in the field of environment, and then thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data. In this method, first through descriptive coding process, 105 primary codes (themes) emerged in the form of 37 sub-themes using MAXODA software. Then these themes were related to each other in the process of interpretive coding and finally 8 main or overarching themes were identified. Then, in the final stage of the research (quantitative approach), due to the possibility of bias in the experts' opinions, the Delphi technique was used to reach a group agreement between the experts. The results of this research show that eight components or factors have an effect on the development of environmental policies, which are the main themes of this research. These topics include "economic components of sustainable development", "social components of sustainable development", "environmental components of sustainable development", "political components of sustainable development", "legal requirements", institutional capacity and "actors effective in formulating the policy" "Environmental policies" as effective factors in developing environmental policies were identified and formed the research framework.

Government organizations face the problem of lack of motivation and indifference of their employees towards the goals and future of the organization due to a lack of competitive environment; what can help the organization get out of this situation more than any other solution is the unleashing organizational energy. This led the present study to focus on the designing the pattern of unleashing organizational energy of employees in government organizations.

The research method was qualitative of a grounded theory. Among presidents of medical sciences universities in the west region, financial and human resource development managers, university professors in management and behavioral sciences in this region and senior managers of the Ministry of Health Medical Education, 35 people were selected by targeted sampling method for in-depth interview; the interviews continued until the theoretical saturation stage. The data were systematically analyzed in three stages of open, axial and selective coding and finally, an objective picture of the theory created was presented.

The obtained theory showed that organizational energy is in a process of causal (ethical values, job security, management support, compensation, personality, sense of belonging, shared aspiration, trust and organizational emotional intelligence), contextual (administrative-managerial, socio-cultural and economic conditions of the organization), intervening (organizational policies, managerschr('39') behavior, colleagueschr('39') behavior, organizational climate, and specific organizational considerations), and strategic (flexibility, shared identity, encouragement and support, combating corruption, effective communication, organizational control, organizational learning and human resource management) factors and this unleashing has many positive consequences for employees.

The results of this study are a pattern for the unleashing organizational energy of employees of the ministry of health and medical education and other government agencies that face the problem of lack of motivation and lack of enthusiasm of employees to participate in achieving the strategic goals of the organization.

Government organizations face the problem of lack of motivation and indifference of their employees towards goals and future of the organization due to a lack of competitive environment; what can help the organization get out of this situation is unleashing organizational energy. The aim of this study was to design of unleashing organizational energy process model. The research method was qualitative of a grounded theory. Among presidents of medical sciences Universities in west region, financial and human resource development managers, university professors in management and behavioral sciences and senior managers of the Ministry of Health Medical Education, 35 people were selected by targeted sampling method for in-depth interview; the interviews continued until the theoretical saturation stage. The data were systematically analyzed in three stages of open, axial and selective coding and finally, an objective picture of the theory created was presented. The obtained theory showed that the pivotal phenomenon, ie organizational energy, is strategically released in a process of causal (ethical values, job security, management support, compensation, personality, sense of belonging, shared aspiration, trust and organizational emotional intelligence), contextual (administrative-managerial conditions, socio-cultural conditions of the organization and economic conditions), intervening (organizational policies, managers' behavior, colleagues' behavior, organizational climate, and specific organizational considerations), and strategic (flexibility, shared identity, encouragement and support, combating corruption, effective communication, organizational control, organizational learning and human resource management) factors and this unleashing organizational energy has many individual and organizational consequences for employees..

Today، retaining and fostering customers are the important factor at success in the corporate competitive space. Customers have several benefits. They consume goods and services more، In case goods and services are tailored to their tastes and opinion and they recommend entourage to use services of organization as a word of mouth. The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of the influence of relationship marketing on purchase intention with intermediary word of mouth. Customers who used the product on behalf of the cosmetic in Bushehr of city، were surveyed using a questionnaire. Classic random convenience sampling was used in administering the instrument. A total of 284 customers provided the data for the study. So، as for the literature of this research، one model had selected to show the effect of variables that by using the Lisrel and SPSS software had tested. First of all the stage of variables favorability and their indicators had tested by using T. Tac Test، and also The positive relation between the indicators had confirmed by the correlation modulus and the way modulus in the T. Test had confirmed too. By using the Lisrel software also، they attended to the test of this model by using the operation analysis and equation structure and at the end the deals of propriety indicators showed as that this model has a proper suitability and ultimately the Lisrel software gave a corrected and completed model.