سیمین ناصری

One of the most important factors affecting communities’ health is safe drinking water. The UN general assembly considers “ensure availability and sustainable water and sanitation for all “as one of the 17 goals of SDGs for the 2030 development agenda.  Target 6.1 of SDGs aims to provide universal and equitable access to affordable drinking water and to provide safe drinking water for all households. Target 6.2 calls for an end to defecation in an open environment to ensure that each person has access to the toilet and safe disposal system. In current study, 143 Savadkooh villages with defects in water supply systems and health services were selected to update the indicators and implement sustainable development goals.  

A checklist was designed to extract targets 6.1 and 6.2 based on the Joint Monitoring Program (JMP). Considering 7400 households, margin of error of 5%, confidence limit of 95%, and the most conservative mode for response distribution (50%), the sample size was determined (512 households). Samples were collected randomly from all villages and then analysis was performed by SPSS 19.

In drinking water sector, 84% of people have access to safe services, while only 15% and 1% have access to basic services and unimproved services, respectively. In sanitation sector, 98.8% of people use safe services though only 0.2% utilize limited services. In hygiene sector, 98.8% of people are provided with safe services.

Lack of drinking water safety and failure to improve water resources’ quality are the main problems in the drinking water sector. Lack of access to sewage network, wastewater disposal in the land is the biggest health hazard in the region. This study can provide solutions to improve the health quality of affected community.

The bibliometric analysis is the most effective way to study the scientific output and trend of research. The purpose of this study is to analyze the scientific output of the Institute of Environmental Research (IER) at Tehran University of Medical Sciences using bibliometric technique.

All related IER articles that have been indexed in Scopus and WoK were retrieved from the beginning of 2009 till November 23, 2019. The bibliometric data were extracted and analyzed using R software.

The document production follows an increasing exponential trend with a rate of 10% per year. 807 documents were retrieved with an average citations of 19.26 per each document. The documents per author and authors per document were obtained 0.196 and 5.1, respectively. The highest citations to documents was in 2017 (35.5 citations). The most frequent keywords were found “Adsorption”, “Drinking water”, “Air pollution”, “Particulate matter”, “Risk assessment” and “Response surface methodology”. Thus, engineering-based studies are more prominent in the published studies. Health-based studies, including risk assessment studies, accounted for the most area of research. The largest numbers of international research collaboration were recorded with the United States, Switzerland, Canada and India. While, in the national scale, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences’ collaboration was prominent.

It is still necessary to promote the level of the IER’s international collaborations to raise its regional status. In addition, more attention should be paid to health-based topics like risk assessment studies. These studies need to be given higher priority in the action plan of the IER’s centers and research groups.

Synthetic estrogen, 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), has adverse effects on aqueous environments even at the lowest concentrations. Identification of microorganisms with high degradation capability has always been expected. Biodegradation processes may involve the action of different microorganisms and microbial consortia, during which, either pollutants are consumed for growth or transformed due to co-metabolism. In this study, an enrichment culture of activated sludge from the pharmacy wastewater treatment unit was used for degradation of EE2 as the sole source of carbon and energy. For obtaining the strains with the capability of EE2 degradation, the sludge samples were used as seed and the enrichment culture was performed using mineral salt medium (MSM) with EE2 as the sole carbon source. To evaluate the EE2 degradability of the mixed culture, EE2 was added to the cultures at initial concentrations of 0-4 mg L-1. The degradation rate of EE2 (using HPLC) and the biomass concentration (using spectrophotometry) were monitored during the biodegradation process and the kinetic results were also investigated. Two colonies were obtained from the enrichment culture solution of activated sludge. It was concluded that the obtained mixed culture was able to degrade EE2 at different initial concentrations. Considering the probability of presence of multi-enzymes systems in the mixed culture which exhibit the property of cooperativity, the allosteric sigmoidal model was matched with the experimental data. The concentration of biomass was clearly increased along with EE2 biodegradation. The Monod growth equation was applied for modeling the variations of biomass concentration. Discussion and In this study a mixed culture capable of degrading EE2 as the sole carbon and energy source was isolated from the activated sludge of the pharmacy wastewater treatment unit. EE2 was used as a growth substrate due to the increase in the cell population.

Antibiotics are a group of emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment. Antibiotic residues threaten the human health and ecosystem in the low concentrations found in the environment. Hence, the present work has been conducted to investigate the occurrence and removal efficiency of most prescribed antibiotics including amoxicillin, penicillin, cefixime, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and azithromycin detected in two urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Tehran. The present work is an applied research based on USEPA method no. 1694, to investigate pharmaceuticals residues in water by HPLC/MS/MS in year 2016. The differences between target antibiotics residues were investigated statistically. After the calculation of the removal efficiencies, the normality of the data was assessed. Then, parametric and non-parametric tests were used to compare the removal efficiencies in both WWTPs. There was not a significant difference between the influent and effluent concentrations of cefixime and azithromycin (in Ekbatan WWTP) and cefixime (in southern Tehran WWTP). There is a significant difference between the removal efficiencies of cephalexin (p=0.005) and erythromycin (p=0.002) in two WWTPs. The Highest median removal efficiencies were observed for cephalexin 94.41 and 99.47 in Ekbatan WWTP and southern Tehran WWTP, respectively. In addition to the type of treatment processes, it is physicochemical properties of the selected compound has a significant influence on removal efficiencies.

Background and purpose: Sonocatalytic process as an advanced oxidation process is considered for degradation of pollutants in aqueous solution. The aim of this study was to increase the removal of dye by doping of TiO2 with non-metal element such as nitrogen. Un-doped and N-doped TiO2 nano-particles with different nitrogen contents were synthesized by a simple sol–gel method in laboratory. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-vis DRS) were used for characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles. The sonocatalytic activity of synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated by investigating degradation of reactive blue 29 under ultrasonic radiation and the effects of nitrogen doping content, different initial pH of solution, and dye concentration. The study showed that both un-doped and doped nano-particles were in nano-sized that tend to agglomerate. By using different nano-particles, the highest sonocatalytic activity was achieved by 0.6 N-doped TiO2 with 58 % after 90 min of ultrasonic irradiation. Effect of initial pH of aqueous solution showed that the sonocatalytic activity decreased by increase in initial pH. Sonocatalysis using N-doped TiO2 was found to be an effective method for degradation of textile dyes. The high sonocatalytic activity could be attributed to the band gap narrowing and anatase phase in TiO2 nanoparticles. Sonocatalytic degradation followed the Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model (R2 = 0.98) with a rate constant of 0.01 mg L−1 min−1.

Supply of safe drinking water to each community is one of the most important challenges in improving the general community’s health. Considering the importance of the research on water quality, identification of water quality research gaps was performed by reviewing the relevant studies through a systematic review for Iran.
In this study 638, 166, 300 and 1000 relevant articles were found on Scopus, SID, Magiran and Iranmedex databases, respectively. Out of 2104 articles, 1394 articles were excluded from the study. Finally, 710 articles were further reviewed.
Monitoring of pollutants by a descriptive study was the main objective of the most studies (36.62%). Around 13% of the studies were performed on a laboratory scale. Organic pollutants in Iran have been concerned only in 17 provinces, and other provinces have not participated in this regard. Nitrate is studied in around one fifth of the total studies. Heavy metals were also considered as a parameter of concern in the studies carried out on monitoring drinking water resource quality.
This study reflects the research gaps and provides a basis for prioritizing water quality research in Iran. More actions and sound planning should be taken to monitor organic and inorganic pollutants. Chemical and microbial risk assessment, tracing the fate of pollutants and assessment of their ecological effects, investigations on advanced water purification processes, the use of bioremediation methods, identification of biological contaminant using biomarkers and molecular identification techniques are the most important research priorities that require more investigations.

the advantage of choosing Household water treatment over tap water for drinking is based on the human health assurance of health risks with these devices. The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points system (HACCP) is a framework that identifies and manages significant hazards at the source to point of use in the process of producing drinking water. This study can be aimed at introducing of HACCP systems as a model to identify the most important potential hazards and control these risks in the flow diagram of RO-based Household Water Treatment in Tehran.
The possible hazards identified at each step of water production by household water treatment. According to the principle of Seven HACCP, Critical Control Point (CCP) is selected and determined critical limits, monitoring, and corrective action. Sampling water is taken from each critical control point. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters were measured by standard methods.
Results of CCP Risk assessment have confirmed that the parameters of pH, nitrate, total organic carbon, and total coliform and fecal coliform were in the critical limits for defined CCPs. While, the total hardness, fluoride, and HPC were in the critical limit only at the CCP1.
The results showed that the HACCP system can be used to reduce the risks, increase the safety of the output water of the household water treatment. To this end, regular monitoring must be carried out in the specified period by the appropriate operator.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using food for prevention of disease. Tea is the natural source of caffeine, theophylline, theanine, ascorbate, and antioxidants. The objective of this study was to assess the antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory effects and flavonoids of Iranian tea from Rudsar and imported black tea in comparison with green tea.
In this cross-sectional study, three samples of each type of tea were randomly collected from chain stores and Tehran Central Market. Then, in order to assess the antioxidant capacity of different sorts of tea, copper ion resuscitation was assessed with the presence of copper reagent and its light absorption was evaluated at 450 nm. The anti-inflammatory capacity of the combinations under this study were evaluated with inhibition albumin serum denaturation at 660 nm. Finally, total flavonoids were measured via aluminum chloride colorimetric method. One-way ANOVA test was also used to compare them.
The antioxidant capacity and total flavonoids of Iranian tea were 0.231±0.03 and 0.0242±0.0005, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activity of green tea was 0.01± 0.001. This amount was more than that of Iranian black tea (P=0.045) and more than that of imported black tea (P=0.027). The level of flavonoids contents of Iranian black tea was significantly different from imported black tea (P=0.045) and green tea (P=0.038).
In this study, the nutrition value of Iranian tea was compared with imported tea concerning the flavonoids and consequently, a considerable antioxidant capacity was detected.

Water corrosion and scaling are known as destructive phenomenon of drinking water quality and water facilities. In this study, the groundwater tendency to corrosion or scaling in source water, water storage reservoirs and distribution system were studied. Simultaneous use of some qualitative and a quantitative index along with statistical analyses to assess the water scaling or corrosion tendency were investigated.
The data analysis of groundwater, water storage reservoirs and water distribution system in rural area of Kurdistan province were analyzed and the amount of Langelier (LI), Ryznar (RY), Pockorius (PSI) and Larson–Skold (LS) and CCPP indices were determined. Corrosion and scaling threshold for qualitative indices were determined based on CCPP index. The mean of indices was compared with the thresholds using independent t-test. ANOVA was used to assess the difference between the indices in different sources of water.
The balance range for LI, RY and PSI found to be -0.1-0.05, 7-9 and 7.1-8.5. The mean CCPP for groundwater, reservoirs and networks were 9.27 ± 1.29, 9.13 ± 1.25, 11.25 ± 1.23, respectively. All three sources of water have some tendencies toward scaling; however, a significant balance status was confirmed statistically. According to Larson–Skold index, sulfate and chloride anions did not play a role in scaling process.
The use of qualitative indices with CCPP index can provide more accurate estimation of water tendency toward scaling or corrosion. The assessment of qualitative indices along with CCPP is recommended in drinking water corrosion monitoring studies.

Exposure to chemicals such as heavy metals can be occurred through the route of drinking water consumption. Chromium is an important pollutant because of its role in the appearance of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health effects in humans. In this study, we studied the carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic hazard of chromium due to the consumption of bottled drinking water distributed throughout Iran.
The Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) indices were calculated. Monte-Carlo simulation technique was adopted for simulating uncertainty in the estimation of HQ and ELCR based on the input variables namely the concentration of pollutant, per capita water consumption, body weight, reference dose, biological availability, and source contribution factors.
The average concentration of chromium in bottled waters determined was 4.79 ± 2.32 µg/L. The amounts of HQ and ELCR for the age groups of lower than 2, 2 to 6, 6 to 16 and over 16 years old were 0.000354, 0.00292, 0.00236, 0.00147 and 4.04×10-11, 5.99×10-10, 8.61×10-10 and 2.34×10-9, respectively.
In regard to the concentration of chromium in bottled waters in Iran, the incidence probability and the possibility of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects by this pollutant due to the consumption of bottled water are considerably low and there is no health concern for any age groups.

The performance of in-vessel composting process, as one of the most effective methods of oily sludge treatment, depends on factors such as nutrients and temperature. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the trend of changes of these factors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the trend of changes of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and temperature during the composting of bottom sludge of crude oil storage tanks.
The sludge was mixed with the immature compost at the various ratios of sludge to compost including 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, and 1:10 with the initial C/N/P of 100/5/1 and then was composted for a period of 10 weeks. The process of mixing and moisture adjustment of the mixtures was done 3 times a day during the composting period. Sampling and analysis were performed every week for organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus and every day for temperature.
The research indicated that the concentrations of organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were decreased sharply during the first weeks of the process and then they were decreased gently. At the final stage of the composting, the ratios of C/N and C/P increased from 20:1 and 100:1 to 26:1 and 166:1, respectively. In addition, the temperature of the reactors was kept in the mesophilic range during the process period.
The similar trend of decrease of organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the composting reactors is an indication of decreasing the activity of the microorganisms involved in petroleum hydrocarbons degradation.

Backgrounds & Elimination of phenolic compounds which is considered as resistant pollutants to biological degradation has a great importance. This study aims to investigate the electrochemical oxidation process efficiency in removal of phenol compounds using a continuous and divided rector.
The catalytic anodes of Ti/SnO2-Sb and cathodes of iron were employed in a reactor divided into anolyte and catholyte chambers by a cellulosic separator. The influence of initial phenol concentration (14.12‒40.88 mg L‒1), retention time (32.23‒82.77 min), and current intensity (0.18‒0.42 A) on TPh removal efficiency, TPh residual concentration, and energy consumption was investigated using response surface methodology.
The results showed that TPh removal efficiency strongly depends on retention time, followed by current intensity and initial phenol concentration. The importance order of factors affecting on TPh residual concentration were distinguished as initial TPh concentration > retention time > current intensity. The energy consumption in terms of kWh m‒3 is mostly affected by retention time and then current intensity, and irrespective of initial phenol concentration. Under the optimal conditions, removal efficiency of 93.21%, residual concentration of 1 mg L‒1, and energy consumption of 34.40 kWh m‒3 is achieved.
Based on the obtained results, the electro-oxidation is a very efficient process for diminution of wastewater phenolic content, and is able to set the allowable limits to discharge to the environment.

Chemical hair color are one of the most widely used cosmetics. The presence of heavy metals in these products can affect the health of consumers. Unlike other cosmetics, no study has been conducted on the heavy metal levels in the synthetic chemical hair colors. This study determined the concentration of heavy metals in these products and the risk assessment of non-carcinogenic effects by these elements were calculated.
Material and 32 samples of chemical hair color from eight brands (3 local and 5 imported ones) and four most used colors were collected from the markets in Tehran. The concentration of cadmium, lead, and barium was determined using ICP-MS. The information required to assess exposure risk was gathered through a questionnaire distributed among citizens of Tehran. The assessment of exposure was conducted using Mont Carlo method and non-carcinogenic risk was determined using the index of Hazard Quotient. .
Barium concentration measured was 0.86 mg/kg and concentrations of Cadmium and Lead were 0.45 and 185.34 µg/kg respectively. Among the elements, Pb with Hazard Quotient equals to 7.46×10-4 had the most risk and cadmium with Hazard Quotient equals to 3.57×10-5 had the lowest risk. Moreover, the Iranian brand and blond had the highest risk among the samples.
Based on the index of Hazard Quotient, heavy metals in the studied samples had no risk for consumers of these products.

In this study, WQI was estimated using an Iranian software called IWQIS to assess drinking water quality in Ray Township distribution systems.
The assessment of 73 samples of drinking water during 2013 and the comparison of 18 physicochemical parameters with the standard Code of 1053 (Iran National Standard) was done.
The results showed that the concentration of 7 parameters is out of normal range in special percentage of the samples. Those parameters are as follow: total hardness (31.5%), Mg (46.6%), nitrate (50.68%), Na (45.2%), F (42.46%), Cl (2.7%), Sulfate (28.76%) of samples. The medium concentration of theses parameters was: total hardness (375 mg/L), Mg (32 mg/L), Nitrate (47.43 mg/L), Na (187 mg/L), F (0.5 mg/L), Cl (169 mg/L), and Sulfate (263 mg/L). It is estimated that 5.6% of the population of this township are highly exposed to nitrate, 79.1% to fluoride and 13.5% are exposed to sodium. The average WQI in Rey Township in a good spectrum is 71.22.
17 samples (23.2%) were assessed in excellent spectrum, 54 samples (74%) in good and 1 sample (1.4%) in very poor spectrum and 1 sample in unsuitable condition were assessed. No sample was assessed in poor situation. The samples of the autumn showed the worst quality.

Uranium separation and removal are important from environmental, public health, and strategic veiwpoints. Scientits have put great efforts to develop technologies for uranium removal and regeneration because of its important applications and beneficial uses. In this study, efforts have been made to synthesize a modified form of Fe3O4@SiO2 and benzamide uranium complexes that can be exploited to remove and adsorb uranium onto an adsorbent that can be recycled. In the first step, Fe3O4@SiO2 was synthesized and later modified with trimethoxysilane. The adsorbent was subsequently characterized by SEM and FTIR. In a second step, experiments were performed to determine optimum stirring speed, contact time, ion strength, and adsorbent reusability. Finally, the performance of the adsorbent was tested in samples of real wastewater. SEM and FTIR analyses confirmed the satisfactory synthesis and modification of Fe3O4@SiO2 Nps. Statistical analyses revealed that although contact time, ion strength, and stirring speed were effective in adsorbent performance, they only led to a removal enhancement of 5% and a decrease of only 17% with increasing RPM to 250 and the enhancement of ion strength to 1.5M. The highest U(VI) removal efficiency in the synthetic solution was found to be 97%, which reduced to 49% in real wastewater samples. It was concluded that the nano-composite C14/SiO2_Fe3O4 adsorbent with its magnetic core and resistant surface not only offers the possibility for easy separation of urnaium from solutions but is also reusable and is only slightly affected by changes in stirring speed or ion strength. It, therefore, has a good capability for use as a U(VI) adsorbent in wastewater treatment.

Due to the increasing use of mobile phone in recent years, the number of BTS antennas has also increased. .Proliferation of BTS antennas in cities and villages, and perpetuation of encountering with waves from one side and increasing the anxiety of many people in encountering with their waves from the other side convinced more investigations in this field. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the propagation of microwave around the BTS antennas of Maragheh and to compare power density measurements with allowable environmental standards.
Material and In this research, the frequency of BTS antennas was determined through field monitoring. Then, measurements were performed using a calibrated Spectran 4060 and the standard method IEEE Std C95.1 was adopted in close and far fields from each antenna. Then, the obtained data were analyzed after entering to SPSS environment. In this study, the Kolmogrov-Smirnov test, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests were used.
This research found that in both Irancel and Hamrah Aval operators, the power density increased with distance in close fields and decreased in far fields. Moreover, at the distance of 20 meter, the maximum value of power density was measured. Significant difference between these distances was observed (P-value ≤0.05).
Out of 1804 cases in far and close fields, the highest power density measured at 900 MHz band was 4.51 mW/m2, which is in accordance with 0.1% permissible exposure.

Background and Quality of surface waters is important for different uses and identification of contaminated sites and pollutants leads to appropriate use of water. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of water Babolrood.
In this cross-sectional study, sampling was conducted in ten stations during summer 2013. Data was analyzed using National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI) and SPSS, and then the river’s path was zoned by Geographic Information System (GIS).
Based on NSFWQI, the best status was found in second station (79, good) and the worst was observed in station 10 (52, moderate).
Based on NSFWQI, the quality of river was good in upstream and moderate in downstream, indicating human as the main responsible for low quality of water.

Remaining of crude oil in storage tanks usually results in accumulating oily sludge at the bottom of the tank, which should be treated and disposed of in a suitable manner. The efficiency of in-vessel composting process in removing total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) from bottom sludge of crude oil storage tanks was investigated in the present study. The sludge was mixed with immature compost at the ratios of 1:0 (as control), 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, and 1:10 (as dry basis) with the initial C:N:P and moisture content of 100:5:1 and 55% respectively for a period of 10 weeks. The moisture adjustment and mixing process were done 3 times a day during the composting period. Sampling and analysis of TPH and pH were done every week and every two days, respectively. TPH removal in the 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, and 1:10 composting reactors was 66.59, 73.19, 74.81, 80.20, and 79.91%, respectively. Thus, initial adjustment of sludge to immature compost ratios plays a great role in reduction of TPH. The results of the control reactors indicated that the main mechanism of TPH removal in the composting reactors was biological process. In-vessel composting by addition of immature compost as amendment is a viable choice for bioremediation of the bottom sludge of crude oil storage tanks.

Objective and Fluoride is an element widely found in the earth crust. Advantages and disadvantages of fluoride in the human body are depended on its concentration. Long-term consumption of drinking water contaminated with arsenic can cause adverse health effects such as skin lesions and cancer in humans. The aim of this study was to study efficiency of nano alumina on multi walled carbon nano tube for removal As(V) and fluoride from aqueous solution. In this study, nano-scale crystalline alumina was synthesized on single walled carbon nanotube by sol-gel method for using as a sorbent for solid phase extraction of Fluorine ion and arsenic(V). Response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken was used to assess the effect of independent variables on the response function and prediction of the best response value. In this study, effect of different parameters, such as contact time (10 to 120 min), pH (3-9), adsorbent dosage (0.25-1.5 g/L) and initial concentration of fluoride (2-8 mg/L) on efficiency of process was investigated. The structure of nano-scale alumina on multi walled carbon nano tube was determined by XRD and SEM techniques. Moreover, Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were used to calculate equilibrium constant. It was found that by increasing contact time and adsorbent dosage the rate of fluoride removal increased. However, by increasing pH and initial concentration the efficiency of fluoride removal decreased. High value for R2 (0.94) shows that removal of arsenic(V) can be described by this model. The Freundlich isotherm was the best fitted graph for experimental data with R2 more than 0.997. In this study, it was observed that efficiency of arsenic(V) and fluoride removal was greatly increased by using nano-scale alumina on multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs).

Phenol is one of the industrial pollutants in wastewaters, which due to its toxicity for biological systems various pretreatment processes have been used for its detoxification. In this study, the combination of catalytic ozonation process (COP) and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) were used for detoxification of these types of wastewaters.Materials and In this study, the effect of COP on phenol degradation, COD removal, and detoxification of wastewater was investigated. To determine the acute toxicity of effluents and identification of intermediate compounds produced in COP, bioassay using Daphnia Magna and GC / MS were used, respectively. Then, phenol and COD removal of pretreated wastewater was investigated in SBR. It was found that under optimal conditions in COP (time = 60 min), the concentrations of phenol and COD reduced from 500 and 1162 to 7.5 and 351 mg/L respectively and pretreated effluent toxicity (TU = 36), after rising in the initial stage of reaction, effectively reduced at the end of process (TU=2.3). the integration of this process with SBR could decreased the COD and phenol concentration less than the detectable range by HPLC. Results showed that COP has a high effect on biodegradability, detoxification, and mineralization of phenol and combination of COP with SBR process can effectively treat wastewaters containing phenol.

One of the industries producing environmental pollutant is the rubber industry, which has a lot of in environmental dangers. This study was conducted in the purpose of investigation on Ozone and coagulant material’s (Aluminum sulfate –Ferric chloride) efficiency in waste water treatmentof Rubber Industry. In this work Rubber industries with the industrial waste volume over 2500 m3 per mount was studied. In order to qualitative evaluation of wastewater in this industry, the reduction of turbidity and the amount of COD were considered as the qualitative criteria. In this study, the reduction rate of COD by chemical treatment with Ferric chloride after ozonation was 34 percent and the wastewater of chemical treatment with aluminum sulfate after ozonation shown 48 percent, the reduction of COD. One of the scientific and practical approaches for the treatment of wastewater in these industries is the use of complex process like chemical coagulation and ozonation along with possible biological processes.

Today, using magnetic adsorbents and the subsequent magnetically separation of pollutants is highly considered by researchers due to it’s ease of use, low cost and rapid results. Therefore the aim of this study was the synthesis of a magnetic composite of activated carbon/Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4/PAC), and its application as a magnetic adsorbent for simultaneous removal of lead and aniline from industrial wastewater.

Physical, surface and morphological features of the adsorbent, as well as, the performance of adsorption process were studied in a batch system by investigating the changes in parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorbent and adsorbate concentrations, and temperature. In order to explain experimental data, Freundlich and Langmuir equilibrium isotherms, in addition to Lagergren, Ho and Elovich kinetic equations were applied.

Results of this study demonstrated that 90 % of lead and 94 % of aniline were removable by the synthesized adsorbent under the optimal conditions (pH 6, a contact time 60 min and adsorbent dose of 2 g/L). Experimental data from adsorption were better described by both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.

According to these results, it can be claimed that Fe3O4/PAC had an effective adsorption capacity for simultaneous adsorption of lead and aniline, and thus, it is recommended

Natural organic matters (NOMs) are a mixture of chemically complex polyelectrolytes with varying molecular weights, produced mainly from the decomposition of plants and animal residues. Various purification methods are used for removal of NOMs from water. The objective of this study was to remove NOMs from aqueous solution using reformed continuous carbon nanotubes column. The removal of NOMs from aqueous solution using reformed continuous carbon nanotubes column was studied. Effect of several variables such as zero point of pH (pHZPC), pH, influent concentration of natural organic matters were studied and different isotherms were assessed. Investigation of pH effect showed that the adsorbability of NOMs increased with decreasing of pH. The experiments indicated that carbon nanotubes (CNT) samples exhibit pHZPC around 6. Results from Freundlich, Langmuir, and BET isotherm experiments revealed that the correlation coefficient R2 in Freundlich model was higher than that of Langmuir. In addition, experiments of continuous flow in different initial concentrations of NOMs showed that the adsorption capacities of CNT were 53.46, 30.40, and 24.75 mg/g for NOMs initial concentrations of 10, 5, and 3 mg/L, respectively. The present study shows that CNTs have high potential for adsorption of NOMs from aqueous solution.

Cryptosporidium parvum is considered as one of the pathogenic agents transmitted by water, high resistance to conventional disinfection methods, and potency of creating various problems in water resource. Because of various problems in Cryptosporidium parvum studies, Bacillus subtilis spore is recommended as a surrogate organism for studying protozoa inactivation and evaluation of water quality. On the other hand, electrochemical process is presented as an environmental friendly and high efficient method in disinfection in recent years. The aim of this study was to propose a method for promotion of the water quality. In this study, the electrochemical system used was consisted of steel electrodes (4×8 cm), 200 mL volume, and 1-4 mg/L sodium chloride. The bacterial suspensions of Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) was prepared according to the McFarland method with 103 to 106 spores/mL concentration. The microbial agent removal was evaluated by sampling and transferring water to the tripticase soy agar medium every 15 min for 60 min. The number of bacteria spores, supporting electrolyte, induced current, and reaction time were evaluated. The proposed electrolysis process could not eliminate Bacillus subtilis spores at 104 to 106 spores mL-1 rate at lower than 100 mA current for 60 min. Adding sodium chloride supporting electrolyte up to 4 mg/L concentration completely eliminated Bacillus subtilis spores after 60 min. Adding sodium chloride as a supporting electrolyte can increase the spore removal because of increasing direct and indirect oxidation in electrolysis process. Improving water disinfection and spore removal after 60 min could be described by higher oxidant agents in anode electrode.

In this study, the efficiency of phytoremediation on soils contaminated by Phenanthrene and Pyrene as well as the impact of bioaugmentation and nonionic surfactant Tween80 on its performance was evaluated by sorghum and Onobrychis sativa. Soils collected from the pastures of Kohkiluyeh and Boyerahmad province in Iran, with concentrations of 100 and 300 mg per kg of Phenanthrene and Pyrene, which were separately and combined (9 levels) contaminated, and 1.5 kg of soil was poured in each pot in different conditions of natural, bioaugmented and surfactant separately and combined (12 cases), were a total of 108 cases, with three replications (324 pot) for 120 days were considered in a similar condition to the field. At last, the concentration of Phenanthrene and Pyrene of soil samples was measured by HPLC to determine the amount and rate of removal. Also, microbial population of soil and Rhizosphere was counted. The results showed that both plants significantly improved the removal of Phenanthrene and Pyrene from soil. Bioaugmentation and nonionic surfactant Tween80 increased the removal efficiency. In the composition of plants, bioaugmentation and the surfactant showed significant increase, so as removal of 99.4% and 98% for Onobrychis sativa, and 96.5% and 99% with sorghum were achieved for the Phenanthrene and Pyrene, respectively. The study showed that both sorghum and Onobrychis sativa had a good performance in phytoremediation of contaminated soils by Phenanthrene and Pyrene, and addition of bioaugmentation and surfactants improved the removal of Phenanthrene and Pyrene to nearly complete.