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Due to genetic selection, today's strains exhibit higher metabolic activity, resulting in increased heat production and reduced heat resistance. This can negatively impact their immune system and production performance (Havenstein et al. 1994).Thaxton et al. (1968) showed that high ambient temperature can have a negative effect on the immune responses of broiler chickens. In recent years, in order to improve the health of chicken meat consumers, the production of broiler chickens without the use of antibiotics has been proposed, and the ban on the use of antibiotics has been issued by the European Union in 1999 (Youssef et al., 2016). For this reason, today there is a tendency to use alternative sources. Algae and microalgae are of the natural substances whose beneficial effects have received much attention in recent years. Spirulina platensis (SP) is a filamentous blue-green microalgae (cyanobacteria) generally regarded as prebiotic and source of high quality protein, minerals, essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, pigments and phenolic acids. Many studies have shown that Spirulina has antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antimicrobial activity in various experimental animals (Hajati and Zaghari 2019).

A total of 360 one-day old male broiler chickens (Ross 308 strain) were allocated to 6 treatments, 6 replicates and 10 birds each replicate in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments included different levels of Spirulina platensis microalgae powder: 0 (Control), 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0 percent Spirulina platensis powder, and one treatment included Vitamin E at the level of 150 g/ton feed. The basal diet was based on corn0soybean meal and all the diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and used for 42 days in diets. During the experiment, the feed consumption and weight gain of the chickens were measured weekly and the feed conversion ratio was calculated for each week and period.On 42 d of experiment, 2 birds from each replicate were randomly selected, humoral immune response was evaluated and then killed after weighing, carcass components and internal organs were weighed and their weight was calculated as a percentage of live weight. In order to evaluate the humoral immune system, the antibody titer produced against SRBC was measured using the hemagglutination method. In the end of experiment, the microbial population of the cecum was counted. All the data were analyzed in the form of a completely random design by SAS software and with the GLM procedure, and the comparison of means was done with Tukey's test.

Results showed that the use of different levels of SP had no significant effect on the amount of feed intake during the whole period (P<0.05), but in finisher period, using %1 SP could improve body weight gain and feed efficiency of the broilers compared to control group (P<0.05). Breast yield of the chickens was affected by the level of dietary Spirulina, and it improved at the levels of 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 percent SP usage compared to control and vitamin E groups (P<0.01). The relative weight of abdominal fat decreased in the birds fed with SP at the levels of 0.75 and 1.0 percent compared to control group (P<0.01). There was no difference among total count, ceca Lactobacillus and E. Coli in the chickens of different experimental groups (P>0.05). The response of humoral immune system was higher in all four levels of SP and also vitamin E compared to control treatment. Chickens which consumed Spirulina at the level of 1 percent had the highest level of antibody titer. Mustafa et al. (2021) by achieving a growth performance similar to the present research, stated that the effect of SP on the intestinal microbial population, such as the increase of Lactobacillus and the decrease of Escherichia coli, has improved the performance of the birds under heat stress conditions. According to the reports on the effects of heat stress on digestive enzymes (Sahin et al., 2002) and the efforts of previous researchers to overcome the adverse effects of heat stress on digestive enzymes by using phytogenic compounds (Khosravinia et al., 2016), the researchers of the present study believe that the improvement of the mucous tissue and intestinal immune system and perhaps the increase in the secretion of digestive enzymes are the most important factors for improving the performance of birds in heat stress conditions.

Under heat stress condition, using 1 percent Spirulina platensis microalgae in broiler chickens’ diet could improve both humoral immune system and growth performance.

Spirulina platensis (SP) is a filamentous blue-green microalgae (cyanobacteria) generally regarded as prebiotic and source of high quality protein, minerals, essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, pigments and phenolic acids. Many studies have shown that Spirulina has antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antimicrobial activity in various experimental animals. Several studies have demonstrated the growth-promoting effects of spirulina platensis on broiler chickens. Jamil et al., (2015) showed that feeding 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 percent spirulina increased weight gain and linearly decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chickens. Similar results were reported by Shanmugapriya et al., (2015). They reported that feeding 1% of spirulina platensis to broiler chicks caused to improve growth performance. As well as growth performances, treatment with S. platensis was reported to increase the carcass percentage and ready-to-cook yields of broiler chicks in the studies of Raju et al. (2004), Kaoud (2012) and Holman & Malau-Aduli (2013). The cecum plays an important role in preventing colonization of pathogens and detoxifying harmful substances (Jorgensen et al., 1996), therefore may play an important role in improving nutrients absorption and better performance. A previous study in broiler chickens also concluded that intestinal microbial-including cecum is highly associated with the production performance of broiler chickens (Jeong and Kim, 2014). Park et al., (2018) indicated that broiler chickens fed a Spirulina supplemented diet led to higher cecal Lactobacillus concentration, but had no effect on the number of coliform bacteria. Some other studies suggest that microalgae have potential antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activities. de Mule et al., (1996) observed that methanolic and aqueous extracts of Spirulina inhibited the growth of Candida albicans whereas Lactococcus lactis was promoted by the extract, with growth increasing from 7.5 to 14.7%.

Three hundred one-day- old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were assigned to 5 dietary treatments with 6 replicates and 10 birds each in a completely randomized design. Dried Spirulina Platensis (SP) powder provided from Pars Jolbak Co. in Shiraz, Iran and after chemical analysis was used in diets. All experimental diets were corn soybean based and formulated to reach ROSS 308 broiler chicken requirements. Dietary treatments were 0 (control), 0.25, 0.5,0.75 and 1 % Spirulina Platensis (SP). All diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and were fed to birds during 6 weeks. The average daily feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG) were measured for each group and feed conversion ratio was calculated. Daily mortality was weighed, recorded and used to correct the feed conversion ratio. Daily FI was determined from the difference between supplied and residual feed in each pen and was adjusted for mortality. At the end of the experiment, two birds per each replicate (similar to cage average weight) were selected. The birds were killed by cervical dislocation. Breast, thigh, pancreas, abdominal fat and liver were removed, weighed and expressed as a percentage of live weight at 42 d of age. At the end of experiment, cecal samples collected from each bird. One gram of cecal sample from viable counts of bacteria in the cecal samples were conducted by plating serial 10-fold dilutions onto Lactobacilli MRS agar plates and MacConkey agar plates to isolate Lactobacillus spp. and coliform bacteria, respectively. The lactobacilli agar plates were then incubated for 24-72 h at 37◦C under anaerobic conditions. After the incubation periods, colonies of the respective bacteria were counted and expressed as the logarithm of colony-forming units per gram (log10 CFU/g). All data analyzed by ANOVA using the GLM procedure described by the SAS Institute (2009). Tukey test was used to determine the significant differences between the treatment means.

The results showed that feed intake of birds was not influenced by SP supplementation during the whole period, but weight gain of birds fed diets containing 1 % SP, was increased (P<0.05) and feed conversion ratio was decreased significantly (P<0.05) as compared as control birds. Similar to our results, Park et al., (2018) showed that up to 1% SP in broiler diets, did not affect the feed consumption of broiler chickens. They showed that increasing dietary SP from 0 to 1 %, caused to increase in weight gain during total period. Shanmugapriya et al., (2015) reported that feeding 1% of spirulina platensis to broiler chicks caused to improve growth performance.The mechanism of action of Spirulina has not been clearly established, but previous studies have reported that dietary supplementation of Spirulina has positive effects on growth performance in poultry. Carcass yield and breast relative weight in chickens fed more than 0.5 % SP were significantly increased (P<0.05), but abdominal fat, liver and thigh relative weight were not affected. Similar to our results, increase in carcass percentage and ready-to-cook yields of broiler chicks were reported in the studies of Raju et al. (2004), Kaoud (2012) and Holman & Malau-Aduli (2013). In present study, the chickens fed more than 0.5% SP had lower cecal E.Coli concentration and nonsignificant increase in Lactobacillus concentration. Similarly, Park et al., (2018) indicated that broiler chickens fed a Spirulina supplemented diet led to higher cecal Lactobacillus concentration. Regard to previous study which concluded that intestinal microbial-including cecum is highly associated with the production performance of broiler chickens (Jeong and Kim, 2014), therefore in our study, the better performance of chickens fed higher than 0.5% SP may be associated with decrease in cecal E.Coli Concentration.Conclusion It is concluded that dietary supplementation of broiler diets with 1% Spirulina platensis, could improve the growth performance, carcass yield and cecal microbial population of broiler chickens at 42 day of age.Keywords: Prebiotic, Feed Conversion ratio, Carcass yield, Escherichia coli, Algae

The name canola was adopted for the double low varieties of rapeseed in 1979. By definition Canola seeds contain less than 2% and 30 μmoles for erucic acid and glucosinolates in defatted meal, respectively. Although the United States Department of Food and Drug Administration recognised Canola as a separate species, in the scientific writings the names canola and double low or double zero-rapeseed are used interchangeably (Zeb 1998). Glucosinolates are secondary plant metabolites that occur in all Brassica-originated feeds and fodders. Content and composition of Gls vary due to plant species, agronomic practices and climatic conditions (Tripathi and Mishra 2007). Glucosinolates are present in all plant parts and are physically separated from the enzyme myrosinase. Injury of plant tissues during processing or ingestion facilitates the contact between Glucosinolates and myrosinase enzyme. The Glucosinolates are then hydrolysed by both myrosinase enzyme present in plant and myrosinase produced by intestinal microflora, to release a range of breakdown products (Tripathi and Mishra 2007).
Material and A total of 405, 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) obtained from a local hatchery and randomly allotted to 1 of 45 floors pens (with 5 replicates and 9 chicks in each replicate) measuring 1.5 m2. The 1-d-old Chicks were weighed individually and allocated to pens so that their initial weights were similar across all pens. Three levels of treated Canola meal with copper sulphate (0, 125 and 250 mg/kg) and Arginine (0, 0.1 and 0.2%) in a 3×3 factorial design and nine dietary combinations in equinitrogenous and equicaloric diets (Table 1). The basal diets were formulated according the Ross requirements (Aviagen Company) guideline. The nine treatment diets were 1) 0 mg/kg of copper and 0 % of Arg , 2) 0 mg/kg of copper and 0.1 % of Arg, 3) 0 mg/kg of copper and 0.2 % of Arg, 4) 125 mg/kg of copper and 0 % of Arg, 5) 125 mg/kg of copper and 0.1 % of Arg, 6) 125 mg/kg of copper and 0.2 % of Arg, 7) 250 mg/kg of copper and 0 % of Arg, 8) 250 mg/kg of copper and 0.1 % of Arg, 9) 250 mg/kg of copper and 0.2 % of Arg. All chicks were provided ad libitum access to water and their assigned diets (in mash form). Source of copper was sulfate pentahydrate (Merck Company, Germany) and after calculating, the purity was added to basal diets. The experiment lasted for 21 d (21-42 d), and 24 h of light was provided throughout the experiment. Throughout the trials, feed was weighted when delivered and when mortality occurred. Based on the recorded data, feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) were calculated. On day 42 of Trial, one bird per pen were randomly selected and commercially slaughtered for whole carcass analysis after 12 hours of fasting. After slaughter, the organs such as breast, thigh, drumstick, abdominal fat, lungs and intestine were weighted. For treating canola meal with copper sulfate ion, spray method was used. At first, canola meal were milled by grinder, then 1.47 and 2.93 grams of copper sulfate Pentahydrate is completely dissolved in 900 cc of water (per kg of canola meal) and were sprayed uniformly on canola meal. Treating canola meal was heated for 24h at 60°C until to ensuring constant weight. After complete drying, canola meal treated with copper, ready to mix with other part of experimental diet (table 4). The experiment was conducted using completely randomized design with factorial structure. Data were subjected to ANOVA using the GLM procedure (SAS, version 9.1) as a 3×3 factorial, with the main effects of copper and Arginine, and the Arginine × copper interaction. Significant means among variables were separated by Duncan's multiple range tests at 5% level of significance.
Average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly affected (P In conclusion, the results of this study showed that treatments of canola meal with Cu could alleviate adverse effects of glucosinolate on broilers performance. Moreover, these findings suggested that addition of 0.2% Arg able to change energy metabolism toward protein deposition.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of summer savory essential oil (SSEO) with Cereals (based on barley or corn) on performance, rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations and some blood parameters of west Azerbaijan native kids. In a randomized complete block design with a 3×2 factorial (0, 200 and 400 mg/d of SSEO × barley or corn grain based diets) arrangement with 6 replications, 36 female Kids with 18 ± 2.62 kg initial live weight were used for 11 weeks. Kids were kept in individual cages and had free access to food and water. Dry matter intake, weight gain and feed conversion ration were not affected by the treatments but total concentration of volatile fatty acids and rumen fluid acetate in group fed 400 mg summer savory essential oil and barley grain were higher than other treatments (p< 0.05). Propionate, butyrate molar ratios, however, and branched fatty acids were not affected by any of the factors tested (p > 0.05). Concentrations ofblood glucose was affected by the essential oil supplementation (p< 0.05). In conclusion, the summer savory essential oil could affect the rumen fermentation butblood parameters did not differ significantly between treatments except for glucose other than glucose did not affected the blood metabolites

An experiment was conducted in order to assess the effects of different levels of dietary canola meal (CM; 0, 10 and 20 %) and copper (0, 125 and 250 mg/kg) on performance, susceptibility to ascites syndrome and some blood metabolites of broiler chickens. During a six week period of experiment, a total of 495 male broilers (Ross 308) were used in completely randomized design with a 3×3 factorial arrangement with 5 replicates (11 birds per replicate). Feed intake was not significantly affected by treatments during starter, grower and whole periods of the experiment (P>0.05). Body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly impaired (P<0.05) during the starter period when 20% CM was added to the diets. Body weight gain (P<0.01) and feed conversion ratio (P<0.05) were significantly improved by copper supplementation during the growing and the entire periods of the study. Replacing soybean meal by CM significantly increased (P<0.05) the proportions of liver, heart and right ventricular weight:total ventricular weight ratio (RV/TV) at 42 d of age. However, concentrations of haemoglobin, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte count were not affected by the treatments (P>0.05). At 42 d, the concentrations of plasma total protein and enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase and lactate dehydrogenase) were similar among the treatments (P>0.05), but concentration of plasma albumin was significantly reduced, when 20% CM was added to the diets. In conclusion, the results of this study did not show any adverse effect for added CM up to 20% on the performance, susceptibility to ascites and plasma enzyme activities. Also, copper supplementation significantly improved growth performance of broiler chickens

Effects of summer savory (Satureja Hortensis L.) dry powder (SSDP) and essential oil (SSEO) on performance, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites were assessed using 20west Azerbaijan native kids (16±1.94 kg initial live weight) in a random block design with 5 treatments (4 replicates per treatment) over a 13-week period. Treatments were: i) basal diet without additive (Control), ii): basal diet with 10 g/d of SSDP, iii) basal diet with 20 g/d of SSDP, iv) basal diet with 100 mg/d of SSEO and v) basal diet with 200 mg/d of SSEO. Treatments had no effects (P˃0.05) on dry matter intake, average daily gain and feed conversion of kids. The ruminal pH of the groups fed diets which supplemented with 20 g/d of SSDP or 200 mg/d SSEO tended to be lower (P˂0.05) than those fed other additive treatments. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, acetate, butyrate and branched-chain volatile fatty acid were not changed by treatments, while supplementation of 20 g/d of SSDP or 200 mg/d SSEO to diets resulted in higher (P˂0.001) propionate molar proportion versus the other additive treatments. Ammonia N concentration significantly reduced (P˂0.05) when diet supplemented by high dose of SSDP. The blood urea nitrogen was also significantly decreased (P˂0.05) by addition of 20 g/d of SSDP compared with control. However plasma concentrations of glucose, total protein, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, beta hydroxyl butyric acid and non-esterified fatty acids were not differ (P˃0.05) among treatments. In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that addition of SSDP or SSEO to diet have the potential to improve ruminal fermentation of kids.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of summer savory essential oil (SSEO) with two types of diets (based on barley or corn) on performance، rumen ammonia nitrogen and some blood parameters of west Azerbaijan native kids. In a randomized complete block design with a 3×2 factorial (0. 00، 200 and 400 mg/d of SSEO × barley or corn grain based diets) arrangement with 6 replications، 36 female Kids with 18 ± 2. 62 kg initial live weight were used for 11 weeks. Kids were kept in individual cages and had free access to food and water. Dry matter intake، weight gain and feed conversion ration were not affected by the treatments but rumen ammonia nitrogen was affected (P<0. 05) by the SSEO were the lowest ammonia nitrogen was found in kids received 200 mg/d SSEO. The rumen pH was affected by the type of cereal grain (P<0. 05) where it was lower in kids fed barley based diet. Concentrations of cholesterol، triglycerides، NEFA، BHBA، HDL، LDL، VLDL، blood creatinine levels were not influenced (P>0. 05) by the treatments. In conclusion، the summer savory essential oil may affects the rumen degradabiltity and metabolism of nitrogen but did not affected the blood metabolites.