شمس الله کاظمی زاد

Intense competition between cities as tourist destinations has made it necessary for cities to find solutions to differentiate themselves from other cities and destinations. Therefore, creativity is a necessary element in the social, economic and cultural development of cities. Creativity is necessary to increase the commercial capacity of cities. Tourism takes different forms over time, according to people and cultures, and it needs to be organized in line with new ideas in the near future. Creative tourism is the last part of tourism development. It is possible to develop creative tourism in Iran, especially in big cities like Tabriz, due to such issues as having historical, cultural, artistic, natural and religious attractions. Statistics show that the amount of international tourist arrivals and the quality of Iran's tourism industry and, accordingly, the city of Tabriz are not proportional to its tourist attractions; therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to tourism as one of the main policies of the urban development of Tabriz. Applying creative tourism dimensions in all urban areas can be a very good lever to improve the urban competitiveness of this city in regional, national and even global dimensions. The main goal of this study was to study, accurately recognize and scientifically examine the components and indicators of creative tourism according to the conditions of Tabriz city and evaluate the impact of these components and indicators on the urban competitiveness of this city. The tools and methods to achieve this goal were questionnaires and interviews with specialists in Tabriz tourism. The results showed that among the 44 indicators identified using the structural analysis method, 13 indicators were selected as vital drivers, among which the social participation index with a total impact score of 1410 is the most effective index and strategic insight events with a score of 710 are the 13th vital driver.

The ability of the urban population to maintain a competitive position in a particular region among other cities is aimed at improving the quality of life of major issues for development. In fact, the goal of urban competitiveness is to create a framework in which both firms and society can compete at a time and in society they will boom and prosper.  The present research tries to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the competitiveness of Tabriz city using descriptive-analytical method and the location of each of the components and indicators of urban competitiveness. Therefore, two levels of urban environment, including environmental factors and internal factors influencing competitiveness of Tabriz city, were identified. PESTLE analysis was used to identify external factors opportunities and threats were categorized in six economic, social, political, technological, legal, and environmental fields and identifying internal factors by studying the views of different scientists and using the Delphi technique in four categories human, organizational, physical and economic factors were classified. After defining the components, the factors were mutually matched to the ranking and extraction of each other by Mic Mac and believing modes in the competitiveness of Tabriz city was formulated with a futuristic approach. To identify possible states among believable futures a total of 40 graduates and executive directors were selected through scoring using Likert scale. There were 28 possible scenarios. The results show that among the four scenarios of desirable situations, improvement, warning and crisis improvement scenario with a score of 62.8 is more compatible with the competitiveness of Tabriz city. In this scenario, attention to research and development and its linkage with economic sectors, having relatively stable security to increase the attraction of skilled workers, changes in the economy of the region due to industrial activity and the activation of several industrial towns in the urban area, and encouragement, support and facilitation of entrepreneurship by the government and increased investment by the private sector, it focuses on the city.

This study is a descriptive - survey and objective evaluation analysis of creation causes on informal settlement Shadgholi-Khan town of Qom city. answer Questionnaire by 200 protector of household in Shadgholi-Khan Tow، economic، social and Physical variables affective creation of informal settlements in the Shadgholi-Khan its spatial and local effects are investigated. Research findings show that ten factors influence as important factors creation of Shadgholi-Khan، and using regression techniques factor affecting each of these factors and identified using Path Analysis model of how these factors influence has been analyzed. According results of Path Analysis model، it became clear that in creation of Shadgholi-Khan two factors were before the migration، including; initial ownership، migration reasons، immigration or not immigration and before job and after factors of migration included; current job، document ownership، residence reasons، creation license house، income and years of migration is the highest influence. All coefficients of elements and the effects of various independent variables affect each other and separating them، it was shown that the rate of immigration before 56. 6 percent and the rate of immigration after 43. 4 percent were effective in creation of Shadgholi-Khan. Now if planners and policy makers seek to solve problems arising from informal settlements in cities، should its roots search in the factors influencing before migration and villages، and after solve current root، do solve problems of informal settlement.

Nowadays the growing tourism industry and its competitiveness need for quantitative and qualitative development and promotion attractions and infrastructure is undeniable need of the tourists. So، know the real level of quality services to tourists is first step to increase their satisfaction. That will result in sustainable development of tourism economy. The economic effects of tourism industry in acquiring foreign exchange resources and promotion of tourism area revenue، in a country like Iran، to create employment and out of single-product economy based on oil sustainable development of tourism is considered as an undeniable necessity. Present unfortunately، tourism trustees and managers in Iran specifically religious tourism، planning to exiting tourism of Iran until the arrival of foreign tourists to the country. Internal cycle of this industry is affected by many factors and still has not economic and income look to international markets and it is great exchange and constructive influence. In this context for the city of Qom that have the religious، cultural، historical and natural numerous attractions and potential tourism development can be very helpful. But acquisition these benefits when possible that it’s appropriate civil institutions and social infrastructure is provided. Unfortunately، the city of Qom despite the tourist attractions still is unfamiliar to foreign tourists and even domestic tourists also are somewhat unfamiliar. Inadequate and unsatisfactory equipments of passenger transport، roads between cities، shopping centers، residential facilities، water networks، electricity، telecommunications، sanitation and hygiene in tourism centers has caused that this city cannot attract the tourists proportionate and its attraction s. Thus، according to the weak infrastructure، facilities and services in a city in relation with tourism can be a problematic issue، identifies these shortcomings in the city of Qom and trying to fix it، and should be managers and custodians of the city''s tourism priorities. Research The purpose of implementation this study، analysis of factors affecting of the foreign tourists satisfaction of tourism attractions and infrastructure (facilities services) in the city of Qom. This paper has been done by survey method and the data collected by the English and Arabic questionnaire and also، an unstructured interview with a sample of 200 foreign tourists in 2010 has been gathered in Qom city. Due to the lack of accurate statistics of the number of foreign tourists entering the city of Qom with recourse to hotels and guest house and foreign tourist’s aggregation centers، these tourists were selected by available method and a questionnaire containing 32 questions among them are distributed and completed. For data analysis is used descriptive statistics-inferential and correlation that used tests of T-Test، Leuven، Pearson correlation، LSD test and neural network prediction method. Based on findings obtained from questionnaires، about 72. 5 percent of tourists were male and 27. 5 percent of tourists were female. 62. 5 percent of the total population had been educated and 73. 5 percent of the tourists without a college education or are illiterate. The numbers of foreign tourists were owned by 26 countries. Totally 143 tourists come from Iraq، Saudi Arabia، Bahrain and Pakistan respectively 86، 23، 19 and 15 people were tourists that more number of tourists to have allotted. This shows that is easy access to neighboring countries tourists and due to being more Shiite population in the neighboring countries of Iran، The number of tourists from these countries is higher than other countries. The number of tourists from other countries such as UAE، Kuwait، India، Lebanon، Syria، Turkey، Azarbaijan، Afghanistan، Algeria، Italy، America، Switzerland، Ireland، Indonesia، Thailand، Germany، Australia، China، Sweden، France، Russia and Brazil has variant from 7 to 1 person. The dominant goal of 85. 5 percent of foreign tourists traveling to Qom، the pilgrimage and visit the religious attractions of this city and 14. 5 percent other tourists has been expressed visit historic sites، visiting friends and acquaintances، Qom in being in communication path and other goals the purpose of his trip. 34 percent of tourists after entered to Qom have accesses very low amount of information about Places to resident of tourists، leisure facilities - recreation، a variety of natural and cultural attractions and facilities and 66 percent of the tourists have a positive and somewhat positive. Tourists who have traveled to Qom 51 percent have been experienced previous trips to this city that most of them belong to the Iraq and Pakistan. 83 present of tourists said that they intend to travel to Qom again. Surely، the satisfaction level of tourists who have traveled to Qom again in the frequency lower than that for the first time they experienced such a trip. Studies show that 0. 8 present of tourists over 7 days، 3. 4 percent of tourists 6 days، 3. 4 percent of tourists 6 days، 5. 2 percent of tourists 5 days، 8. 2 percent of tourists 4 days، 12. 6 percent of tourists 3 days، 22. 8 percent of tourists 2 days and of 47 present of tourists have only 1 day stay in Qom city. Average resides of foreign tourists in hotels، hotel apartments and guest house of Qom city were 2. 15 nights. In interviews with foreign tourists one of the major reasons for their short stop in Qom city express lack or naught awareness of the natural attractions and other extant attractions in Qom and around the of this city. Most tourists especially Arabs tourists express that more stop in Qom، the residence time is getting repetitive. Because، their visited only of religious attractions-pilgrimage attractions and lack of diversity in attractions to visit because they will cause fatigue. Therefore، prefer travel to Mashhad and northern of Iran that which has a diverse natural attraction and even a few days stay in Qom، in some cases up to a month there will be tourism. The results show that among sex، age and tourist’s education and their satisfaction of attractions and tourism facilities in Qom is not difference but among duration of stay and foreign tourists satisfaction there is relation of attractions and tourism facilities in Qom city. Innuendo، the increasing duration of stay of tourists is the satisfaction of tourists. Also، there is relation between source of foreign tourists traveling and their satisfaction of the attractions and tourism facilities Qom city، because satisfaction of Islamic countries and neighboring countries tourism are higher than other countries. Prediction of neural network models indicate that with current status of tourism in Qom، souvenir and shopping facilities have most important and failure to the architecture and landscapes of tourist attractions and create fun places have the lowest levels of satisfaction among foreign tourists. Totally، can be concluded that the Qom tourism needs know the strengths and weaknesses and identify potential opportunities and threats in order to use of city and province ability and increase service and meet the expectations of tourists، especially foreign tourists and decrease the adverse effects of the interaction of tourists and the host community.

The purpose of this study was to measure satisfaction and the role of citizen participation in municipal infrastructure projects in the three threefold Zones of Zahedan Municipality. The survey - is descriptive. In the spring of 2011 all citizens of Zahedan was the population of study. Using the formula of Cochran, 382 patients were selected as samples to complete the questionnaire. Sampling proportional to size in the three threefold Zones of Zahedan Municipality has been determined. The findings show that a total of 38.38 percent citizens of Zahedan are high and very high level of dissatisfaction with the performance of the municipality. The highest level of satisfaction with a score of 3.14 (5>1 with a median of 3) control in construction and building permit is issued and the lowest satisfaction score of 2.49 to audit the demands and needs of citizens. About participate more than two of three citizens, namely 65.18 percent are high and very high level of dissatisfaction for participate are already participation in municipal infrastructure projects that shows social capital is relatively high among the citizens Zahedan. The maximum participate in the creation of order and security in the neighborhood with the score is 3.76 and the lowest participation of citizens in the municipality and other organizations responsible for urban affairs with scores is 2.48. Using Path Analysis shows that the ratio of 97.8 percent of the dependent variable changes by analytical models of sets that the citizen participation component with a coefficient of 0. 596 is influential variable on satisfaction of participation in municipal infrastructure projects and Consent of social, economic and social base, social confidence, social awareness and age respectively are next in the ranking influence.

In Zanjan city with high rate of population growth and physical development, every day 270 tons of solid waste with different compounds enters into the biological cycle of the city. The current location of disposed waste at inappropriate local is in Mehtrchay the region in the southwest city. In addition, waste disposal method was inappropriate and causes vital sources of pollution such as air, water, soil and landscape. On the other hand, disruption of daily life of those residents near waste disposal sites are necessary to locate for new location waste disposal. In this study, by using fuzzy logic the aim was to determine the value and different weight criteria affecting the location of municipal solid waste landfill in Zanjan by GIS to design a model and to select disposal site. Parameters used were; slope, topography, fault lines, distance from population centers, distance from surface and underground water resources, distance from access roads, type of soil and rocks, land use area, and land capability analysis was thereby analyzed. Finally, after overlapping the layers three sites as quite appropriate, suitable and moderately suitable were identified. After the evaluation, overlapping layers were obtained by Weighted Perfect Choice 35 kilometers from Zanjan in northwest of the Khalkhal road as Center for hygine solid wastes landfill site in Zanjan. Results of the analysis and control of land is largely satisfactory.

Although at the present، it is not possible for human to prevent earthquake، but the society''s preparedness to face with this natural phenomenon، is the most important factors in reducing the damages caused by the earthquake. One of the special measures for reducing the earth quake damages in the cities is the optimal locating of land uses. If the urban land uses are being located precisely، there will be a great save in the costs including health costs and time. According to the estimates، one fifth of the total area of Tabriz city have been occupied by worn out tissues and according to the latest estimates، about 400 to 500 thousand people of Tabriz citizens reside in these areas، and in case of earthquake occurrence in Tabriz، a very destructive disaster will occur in these areas. This study has been performed by using criterion - analytical model and to the aim of presenting optimum locating of special usages for mitigating the damages due to earthquake in part of Tabriz worn out texture by the method of network analysis and AHP model in GIS environment. Studies show that in the under study area، there is no strong buildings، it has lack of proper planning with very narrow and low width passages، which in zoning of Tabriz fault risk in the land uses of this city، it is located in the areas with high vulnerability and risk due to the damages of earth quake. The results indicate that a large part of the study area in spite of high population density، construction، educational، commercial and etc.، are outside of the function scope of the existing particular land uses، which have a great vulnerability against the earthquake risks. This situation، itself is the reason of the lack of specific users needed to provide full coverage of the under study space، So that in the conditions of earthquake occurrence، for emergency services and temporary housing in fact half of this area will have no access to a specific land use. In this case، the need to locate and deploy the new land use is being felt more than before. Therefore، for mitigating the damages caused by earthquakes in this area، using the results of network analysis and AHP، locating، new educational، health and treatments uses were proposed.

Nowadays, tourism as a dynamic industry and unique characteristics includes an important part of economic activities and production in the developed and developing countries. This industry covers all the phenomena and relationships resulting from the interaction of tourists, suppliers and vendors of tourism products, governments and host communities, in the process of attracting and welcoming of tourists. Results and achievements of the tourism industry involve considerable results such as aspects of employment and its impact on development and economic -social functions mentioned in a region or country. For the city of Shiraz that has numerous cultural attractions and historical and natural potential, development of tourism industry can be very helpful. 2-

The methodology of this research was based on descriptive-analytical methods. For collecting information and data required, documentation and field studies such as interviews and using these data, the attractions, facilities, services and tourism situation in region has been investigated. Then, the SWOT analysis matrix was used for data analysis and presentation of tourism development strategies in the Shiraz city. 3-

The Shiraz city due to good weather and having historical and unique civilization sites is one of tourism centers in national and international levels. These city due to Persepolis neighborhood, each year hosts a large number of domestic and foreign tourists. Moreover, Shiraz has valuable natural potential. But so far, this city failed to their real position in tourism field, especially in terms of attracting tourists and the number of tourists to achieve stability coefficient. In this paper, SWOT strategic planning process has been used for analyzing the functioning of tourism in Shiraz. A four-stage process of strategic planning including: first, external (opportunities and threats) and internal (strengths and weaknesses) factors evaluation matrix; second, analysis of strategic factors; third, external and internal matrix and matrix of quantitative strategic planning and finally, appropriate strategies for development of tourism in the city of Shiraz, has designed and presented. Moreover, after consideration of relevant information, the major external and internal factors were identified in the matrix were evaluated. Number of external factors determined to be 19. From this amount, 9 factors cause tourism opportunities of Shiraz and 10 threatened it. Firstly, the factors that led to the opportunity and then those that threaten the Shiraz tourism sector are located in the matrix. Number of domestic factors also determined to be 22 including the strengths and weaknesses of tourism in Shiraz. So that, firstly 11 strength factors and then 11 weakness factors of tourism are placed in the matrix, then using the expert viewpoints and comments of those interviewed, individual affecting factors were heightened. Finally, by adjusting the strategic planning and internal and external factors that are the base in the strategies planning, the SWOT matrix was extracted and accordingly, quantitative strategic planning, appropriate strategies and priorities matrices of tourism development are identified. 4-

In the present study, using strategic planning process, the abilities and functions of tourism and develop these functions, the action and determine strategies to provide practical solutions for Shiraz tourism development. In this process, with assessment capabilities and opportunities of Shiraz tourism, findings indicate that tourism planning strategies acceptable in this city, conservative strategies would be planned in first priority and second priority planning aggressive strategies. Thus, first WO primary strategies and then SO strategies were selected in the SWOT matrix priorities. In fact WO2 conservative strategy with 6.16 scores represents the best strategy on tourism development will be considered in Shiraz. To achieve this, the strategy to familiarize hotels and travel agencies managers with new methods of advertising and marketing of tourism, increase awareness of tourism interested in the unique attractions of Shiraz city and surrounding areas. Consequently increase the number of tourists and increase tourists to stay in the city is practical. However SO1 invasive strategy with 7.3 scores is considered as the most effective strategy for the conservative strategy. To achieve goals and enjoying the tourist development strategy, strengthening and increasing the amount of facilities and services offered alongside the importance of tourism attractions and resources in national and international levels, with the aim of attracting more tourists, especially the satisfaction of foreign tourists in order to introduce position of historic -civilization sites of Shiraz to other countries are recommended with the aim of attracting even more foreign tourists and create sustainable employment and income on the other hand.

Development of human settlements and the creation of an appropriate system and network unsafely in the development process can cause spatial justice, urban and rural space narrowing, strengthening the link urban and rural and finally merge them and changes in economic conditions, social, physical lead and comprehensive development and to create stability. Accordingly, the villages in its transformation process at the time of emergence, growth and long to have survived. In the process of integrating it with other villages and integration within the cities or population growth, the city began to have a new life. Some villages still have to survive as a rural settlement. Another group of villages with changing economic conditions - social and technological developments, have passed the decline and over are faced with population decline.
As city of Miandoaab inmostIranian cities, rapiddevelopmentinthe 1980S to 2000S istheintegration ofeightvillagessurroundingthecity. Therefore, this studyinvestigates theeffects and consequences ofeconomic, socialand physicalintegration ofeightvillagesof Qareveran, Tghiabad, Valiabad, Behykandi, Vakilkandi, Bashirkandi, EbrahomNayebkandiandYuzbashkandi ispaidin theMiandoaab city and satisfactionafterthe inhabitantsof thesevillageshave beenmerged in the city.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the consequences of the merger is in the village. With a descriptive - analytical to explain effects of physical, social and economic of cultural integration is mentioned in the study villages. Two methods for data collection and survey documents have been used. The documentary method, to identify factors affecting the integration process and evaluate the comparative effects of integration in the village, is separately incorporated settlements. The survey method using observation, interviews (city officials and council), and questionnaires completed by 260 households in eight settlements mentioned have been merged. Information obtained from questionnaires completed by families residing in incorporated villages, using SPSS statistical software and T-test and descriptive statistics and statistical analysis has been analyzed.
Result and Resultsshow thatthe views ofresidents, the maximum and minimum positive impact of physicalintegrationvillages in the city,with72.3and14.5percent, respectively increasequalityofasphaltpavementsand improvethe shapeofdoorsand windows. However, the maximum and minimum negative impact on the physicalintegrationwith 62and41.3percent respectively istissuechangessettlements andseparated development ofland. in thesocialaspectthe views ofresidents, the maximumandminimum positive impact ofsocialintegrationvillages in the city,with89.8and31.2percentrespectively, improvingquality of life andreduce thetendencyto migrate tothe city. However, the maximumandminimum negative impact ofsocialintegrationvillages in the city,with58.5and3.2percentrespectively, increasingurbanization and thefading ofsocialparticipation. Also in the economic aspectthe views ofresidents, the maximumandminimum positive impact of economic integrationvillages in the city,with59.8and10.8percentrespectively, increasing land prices and increasing number of industrial and semi industrial workshops. However, the maximumandminimum negative impact of economic integrationvillages in the city,with81.8and38.8percentrespectively, Increasing costs of living and withdrawal of government support and assistance to the villagers. According to tests conducted overall the visual effects mentioned families in rural settlements merger integration is positive. Comments of the municipality and city council officials, the advantages and disadvantages of merging the village in the city, indicated that the benefits of integration between their villages, inthe cityterms ofcreatingjobsand increasingtheadministrative, commercialand services, promotingculture,urbanizationandrisinglevelsof culture and informationto helppeopleenhancethe survivalof thepopulationliving incities andattracta limited numberofruralmigrants,facilities andinstitutionsto createnew services,improving thephysicalcondition ofthe city, garbagecollection, constructionofhousingandcommercialunitsandconstructionmanagement, construction ofprotectivefacilitiesinthe cityand its surroundings andprovide someservicesfromthe municipality, there is consensus and also, in terms of disadvantages, such as rising housing prices and speculation, rising expectations of people, cut off some aid and government support, which is rural. The officials, council members and families into settlements, there is consensus. Views of officials and households living inintegration of rural disadvantage in decisions and policies can usually be resolved. Integrationbetweenvillagesinthe city(in terms ofphysicalsize, economic and social) integration, and distance todowntownand village development plansforcitydevelopment(physical development-physical) there isa significant relationship. Because, the more time passes from the merger of the village in the city, the number of facilities and services in urban settlements than before the merger and the increased quality of services, particularly administrative services - credit and health - health has improved and villages that have a distance less than the city center, further development and integration of urban services have benefited more than other villages. As a result, more households have been accepted by the population.
The results of the findings show that the maximum benefits Integrated of village in the cityisthephysical and the economic aspect is the minimum advantaged. While conversely, the maximum disadvantageis theeconomicaspect ofintegrationinthe villageinthe city and thephysicalaspectisthe minimum disadvantages. This indicated that the integration of anatomical changes and increased services in rural areas in urban settlements has been the integration of other dimensions and in rural areas in the city benefits from the integration of anatomical, between authorities and households sampled, there is more consensus. Also the results show, however that the majority of responses stated that Guyana and the positive effects of integration in their village has negative effects and consequences and satisfied.This action has yet been able to meet all the expectations of residents. Therefore, it seemstocreateand deploythe necessaryinfrastructurefordevelopmentinsimilarareastheintegrationprocessinthevillageand thelegal infrastructureto supporteconomicinvestmentandprosperityinbusinessis essential.

Making citizens take part in managing their own city affairs tends to their active motions and responsibility and undertaking as well. This active presence results in the formation of mutual relations between those folks and city management system, and this in turn causes city management system to be dynamic and in accordance with citizens requirements. In this paper we have made an attempt not only introduce the governing theories of citizen participations but also to test this factor in the real case of Urmia city.

This paper approach is based on analyzing-describing. The research instrument is documentary and determinative research by distributing questionnaires about the governing agents of citizenship participation among Urmia citizens (family leaders). The statistical society of our research includes 384 Urmia citizens.

space distribution of the participation of the citizens for Urmia showed that the level of participation in regions, 1, 4, 3 and 2 was 62%, 56%, 53% and 51% in respect the highest level of participation belong to the first urban area. The highest level of participation of this region is that of cleaning urban environment (90.5%) and the lowest level was in planting trees (40.3%). The lowest level of participation is in the two municipality's area, that the highest level of participation belongs to cleaning urban spaces (77.8%) and their lowest level is for the issue of getting a member of the unions (20.3%).The results show that among all of the components the cleaning of urban spaces was the first matter of participation in Urmia with a percentage of 71.5% and the least participation was belonging to tree planting (31.5%). Generally, the participation ratio of Urmia citizens has been 55.5% which indicates the average participation to manage urban affairs. And the determining factors of this index are: age, education, family dimension, residency in neighborhood, activity status, occupation kind and house type

During the past two decades, municipal solid waste (MSW) management has become one of the major concerns. In municipal solid waste management, different ways of disposal exists. Hence, collection and proper disposal of waste in order to reduce health risks and damage to flora and fauna and the environment is very important. Although buriae is the best and most common method for disposal of solid wastes. But lack or loss of traditional waste disposal sites, environmental control monitoring solid waste disposal, increasment of its size and weight,especially in industrialized countries and major cities, have a significant contribution in increasing services and disposal costs. Because waste disposal services vary from economical aspect, hence, recycling waste and increasingly becomes cost-effective. The fact that urban waste management system of Iran has critical and undesirable conditions. Cannot be ignored. In Zanjan city municipal waste is not separated because there is no seperate transportation vehicles, there is no knowledge a boul physical properties of the waste produced in this city. Therefore determining the potential for recycling or disposal methods and machinery required for management is related to with is data. Lack of awareness of social obligations and urbanization, especially about health matter and environmental protection and the misconception of most citizens of waste management as getting rid of it personally of waste from the, lead to lack of success of the implementation of solid waste management programs. Therefore, a study in Zanjan about the understanding of solid waste physical components, capabilities and potential of each of the recyclable components, and also the necessity of public participation of practitioners and citizens in cleaning the city become necessary. Theoretical bases: The purpose of this study is show municipal solid waste situation in terms of production, per capita, physical composition and various methods of disposal in Zanjan. Using weighted analysis and field studies - cases of solid waste were collected in the period of the autumn of 2008 to the summer of 2009 through the truck-load sampling based on random cluster sampling. As such, in the middle of each season, the weight of each garbage truck has been measured for seven days and each day, the load of just one truck were separated manually for determining the physical components of the waste constituents. So that the solid waste was analyzed. Generalizing the findings to other days of each season, information relating to municipal solid waste of each season was gaind. Also in this study, Zanjan's citizen participation in the implementation of waste separation at source has been investigated. Public surveys wereconducted by classifying the city into four clusters and completing 400 questionnaires through interview method by 0.4 percent of households living ineach clusters.

Results show that citizens of Zanjan produce about 270 tones of solid waste daily. Per capita 0.77 kg per capita this is 0.13 kg higher than the average per capita (0.64 kg) in Iran. The the maximum rate of 25623 tons of solid waste was produced in the autumn, i.e. 284.7 tons per day and the lowest rate of 24142.8 tons was produced in the spring, i.e. 259.6 tons per day. Also, by comparing values obtained for the density of solid waste in different seasons, it is found that the highest density was related to the autumn, which is averaged around 238.6 kg per cubic meter and lowest density of solid waste is in the spring with the average of about 219.2 kg per cubic meter. The high density of solid waste in the autumn can be due to the high amount of organic matter in the season with high humidity such as fruit and vegetable skins which compose the highest percentage of solid waste. Also in Zanjan city, hospital waste production rate is 3.3 tons and industrial waste is 2.5 tons per year. On the whole, 98531.5 tons of solid waste is produced annually in Zanjan. The results show that sepreration at source is more desirable, effiuient and plactical then separation at other stages due to the ease of separation requiring minimal time and cost, less contamination and destruction of recyclable materials. In this study citizen participation in recycling programs was also studied and evaluated and the results. Hopefully shows the positive view of citizens for cooperation in urban waste management in Zanjan in the future.

Based on the research about 73 percent of Zanjan waste is organic waste, so, there is a high potential for composting industry. On the other hand, the share of total dry waste production is growing slowly, that necessitates the use of recycling. Although the separation of recyclable can be done in transfer stations materials, in the central processing station or landfill occur but separation of recyclable materials in the production stage (in source separation). Is more desirable, effiuient and plactical then separation at other stages due to the ease of separation requiring minimal time and cost, less contamination and destruction of recyclable materials? Considerable value of source sepretion of dry waste and separation of dry waste from the total waste produced the need for producing energy material from waste as well as the need for proper and healthy and doing this burial along with other countries, prescribe appropriate strategy and implementation plan for Zanjan city. Accordingly, two strategies, of solid waste separation at source and increasing processed waste strategy has been proposed. Suggestions: According to the results and discussion of the research for municipal solid waste management in Zanjan city two strategies of separation and isolation of solid wastes produced in the source and increasing processed waste are recommended. Separation of wet and dry wastes can be done in two ways: separation during production or separation of waste from source and separation with processing waste during collection, transport, storage, burial or composting. To perform source separation hardware and software features are required. Success in this regard, needs multilateral cooperation of the executive team of solid waste management, people, official and commercial units operating in Zanjan city. In the other word, implementing such a plan demands legal requirements, proper planning, proper funding and its classification, hardware, software and structural requirements and private sector participation. And also to increases the processed waste, residual waste after the stage of separation at source, includs dry energic and mixed waste, processing units (including composting and energy production) and maximization of recycling minimization of burial of recyclable materials. Implementing this strategy, with participation of producers of this material (people) can become a successful activity. New health promotion movement needs the cooperation of all sectors of society and without their active participation it cannot be done or achievement of the objectives is very difficall. Therefore, solving today's problems of collecting, transportation and disposal of municipal solid waste, is not possible without people's cooperation with the authorities.

IntroductionRegional inequalities between border and central regions of most third world countries is inevitable, that created Centralized system of planning structures in the historical process. Border areas of Iran have 16 provinces and central regions of the 14 provinces (including Alborz in Tehran Province). Approximately 50 percent of the area (50/7 percent of the population) belonging in the country's border regions. This revealed that 50 percent of the country's development should be concentrated in border areas. Be created regional balance in the space of Iran. While the focus of the facilities and services in centre the remoteness and deprivation some of the border provinces. Therefore in this study is trying to changes in population and development indicators in the border and central areas of Iran and the comparison to be investigated. To understanding of various dimensions and angles, the inequalities the spatial structure of country is determined. Review theoretical literature on the development of border areas shows that in this study, develop in three approaches the traditional approach where, approach to cross-border cooperation and popular approach to border has been studied and analyzed.MethodologyThis study has been done with descriptive-analytical method; the main objective of this research understands the pattern of development space of Iran. To achieve the goal, border areas with the central areas are compared. Index of 30 indicators of economic, social, cultural and industrial that data from the Statistical Center of Iran, General Population and Housing Census and Statistical Yearbook of the provinces based in 2006 statistics are collected. Also, will be explored the reform of economic structures - political, the political economy, ideology and political philosophy of governance. Therefore, using the Shannon entropy weighting factors have been studied weight. Then the ratings were from 30 provinces Tapsis. Finally, the test T-test, border and central regions were compared and comparative study.Discussion and ResultsUsing entropy weighting and tapsis model, Tehran province (including Alborz in Tehran province) with 0/6739 as the most developed province and Ilam province with 0/0078 as the most deprived province. Development gap between Tehran and Ilam is 124/859. This figure shows large distances of the first and most deprived provinces of Iran that the spatial structure of regional disparities in Iran is very high. Results of analysis based on the average K cluster it was found that the province with 0/2654 is developed in border areas that among the 30 provinces in the third level is dedicated to the development. The low level of development in border areas, East Azarbaijan and Khuzestan provinces, respectively in 0/1307 and 0/0821 are located. The provinces of Isfahan Among in central areas of high development levels and the provinces of Fars, Yazd and Qom have moderate levels of development. The province of Kerman, Semnan and Hamedan are located in the lower levels of development. By using the coefficient of dispersion, Degree of regional disparities between central and border areas are 1/6 that Show a high disparity between the border regions and central areas. Given this, the average development in border regions 0/057 and the central regions of 0/169 can be expressed in the central regions of Iran, about 3 times higher than the border areas have been developed. Degree of regional disparities in the border areas 1/08 and the central areas are 1/43 that These figures show the inequality and the divergence between the provinces of the country that breakdown of statistics related to the elimination of Tehran and the Alborz province, regional inequalities within the central areas of the 2/5 times reduced and is 0/63 and relative convergence in the central areas will be created. Also, investigate whether the difference between central areas and border areas of Iran the value of the T 1/793 with significance is 0/084. Show that n with % 90 confidences, the development of border areas and central areas of Iran; there is a difference that with the removal of Khorasan Razavi Province the T to 2/008 with a %95 increases.ConclusionAccording to surveys, not only between development of border and central areas differences and inequalities there are, but the border and central areas there are also differences. As long as the cause of areas inequality is not reduced, the reduction of regional inequalities will not be outsourced. And model development center - around the space as the dominant model in Iran. The central areas of the development of border areas have much better conditions and this patern shows that we are much closer to the Central areas of Iran Provinces are more developed. Top-down government planning and transfer of powers to lower levels of divisions caused by the lack of understanding of normal capacity is proper and appropriate expectations. And geographical injustice of algebraic inequalities in the country has sparked a biological foundation. Inequality and exclusion, as it must be acknowledged that the developments of a coin, a direct threat to the security community are considered. Any development plan without regard to the general plan to eliminate inequalities can not be done. Therefore, the development of resources in a major role in strengthening cooperation between border provinces can have a border with neighboring countries and can accelerate the development process at the national level.

Among different uses and available services in a city, the optimum distribution and topology of fire stations has imported by their emphasis, considering to safety in cities, producing preventive arrangements and appose to fire and incidents. Qom with a population of about 957, 457 in 2006 as a populous city, suffers from shortage of service units, including fire stations, from the point of view of their number and distribution. In this paper, by employing a descriptive-analytical method and utilizing network analysis in GIS space, we have studied the spatial distribution, site selection and area of operation of the existing fire stations of Qom. The results show that the distribution patterns of the fire stations of Qom is not appropriate, and it takes more than 5 minutes for the fire engines to reach the furthest point of their area of operation, which differs 2 minutes with the standard time, in fact, about one third of the city does not have easy access to this service. Therefore, by utilizing the method of Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP), and its integration with GIS capabilities, five new stations have been site selected and proposed for regions outside the operation area of the existing stations, so that, on the basis of the three-minute standard of the arrival of fire engines to the location of the fire stations, the whole area of the city might benefit from the existing and proposed fire stations.