شهرزاد محمدی آئین

Unsuitable climatic conditions and natural crises are among the most important dangers that expose the lives of villagers and the existence of villages to various threats. The death of humans and animals, destruction of houses and underground water network, loss of crops and lack of food, poverty, unemployment and migration are examples of these threats. Examining the available documents and reports from the Pahlavi period shows that among the natural hazards in Isfahan province, drought, flood and plant pests had the most negative impact on the villages. Based on this, the present research aims to answer this question with a descriptive-analytical method and based on the information obtained from library and documentary sources. Why did the villagers of Isfahan province leave the villages during the Pahlavi period in the face of natural crises? The aim of  the research is to analyze the effects of drought, flood and plant pests on the condition of the villagers of Isfahan province during the Pahlavi period. The results of the research show that the consequences of the aforementioned events, including the instability of the agricultural economy, unemployment and poverty, greatly affected the lives of the villagers of Isfahan province during the Pahlavi period. The lack of rural construction credits and the agricultural sector, lack of specialized human resources in rural planning and informed with crisis management, the concentration and lack of employment opportunities in the villages also strengthened the harmful effects of these factors. As a result, poor villagers had no choice but to migrate due to the loss of minimum living facilities, and this phenomenon was constantly growing. Focus on a social issue at a point in the past history of Isfahan province using newly found documents and review and analyze the data available in this category of sources, it indicates the novelty of the subject.

Prior to land reform in 1962, Kadkhoda played a pivotal role in rural management after the owner. Although Kadkhodai is a structure in rural society, since the Pahlavi period and the formation of the modern government in Iran, changes in the duties, structure and function of Kadkhoda's position have been made as the government seeks to influence rural society. The purpose of this article is to explain the function of Kadkhoda position with the approach of natural crisis management in the villages of Isfahan province in the Pahlavi period.The main question of the research is Kadkhoda's action in dealing with natural crises in the villages of Isfahan province. What was the Pahlavi period like? The study is descriptive and analytical and is based on collecting information from library and documentary sources. The findings show that throughout the Pahlavi period, the Kadkhodas did not have an active, effective and positive function in managing natural crises. In addition, factors such as lack of scientific knowledge, expertise, succumbing to natural disasters, lack of decision-making power and initiative due to the.

Mahdism has been one of the important and fundamental issues in the Islamic period of Iran. This issue has suffered much from problems such as false Mahdis and this has caused problems for the Islamic community. These problems have continued to concern the community to the present. Seyed Mohammad Kelardashti was one of these Mahdis. He made his claim public in Kelardasht in 1892 and assembled a group of people. The most important questions addressed in this study are what the background of his claim was, what the current government did to confront him, and what consequences he faced. It seems that the background of his claim was the gap between the people of Khajeh Vand tribe with each other, with Kelardasht inhabitants, and even with the government. Although this rebellion was suppressed and he was arrested and imprisoned, he was released from prison after a while and was assigned a pension. The present study attempts to investigate this issue based on the documents of the National Library and Archives of the Islamic Republic of Iran

A high liquidity deficit in its treasury prevented Iran from entering into the world of trade. The Shah’s short-term solution was to have more gold and silver and precious stones. Throughout his fifty years of reign, he made several attempts to find new gold mines. This paper reports such efforts. Data for this paper is collected from archival records and library resources. Continuous efforts for the exploration and extraction of gold failed due to the lack of expertise, technology, and equipment.

In recent centuries, bread shortage, has always been considered as one of the crisis of contemporary history. The famine of bread and groceries was the result of different geographical and political issues, lack of rainfall, traditional agricultural method and the outbreak of two world wars in Iran. The famine confronted people and governments with the crisis of bread shortage which was the staple food of people. This study is to answer the following questions: How was the situation of bread in Isfahan city during the first Pahlavi era? What measures had been taken to solve the problem? How successful were the government measures in this regard? According to the findings of the research, some measures were taken during the first Pahlavi era to solve the problem, including: direct state intervention in buying wheat from the farmers and selling it to the bakers; designing regulations to lower and stabilize the price of bread; considering the health issues of bakers and bakeries; issuing business licenses for the bakeries by the municipalities. It seems that the government, despite the efforts, had not been able to terminate the bread problem in Isfahan city because the outbreak of World War II and the events of Shahrivar 1320 A.H showed that the deep-rooted problem of bread in Isfahan still remained. The research method in this article was library method, by comparing and analyzing resources especially the main resources. In this study, the collected data were organized and analyzed for conclusion.

In 1330 A.H. / 1291 A.H.S., Tsarist Russia invaded the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza. The invasive act was an open and intentional violation of the rights and religious sentiments of Iranian people and had a lot of political, social and economic consequences. The study is to answer the following questions.Why did not the central government prevent the chaos? How much was the damage to the Holy Shrine? What was Russia’s aim of causing this crisis? According to the findings of the study, the central government’s weakness against Russians, the conspiracy of the governor and the police chief in Mashhad and the custodian of Astan with Russians were the major factors that made the government not to prevent the tragedy. The aim of Russia in the matter of causing this chaos was to reveal the weakness of the local governor and the central government in restoring order and security, causing fear and intimidation in order for constitutionalists to retreat and overthrowing the constitutional system through the chaos. The damages included: loss of some property in the Shrine, destruction of the Shrine and also casualties and injuries inflicted upon innocent people. The research method here is library method by using documents and comparing and analyzing the available sources especially the primary sources.Most of the documents used in this article belongs the Archives and Records of documents administration and the history of diplomacy in the ministry of foreign affairs:(estādux) . the aforementioned documents have been extracted from the archives and used for researching purposes for the first time.