شهناز روزبهانی

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the successful implementation of the general physical education course. This study used a qualitative methodology and the grounded theory. For data collection, in-depth and open interviews were used. The statistical population included experts on physical education, senior managers of physical education of Ministry of Science and Technology, heads of physical education and science department, lecturer of physical education as well as faculty members who have articles and research on the subject. 18 subjects were selected for interviews by theoretical and snowball sampling methods. To analyze the data, open axial and selective coding were used. To ensure validity, the findings of this study were presented to professors to express their views on the consistency of the findings with their experiences to researchers.  In addition, more participatory reflection was done by the research group at different stages of the study on the identified themes. The results of the interview showed that the indicators affecting the successful implementation of the general unit of physical education, included causal factors (active education), challenges (educational challenges, infrastructure), contexts (managerial thinking), strategies (structuring, improvement), consequences (health, life satisfaction). Therefore, it is suggested that the existing challenges regarding the efficiency of the physical education unit implementation model using leadership, structuring and improvement strategies can create health and life satisfaction for students

The purpose of present research was to investigate Barriers to sport for all promotion inthe Iranian universities. This field research was Descriptive–analytical and its statistical population was all of Iranian national universities’ faculties, staff and students. Finally, 779 people (233 faculties, 224 staff and 322 students) participated in the research and completed physical activity barriers’ questionnaire. The questionnaire was five-point likert type scale that its face and content validity verified by the experts and its reliability was calculated in a pilot study using Cronbach's alpha (α=0.956). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with a Varimax rotation was used to identify factors. In EFA, of the 66 barriers, 58 items having appropriate factor loading were stand in six factors namely organizational and managerial, environmental, psychological, interpersonal, Lack of social support and time limitations. The results show that the most important factor is “organizational and managerial (3.22±0.85)” and the least important factor is “psychological (2.50±0.95)”. The research factors to be identified were determined by a combination of the following criteria: a) a pre-specification of the number of factors based on the literature review; b) factors selection based on eigenvalues greater than 1.0 (Kaiser criterion); c) visual inspectionon the basis of the scree-plot; d) variance description criterion; and e) comprehensibility of the extracted factors. Paying attention to barriers identified in the present research and trying to remove them can cause to mass participation of the academic society in universities’ physical activity and sport for all programs. In addition, in this research, based on identified barriers, some strategies were presented in order to development of sport for all in universities.