شهناز کریمی

Nurses face many ethical challenges in providing care to patients. Scenario-based  learning along  with the use of  reflection can be an interactive, dynamic, and expansive learning strategy in ethics education that enhances students' decision-making skills and self-learning abilities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of reflective learning based on clinical scenarios on students' moral sensitivity in the course of professional communication and nursing ethics.

This study was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test single group study that was performed on nursing students of Fasa University of Medical Sciences during the academic year of 2018-2019 in three stages of design, implementation and evaluation to assess students' moral sensitivity. In this study, all second semester nursing students including 48 people participated in the study. To collect data, the Persian version of the Lutzen Ethical Sensitivity Questionnaire (2006) was used. Data were analyzed in SPSS software version 21 at the level of descriptive and analytical statistics (paired t).

In this study, there was no significant difference between the mean of the total score of moral sensitivity before and after the intervention (p value> 0.05). Also, the results of paired t-test did not show a significant difference before and after the educational intervention in the subscales of moral sensitivity (Sense Of Moral Burden,  Moral Strength, Moral Responsibility) (p value> 0.05).

The present study, considering the non-significant difference between students 'moral sensitivity scores before and after the intervention, suggests that despite the place of reflective activities in the development of students' learning, especially in Western studies, and also applying such new approaches, especially by considering different cultural pedagogies, can take on more complex dimensions in order to be effective. Therefore, further studies on the effectiveness and dimensions of using reflection activities in ethics education are recommended to undergraduate nursing students in Iran.

 

Adherence to treatment of patients with diabetic foot ulcer leads to successful treatment and a reduction in the severity of complications. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of peer group-based training on adherence to treatment of adults with diabetic foot ulcers in Shiraz in 2020.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 70 patients (35 in the intervention group and 35 in the control group). The content of the education program was performed by the peer for the intervention group in 5 sessions of 45 minutes, and the routine education of the diabetes clinic was provided to the control group. Data collection tools included demographic characteristics questionnaire, Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS). Data were analyzed by the SPSS software version 22 using statistical tests (t-test, ANOVA and Chi-square) and the significance level was considered p<0.05.

The mean score of adherence to treatment was significant immediately after the intervention, but there was no significant difference after one and three months.

Peer training of patients with diabetic foot ulcers could improve adherence to treatment. Therefore, health system policymakers may use this approach as an effective method in the care program of patients with diabetic foot ulcers and other diseases.

One of the most important elements in SPICES model is student-centered education. Taking notes is one of the simplest ways to increase student interaction and participation in learning. The purpose of this project was to design, implement, and evaluate an active-interactive education model in teaching the bacteriology course.

This project was carried out in three stages including design, implementation and evaluation. At the design stage, the outline of the program was determined through meetings with faculty members from Microbiology and Infectious Diseases departments; the curriculum-based workbook was designed based on a mind map form; then, teaching was based on the workbook and student participation in the classes. Finally, project evaluation was done by completing the evaluation form by students and then statistical analysis was performed.

Statistical results comparing the students of Medicine and Laboratory Science showed the highest student satisfaction with using book and suggestion of using book for other courses, and least satisfaction with graphical suitability and structural design in both groups. Significant differences between the two groups were found to be statistically significant for the students of Medicine compared to the students of the Laboratory Science (p = 0.049).

The use of filling-out form textbooks has an important role in enhancing studentschr('39') interaction and participation in Medical Bacteriology education. It is suggested that a similar structure to this book be explored to teach other Microbiology courses.

Teachers’ evaluation as an accountable process in promoting the quality of medical education is the main mission of the university. Teachers are key and effective facilitator of this process. Some of the attributes of faculty from the students’ point of view to help students to learn and make the learning process more effective. For this purpose, a study was conducted to determine the characteristics of effective faculty in improving education and its influence on students in Iran.

This study was conducted through systematic review and meta-analysis. For this purpose, the articles that were published in Iran were either in English in Persian and were selected for the study without considering the time period. Articles were searched in databases of Cochrane Library Web of Science, PubMed, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Ovid, Science Direct, WILEY, Scopus, ProQuest, Medline, Elsevier Magiran, and SID. Finally, 21 articles that met the criteria for meta-analysis were included in the study and their quality was evaluated.

Attributes were extracted in six domains. The six main dimensions are as follows: Individual and personality traits, communication skills, teaching skills, research skills, evaluation skills, and observing educational rules.

Personal characteristics, research skills and communication skills were among the most important characteristics of an effective faculty from the students' perspective. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the characteristics in the recruitment of instructors.

Subject to at least be examined from three perspectives: a modern standpoint that begins with Descartes, the subject is a subject that is independent of metaphysical forces has the ability to think and act. From the perspective of post-structuralist, postmodern, which are expressed specifically in Foucault's ideas, the subject invention of the modern era and the end of modernism is also ebbing. In this sense, the subject is subdued and all elements of American power in the context of the historical forces that shaped discourses. The Middle landscape can be adopted for the subject. In this third aspect, the subject agent that is in the context of historical forces and discourse, but it also has the strength and change and affect it. The current study documents the various approaches to the study of discourse analysis and the subjects in them. Understanding of subjects and features of discourse in understanding subjects have a significant role, but the subject in certain situations hegemonic discourse and the discourse will be able to collapse

The present study aims to investigate how the women’s subjectivity in the formation of the Islamic revolution discourse based on Laclau and Mouffeʼs theory of discourse. A qualitative and heuristic research method is used. Sampling is based on the theoretical sampling method. The results show that women in the discourse of the Islamic revolution played a strategic and creative role and used various methods to fight. In the subjectivity position, a high degree of correlation is formed among women with different thoughts, attitudes, and social origins. In this situation, women avoid the present conditions and the values governing them and establish an ideal status under the discourse of Islamic revolution. Part of women's subjectivity in the revolutionary fight is related to the revolutionary status of society. One of the most noticeable examples of women active in establishing new discourse is correlated to the development of Hijab among women. The new identity for women not completely different from what was defined before but also it is rethinking and revising about the modern and traditional discourse that is presented based on the new indices.

Directing attention to ethics and sublimity of students› academic and professional development is deemed to be more and more essential in health care and students training. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of teaching ethical principles through role playing approach on nursing students› internship skills at Fasa University of Medical Sciences.
Method and Materials: In a semi-experimental study, 31 nursing students of Fasa University of Medical Sciences, being at 6th semester, were selected and were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. At first, 3 teaching workshops entitled «Familiarity with Ethical Principles» were held for the students in the experimental group. Then, along with the help of specific scenarios, they practiced ethical principles through role-playing techniques in their internship courses for 6 weeks. The scores on ethical skills of all students were assessed by using an ethical skills questionnaire.
The mean age of the students was 21. 35 years; the youngest was 19 and the oldest was 28 years. There was no significant difference between the demographic characteristics (age, GPA) and the scores on ethical skills of different areas in the experimental and the control groups before performing the study; homogeneity of the two groups was verified. After examining the results of Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests in all dimensions of the questionnaire, a significant difference was found between the scores of the students in the experimental and control groups.
The findings of this study showed that teaching ethical principles through role playing in the long run and during internship can lead to promoting and internalizing ethical skills in nursing students.

Infertility is one of the most painful experiences in women life. With respect to important role of infertility on the women''s psychological well being، the purpose of this research was to test a model for the effect of social support on psychological distress considering the mediating role of resilience and problem-oriented coping strategy. In a correlation study، 95 infertile women that had referred to Fasa public and private medical centers were selected through available sampling. Participants completed Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS)، Mental Health Inventory (MHI)، Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS-21) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale)CD-RISC (. Fitness of the proposed model was examined through structural equation modeling (SEM)، using SPSS-18 and AMOS-18 software packages. The indirect effects were tested using Baron & Kenny (1986) method. Findings indicated that the proposed model fit the data properly. The results also supported the mediating role of resilience and problem-oriented coping strategy in the relationship between social support and psychological distress. Discussion & Considering the findings of the study can be an essential component of any program of infertility-related stress management.

The main purpose of this article is to understand and evaluate the article “Iran: Red and Black Colonialism” as the X factor in the process of Islamic Revolution of Iran. The main question in this article is: How this article has acted as the X factor in the Islamic revolution of Iran, and what characteristics it had? The theoretical framework of this article is derived from Chalmers Johnson. The findings of this article show that the paper played the role of the X factor in Islamic revolution of Iran and this factor has been caused serial 40th memorandums at the beginning of the Islamic revolution in Iran. The method of this research is historical and the method of gathering information is documentary- library method.

Studying periods in university is very important for students. Because of the problems، this period is usually accompanied with mental status changes of students. The aim of this study was the assessment of psychological variables (stress، anxiety and depression) and self-concept of students. In this cross-sectional study، all the students studying at Fasa University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 89-88 were selected through census sampling method. The DASS-21 was used to assess stress، anxiety and depression of students and in order to evaluate the status of their self-concept; the Carl Rogers questionnaire was used. Data analysis was performed with SPSS software using descriptive and inferential statistics (t test، ANOVA، Chi square and Pearson correlation). The results of this study showed that 76% of students had stress، 56. 4% anxiety and 53. 1% depression، and 69/3% had weak or negative self-concepts. There was a statistically significant correlation between high stress، anxiety and depression with negative self-concept (P<0. 001). High stress، anxiety and depression and also a significant correlation between increased stress، anxiety and depression with negative and weak self-concept of students were found. It is necessary to devote more careful attention to mental health issues of students and have appropriate interventions.

Breastfeeding has many psychological, immunological and economic benefits for the mother and her infant. As mother’s milk plays a great role in the enhancement of health and the elevation of children’s growth, this paper studies the necessity of breastfeeding in reviving the rights of infants born by the new fertilization techniques.SID, Google Scholar and International Library of America were used to access research findings in relevant fields for this review study. The mentioned keywords were searched in an unlimited time span and results were compared to each other.Multiple deliveries, premature and underweight births were the major problems in infants born by new fertilization techniques. The percentage of prematurity and underweight were 4-5 times higher than general population. Findings reveal that acute respiratory infection in infants who were exclusively breastfed was 62% less compared to those who were not exclusively breastfed. There are various ways for getting milk like getting milk from mother milk bank, employing nurses, induced lactation, and eventually using powder milk.Lactation underlies the cornerstones of one’s personality; breastfeeding can thus lead to the elevation of IQ, facilitation of education, decrease in incidence of physical problems and behavioral disorders, encumbering adolescent’s misdemeanors and adult addiction. Based on a review of related articles it seems that employment of nurses are preferable to other alternatives.

Breastfeeding is one of the main factors in health and survival of infants. According to the type of delivery, mother's breastfeeding pattern may be different. The aim of this study was to compare the patterns of breastfeeding in women with normal vaginal delivery and cesarean section. This cross sectional study was conducted in 2009 on 197 mothers after labor in Vali-e-Asr educational-treatment center affiliated to Fasa University of Medical Sciences. After selection of mothers by purposive sampling method, their feeding patterns were assessed using the LATCH breastfeeding chart system according to direct observation. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 15) software using t-test independent, Mann-Whitney test and Chi-square test. Mean of gestational age in cesarean group was 38.8±1.7 week and in vaginal delivery group was 39.5±1.0 week (p= 0.004). Gender and weight of the newborns didn’t have any significant difference in vaginal delivery and cesarean groups. The score of breastfeeding pattern in the cesarean group (8.0±1.5) was statistically higher than vaginal delivery group (9.3±0.8) (p=0.001). The type of delivery correlates with the breastfeeding pattern. Mothers with cesarean delivery need more support and help in breastfeeding in the first days after delivery in comparison with mothers who experience vaginal delivery. Assessment of mothers’ breastfeeding pattern can be used in determining breastfeeding problems and applying appropriate nursing interventions.

Motivation has been known as a most important factor in directing people for doing activities. Lack or low of motivation affect all domains of human functions and caused negative effects. The aim of this study was identifying perception of nursing students from decrease in theirs motivation to nursing. This study done with qualitative approach and using thematic analysis method. Twelve nursing students from the Fasa University of Medical Sciences were selected through purposive sampling and interviewed in three focus group interview. After data collection, all interviews were transcribed and reviewed and themes extracted. Then a list of themes prepared and similarity in meaning and concept were reviewed and based on centralization arranged in a sub-category. Then with reviewing again relevant sub-categories arranged in a category. Using analysis of transcribes a significant number of preliminary themes and 6 main themes that each having few other sub-themes were extracted. The main themes included Socio-cultural, educational, managerial, research, communicational and contextual. The results of this study revealed that communication problems with students are the most important factor in lack or low motivation toward nursing. It is recommended that nursing instructors and managers considered above items for promoting motivation of students toward nursing.

Various definitions of teaching indicate the effort of training and education scientists for knowing teaching. Achieving to ideal and effective teaching involves connection between goals, teaching methods and student's learning. Effective teaching is critical for medical sciences student learning, especially in nursing students. The aim of this study was identifying perception of nursing students from effective teaching in nursing education. This study done with qualitative approach and using thematic analysis method. Eleven nursing students from the Fasa University of Medical Sciences were selected through purposive sampling and interviewed with focus group interview. After data collection, all interviews were transcribed and reviewed and themes extracted. Then a list of themes prepared and similarity in meaning and concept were reviewed and based on centralization arranged in a sub-category. Then with reviewing again relevant sub-categories arranged in a category. Using analysis of transcribes a significant number of preliminary themes and 8 main themes that each having few other sub-themes were extracted. The main themes included readiness, dynamically, valuing, individual characteristics of teacher, organization, evaluation, applicable and resources. The results of this study revealed that individual characteristics of teacher and communication with students are more significant factors in motivation and interest to learning and effective teaching. It is recommended that nursing instructors considered above items for curriculum planning in order to effectiveness of teaching and better learning.

The important reality is that all of human developments and successes are due to learning. Knowing students learning styles will help to produce an educational plan in order to optimal and effective learning. The aim of this study was the comparison of learning styles and preferred teaching methods of different students of medical sciences. This study is a cross-sectional research. That was done on all students at Fasa Medical Sciences University in 2009. For data gathering, questionnaires of demographic variables and Kolb Learning Style Inventory (KLSI) was used and analyzed. Majority of students learning style was convergent learning (38.3%) and then assimilator learning style (29.9%). More frequent preferred teaching method was group discussion. There was a significant difference between learning styles and course of students (P=0.011). Since, the majority of students had convergent and assimilator learning styles is recommended, considering the diversity of learning styles, educational methods related ro learning styles were using.