فهرست مطالب شیرین برومند

Fluorescent chemical sensors to detect drugs, by increasing fluorescence emission and absorption or by shutting down, because they are non-destructive, the ability to show decomposed concentrations, fast response, high accuracy have been considered and used. In this research, a chemical sensor was synthesized PbS functionalized with gelatin quantum dots for (MNZ) drug. The calibration curve was linear in the range of (0.1 to 10.0 µg L−1). The standard deviation of (3.5%), and detection limit of the method (2.2 µg L−1 in time 50 sec, 285 nm) were obtained for sensor level response PbS Quantum Dot–Gelatin Nano composites sensor with (95%) confidence evaluated. The observed outcomes confirmed the suitability recovery and a very low detection limit for measuring the (MNZ) drug. The method fluorometric introduced to measure (MNZ) drug in real samples such as urine and blood was used and can be used for hospital samples. The chemical PbS Quantum Dot–Gelatin Nano composites sensor made it possible as an excellent sensor with good reproducibility.

The discourse of global justice at transnational levels has given rise to important challenges . The impact of this theory on nationally discussed concepts forms an important part of such theoretical challenges. Law, which has been so far understood as a state-made concept, is now in need of a new theoretical pattern due to its relationship with theory of global justice. Accordingly, the main question of this research is whether global justice theory can change our conception of law at both national and global levels. To answer this question, upon a brief explanation of the issue of global justice and providing a short picture of law, we will examine the impact of integrated and non-integrated approaches to global justice on this brief picture. While non-integrated perspectives do not seem to be sufficient, integrated perspectives seem unrealizable in the current power structure of the world. Accordingly, given diverse human identities and relationships, relational and non-relational grounds of justice, and insufficiency of international morality, we may only come up with a moderate outlook on global justice; under which, law is bound to be defined somewhere between two poles of certainty and responsiveness. The limited but inevitable competence of states in the contemporary world and the balanced spectrum of integrated approach to justice are, respectively, embodiments of the two mentioned poles.

Modern infertility treatment methods, along with favorable results, sometimes bring about unfavorable consequences. Multiple pregnancy is one of those consequences that puts the health of mother and life of fetus in danger. Fetal reduction, namely removing one or more fetuses with aim of preserving pregnancy and also certain preventive measures such as transfer of fewer fetuses into uterus of mother in each cycle of In Vitro Fertilizations (IVF), is one of solutions to tackle this unfavorable consequence. In a number of legal systems, along with a permission to conduct fetal reduction, precise provisions on the number of transferable fetuses are enacted. A comparative study of fetal reduction in countries in which there is an experience of legal encounter with this issue shall open a horizon for the legislator and policy makers in the field of health in Iran, where there is no consistent laws or regulations in this context, so that they adopt an appropriate approach to the problem. It seems that a fetal reduction permission, limiting regulations on the number of transferable fetuses, and proper insurance coverage embody an appropriate legal system in the context of fetal reduction.

Development of new methods of treatments for infertility has given rise to a serious question as to the access to such methods. Determination of the ones who can access the mentioned treatments and the limits of this access, depends to the definition of infertility. The Law of the method for Embryo Donation to Infertile Couples according to Iranian legislature considers the infertile couple who “cannot reproduce in accordance with credible medical certificate” as eligible to receive the donated embryo. However, applicants for modern infertility treatment methods have gone beyond infertile couples and include those couples who wish, based on credible medical evidence, to avoid having unhealthy children, especially by using donation methods or surrogacy. Accordingly, having supported a preventive approach to ARTs, a new concept of infertility will appear on the horizon. Expanding this concept to couples who are considered fertile from a common medical perspective but give birth to seriously unhealthy children shall inevitably lead us to revise the common legal concept of infertility. Therefore, by resorting to ethical reasoning, laws, and regulations of various legal systems and Fiqhi opinions we can develop another interpretation of Embryo Donation Law and argue for the access of the “perceived as infertile” couples to the infertility treatment with the help of third parties.