فهرست مطالب صدیقه کرمی نسب

Today, one of the major manifestations of continued underdevelopment can be seen in the continuity and even widening of the income and wealth gap between rich and poor countries in the world. In other words, in all countries, both advanced and backward, there are areas that have less growth and development than other areas, and the people of these areas have a lower level of welfare than others for reasons beyond their control. On the other hand, the experiences of all development theories show that achieving development at any level and with any goal requires principled, efficient planning and exact implementation. But the main question is what is the reason that some areas, including rural areas, which have important resources and advantages for growth and development, not only have not made any progress, but also remain as an underdeveloped area compared to the surrounding areas. The main purpose of this study is to summarize studies on barriers, challenges and underdevelopment traps or known as poverty traps in rural development using content analysis method. This research is among the documentary and library researches. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the research approach is quantitative-qualitative with emphasis on qualitative. The statistical population of the study includes all published articles related to the research subject, used in Iranian and foreign publications. Based on the search in a valid database, 95 articles were selected and reviewed. The results of the research show that according to the content analysis of the studies, the underdevelopment trap in rural areas has been studied in 4 criteria (productivity trap, social vulnerability trap, institutional trap and environmental trap). The most indicators related to productivity trap, vulnerability trap, institutional trap and environmental trap are product price fluctuations, lack of capital and savings, weakness of institutions and lack of infrastructure and communication network compared to other indicators, respectively. Also, in general, social vulnerability traps and related indicators have received more attention than other underdeveloped traps in rural areas.

The quality of urban life has been explicitly and significantly studied in social studies since the 1970s and has a broad meaning in relation to happiness in communities, and its purpose is to enable people to achieve their goals and achieve an ideal life. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the status of urban quality of life indicators from the perspective of citizens in Garmi city using an objective indicator evaluated. has taken. The research tool was a questionnaire, which was randomly distributed among 250 people in all neighborhoods of Garmi city. Finally, SPSS software was used to analyze the data of the questionnaire. The results indicate that the studied indicators in terms of citizens' satisfaction with the components affecting the improvement of quality of life, quality of health index, quality of correlation interaction and quality of transportation can be accepted that in terms of other selected indicators From the citizens' point of view, they have the highest level of significance

Watershed management plans are the starting point for conserving natural resources and sustaining them to better exploit and prevent the loss of national resources, and by quantitatively evaluating them, a clear view of the effectiveness of such measures in watersheds can be obtained.The important point in this regard is the effectiveness and profitability of watershed management projects that require review and evaluation of watershed management operations performed so that based on the results, while determining the efficiency of watershed management operations in the above basin, decide on the implementation of similar projects in other basins Also provide watersheds. More than a decade has passed since the new era of watershed management in the country, which has been accompanied by a fundamental change in its structure and importance.The result of this development is the improvement of the qualitative and quantitative level of programs in different levels and departments of management, executive, study and coordination with other relevant departments in the fields of nature. The view of planners and agents of the watershed management sector of the implementation of a series of limited executive projects, with the aim of controlling sediment upstream of large dams, has now spread throughout the vast country of Iran with goals such as soil and water protection, drought control, flood control., Improving the conditions of green land cover, paying attention to agricultural infrastructure resources, improving the economic conditions of watersheds, etc. have evolved. Due to the social and economic conditions of rural communities, low efficiency of production factors in different parts of the rural economy, inability to use existing facilities and their improper use, are among the most obvious economic variables that reduce efficiency at the level of natural resources.The purpose of this study is to determine and identify the effects of watershed management projects on the socio-economic and environmental system of the villages located in the Kurdish watershed in Jahrom city.

The present quantitative research has been conducted with the aim of determining and identifying the effects of the implementation of the watershed management plan on the socio-economic system of villages with watersheds in a survey using a questionnaire.The statistical population of the study includes the number of watershed operators, among the rural households living in the study basins (390 households) in 5 villages located in the Kurdish section, which has been selected as the statistical population.The statistical sample size is estimated as 190 samples according to Krejcie and Morgan table. In this study, 35 items were examined from the perspective of the rural community. After filling in the questionnaires, statistical information was extracted and analyzed using SPSS software and questionnaire coding. In statistical analysis, two methods of descriptive and analytical statistics have been used. In the method of descriptive statistics, frequencies and percentage of frequencies are presented and in the method of inferential statistics, factor analysis test is used.

Regarding the evaluation of the effects of the implementation of the watershed management plan, according to the results of reviewing resources and field studies, a list of effective indicators on the implementation of this plan related to rural areas was extracted. In this study, the research variables are reduced to a smaller number of variables called factors. This method of factor analysis is called principal component analysis and its purpose is to solve the problem of internal dependence of a set of variables and summarize them in several components or factors. In this factor analysis, 7 factors have a specific value greater than 1. It should be noted that all the above factors explain 51.74% of the total variance of the variables and the remaining percentage of the remaining variance is related to other factors that could not be predicted. Meanwhile, out of 35 variables, 26 variables were involved in explaining the factors and the remaining 9 variables were removed from the analysis due to the fact that their factor load was less than 0.5. According to the factor analysis, the 26 variables under study can be named as seven factors. In the present study, due to the high share of each of the variables loaded in each of the seven factors rotated, the factors that have the ability to explain the variances have been named, and indicates that the factor analysis and variables are satisfactory. These factors are: local participation, development of agricultural production resources, reducing the impact of natural hazards, increasing agricultural production, employment development, reducing rural-urban migration and increasing the price of agricultural land, among which the participation of local communities with 17.74% It has been the most influential compared to other factors in the implementation of this plan.

The results of this study are derived using factor analysis of various factors, based on which these factors are placed in 7 groups with variables. In general, variables, communication with experts and promoters, the share of people's representatives in basin management, public participation, increasing the level of gardens, reducing flood damage to rural roads, reducing erosion and sediment, solving problems related to water shortage in the region and land prices Horticulture and agriculture have been the most important variables affecting the implementation of this plan.Examining similar examples of the effects of watershed management projects on rural development over the past few years shows different results, but the prevailing situation indicates changes in socio-economic and environmental dimensions in rural areas. In other words, studies such as(Ghanbari and Qudussi, 2008 - Mosaei et al, 2010 and Rezaei et al., 2012, etc.)show a trend of effective changes in all dimensions and in some studies to the social dimension (participation). has it. Of course, it should not be overlooked that these changes are not the same in all cases and have fluctuated relative to each other. Including a series of variables(reduction of natural hazards, development of production resources and increasing the price of agricultural land) that have been added in this study and as can be seen in the table of research findings, these variables have been effective in implementing the watershed management plan.

Today, the citizens' sense of satisfaction with the city environment and the services provided by the municipality and city councils is an important factor in motivating people to participate in urban development and improve the quality of their housing. In addition, citizens' satisfaction with the performance of the municipality encourages them to cooperate with urban institutions in order to better perform their duties and provide services in the city. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the level of citizens' satisfaction with the performance of the municipality and city councils of Garmi. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical, and information is collected in a library and field. The research tool was a questionnaire, which the statistical population was randomly distributed according to Morgan table among 300 residents aged 15 years and older, and finally, the analysis of the questionnaire data also used SPSS software. The results show high satisfaction of citizens with the performance of municipalities and city councils in the physical-environmental dimension and economic and socio-cultural dimensions are in the next category.

The rapid flow of urbanization in Iran has followed informal settlement in recent decades, and this growing phenomenon has overshadowed many social, economic, cultural, physical and environmental problems in most cities, especially Urban Peripheral metropolitan areas such as Tehran, Mashhad, Shiraz, etc. and heavily expanded and expanded to the extent that more than a quarter of the country's urban population lives in informal settlements, and it is safe to say that the informal housing zones in metropolitan areas are beyond the boundaries of the city and have been drawn into the rural areas Urban Peripheral of the metropolis. The aim of this study is an analysis of informal settlements in the Qian Abad village of Qarabagh district in the Central District city of Shiraz. This research, based on the purpose of the applied type and in terms of nature and method, is descriptive-analytic. For data collection, the combination of documentary and survey, and based on the population size of the village   Qian Abad (1389 households) and the sample using Cochran Formula 300 (householder) of villagers Questioning was made. After the completion of the questionnaires using the software SPSS statistical information was extracted and coded questionnaires were analyzed. The results showed that the most important factor in the formation of informal settlements in Qian Abad village of Shiraz is the migration factor (low income and cheap housing). Because of the views and ideas that have been posed, the planning of the destination needs optimal planning due to the settling of the immigrants in the village. Several solutions have been proposed to solve this problem in the land of destination, such as the development of infrastructure and public services, proper land and housing management, Capture security, supporting coverage, organizing informal sector and etc.

The natural hazards of events or natural processes prevail that, having the potential, cause damage and damage to humans and the environment and their well-being. Drought is one of the natural disasters and an integral part of climate change, with its characteristics, such as severity, duration and magnitude, varying from place to place. The drought is one of the most harmful dangers that affect the economy of rural settlements, which may lead to the evacuation of villages and permanent migration. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of natural hazards (drought) in rural migration. The method used in this research is a descriptive-analytical method. In the first step, library and documentary studies and information bases have been used. Field method is based on observation method, interview and questionnaire, which after collecting, categorizing and organizing information , Their analysis has been analyzed. The results show that a large part of the villagers living in and around the city emigrated to the city due to economic factors such as reduced agricultural production and the search for new job opportunities due to the drought period.

The rural plan, organized the first national comprehensive effort for the organizing of villages, rural development is the most important management tool. Rural Guide Plan including rural development projects that can have a fundamental role in the integrated development of rural areas.The main objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of its role in rural development plan and the rural areas of the central city is of Ize. The research method is descriptive - analytical, and gather information for library and field has been made. Inventory research tool, inhabitants of rural households have a plan whose validity was confirmed by a number of experts to measure the reliability of the questionnaire Krvnbakhbh alpha coefficient (0.85) was used.The study population, the inhabitants of seven villages of the central city Ize (3466 households) more than 10 years has elapsed Guidance Plans are in Cochran based on sampling, sample size was estimated at 346. Spss software for data analysis has also been used. The results of this study indicate that the average of the two dimensions (physical and social)The best performance in comparison to the economic and environmental dimension.

Human habitats have always been subject to change considering the available construction space as well as internal and external processes evolved. The rural settlements, as part of the geographic system, which consist of components related to each other, are influenced by the position of the place - space, interaction or communication (internal and external local, regional and national scale) and they are always subject to changes in the structure and functioning of rural areas in different regions. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic and a large field study, documentary and library method are used to collect information. In order to investigate the structural-functional changes in these villages, indicators were selected in different dimensions (environmental-ecological, socio-cultural, economic-livelihoods, physical, physical), which were estimated by random sampling of 317 samples. The questionnaire was used by residents of rural households whose validity was confirmed by some experts. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.77) was used to determine the reliability of the main scale of the questionnaire. After completing the questionnaire, information analysis and hypothesis testing were evaluated using t-test and spearman correlation and the difference between these indices in rural development. The results show that the environmental - ecological villages saw an increase in deep wells, reducing the discharge of springs and aqueducts, changes in land use and the social dimension with increased migration and immigration, the government policies, the economics and these have affected rural habitats.

Quality of life is a concept for showing a person's level of satisfaction with life and, in other words, a criterion for determining the satisfaction and dissatisfaction of individuals and groups with different dimensions of life. These dimensions can include education, health, safety and leisure, etc. On the other hand, in the literature of planning the development of quality of life issues as a continuous basis for the intended planners and development managers. The main objective of this analytical research is to determine the status of quality of life indicators in the villages integrated in Jahrom city and, if necessary, provide appropriate strategies for improving the quality of life. The research method is descriptive-analytical. For data gathering, the combination of documentary and field methods has been used and based on the statistical population (3335 families), the sample size of households is 334 families based on the Cochran formula. The results of this study, using factor analysis, show that these factors are classified into three groups and explain about 75.3669 of the variance. In general, variables such as satisfaction with proper facilities at home (bathrooms, bathrooms, etc.), satisfaction of services and quasi-communication facilities, satisfaction of educational facilities and satisfaction with health facilities as the most important variables has been affecting the life quality of the integrated villages in the city of Jahrom.

After more than two decades of conducting guide plan projects in the rural areas of the country and Spending national credits at different stages of its procurement and implementation has led to an extensive development in the physical-spatial fields, such as changes in the physical structure of the village, changes in the pattern of housing construction, coordination in the city of rural pedestrian streets, and facilitating the movement of villagers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical effects of the implementation of the rural guide plan in the Kurdistan section of Jahrom city. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the implementation of the guide plan in the physical development of villages from the viewpoint of villagers in Kordian district of Jahrom city. This research, based on the purpose of the applied type and in terms of nature and method, is descriptive-analytic and in four dimensions, the regulations of the construction, road network, land use and environmental health have been carried out as a result of the implementation of rural conductor projects. Combination of documentary and field methods has been used to collect information. Based on the size of the population (2725 households), the sample size of the households was calculated based on the Cochran formula for 226 households. The results of the research indicate that the implementation of the guide plan in the studied villages is the average of the three variables (land use (2.42), road network (2.26) and construction (2.24), the best performance in terms of environmental health variables has been evaluated from the viewpoint of villagers.

Participating in rural development includes dealing the people in decision making process, implementing plans such as pilot plan, sharing them in profits of plan development, dealing them in plan evaluation efforts. Also through using an active process the applicant groups with the intention of life improvement in terms of income, personal growth, self-reliance or other values would have influence on implementing of developmental plans. The following research study aimed to investigate the rural participatory attitudes in implementing rural pilot plan in Karkheh as a rural district. This research study aimed to follow practical goals consequently it was a sort of descriptive-analytical study. The process of data collection was a kind of case and documentary study based on statistical population size (887families), the interviewed sample according to Cochran formula were 268 families. The results indicate that some participation indexes such as individualism (3/47), responsibility (4/14), prospective (3/36) and following law (3/32) had most meaningful highest level among others; moreover, in implementing pilot plan the related average to rural housing variable (4/06) showed best performance in the proportion of other variables in view of sample population.

Nearly three decades have passed from performing Hadi Plans in rural areas. For these projects, the national credit has been spent in different stages and its performance has created extensive changes in the areas of physical – space such as change in the physical texture of the village, change in the pattern of housing construction, coordination of rural road networks, and facilitate the traffic of villagers. The aim of this study is to assess the physical effects of the projects in the rural areas of the Karkhe in the county of Ahvaz. This research , based on the purpose is of functional type and from the nature and method view is of descriptive analytical one . The study focused on four aspects of housing, road networks, land use and environmental health. Data collection was carried out through integration of documentary and field methods and based on it, with respect to volume of statistical society ( 1333 households), the number of households based on Cochranformula has been obtained equal to 298 households. Analysis of the results showed that the effect of Hadi plan in the villages has a significant meaning in all four dimensions. On this basis, it can be concluded that performing rural Hadi plan will improve in practice the studied variables in rural housing, road networks, environment health and land use in Karkhe which means the creation of relatively appropriate and regular physical texture for rural settlements.

The first attempting to establish rural management has been done by the governors of rural districts in villages since 1377. In recent years، governors of rural districts have been known as the dynamics and underlying stimulus for the physical-space development of rural settlements. The main objective of this study is to analyze performance of Kurdian district in Jahrom County. This study is a descriptive-analytical research and data are collected form library-documentation research، field studies and surveys. The population of the study was 1672 households from villages and six selected villages that sample size was estimated at 300 people by using Cochran sampling method and SPSS software for data analysis. Results from the governors of rural districts'' perspective showed that significant changes took place in improving the quality of construction and establishing of having property documentation in villages and little changes in administrative، security and training services. Rural households have positive viewpoint about the governors of rural districts'' performance in retrofitting housing، quality public services، facilities and negative viewpoint about them in localization services.