طاهره رضاپور کویشاهی

In order to evaluate of grain yield of groundnut under intercropping with corn under the application of phosphorus chemical and bio-fertilizers, this experiment is performed as factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Rasht, Iran in 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons. Five level of phosphorus fertilizer (PF) as triple super phosphate (TSP) including 1. Zero (as control), 2. 50 kg/ha TSP, 3. 100 kg/ha TSP, 4. 50 kg/ha TSP + 200 g/ha Barvar2 phosphate bio-fertilizer (BPB), and 5. 100 kg/ha TSP + 200 g/ha BPB, and five intercropping pattern (IP) including 1. maize sole cropping, 2. groundnut sole cropping, 3. intercropped groundnut-maize with the ratio of 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2 rows, comprise the experimental treatments. According to the results from this experiment, the interaction effect between phosphorus fertilizer × intercropping system has been significant for all measured characteristics. Maximum grain yield of maize and groundnut are observed in the application of 100 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer plus 200 g Barvar2 phosphat bio-fertilizer under sole crop. The combined usage of chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizer increase grain yield of maize and groundnut under sole crop. The highest land equivalent ratio (LER) equal 1.88 can be seen under control treatment and maize-groundnut intercropped system with the ratio of 1:1 rows. Intercropping system improve yield attributes of groundnut such as pod numbers per plant and grain number per pod, pod length, and diameter. Based on the results of this experiment, maize-groundnut intercropped system are advantageous for crop production per unit area. In addition, the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus content in groundnut grain rise in response to the integrated application of chemical phosphorus and Barvar2 phosphat bio-fertilizer under maize-groundnut intercropped system. Maize-groundnut intercropped system with the ratio of 1:1 rows and the application of 100 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer plus 200 g Barvar2 phosphat bio-fertilizer are superior to other treatments. Hence, Barvar2 phosphat bio-fertilizer superiority could be recommendable to enhance profitability and crop production at maize-groundnut intercropping system under region climatic condition.

Intercropping is a possible pathway for sustainable increases in crop yields (10). Researchers have reported that intercropping system with legumes led to maximum maize gain (24) and biological yield (4). Ghasemi et al. (2011) reported that grain yield in maize was the highest when the combination of chemical and bio-fertilizers were used (8).

This experiment was performed as factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design in 2017 and 2018 cropping deasons with three replications in Rasht, Iran. Five rate of phosphorus fertilizer (zero, 50, 100 kg/ha as super phosphate triple, 50 kg/ha as super phosphate triple + 200 g phosphate barvar2 and 100 kg/ha as super phosphate triple + 200 g of phosphate barvar2) and corn and groundnut sol cropping, and mixed cultivation of one row of corn + one row of peanuts (1: 1), two rows of corn + one row of peanut (1: 2), one row of corn + two rows of peanut (2: 1) comprised experimental treatments.

In this experiment, phosphorus fertilizer × intercropping system effect on all measured characteristics was significant at 5 % probability level. The greatest grain yield (2360 kg/ha), oil yield (1182 kg/ha), grain protein percentage (27.70 %), protein yield (591 kg/ha) and palmitic acid (10.58 %) were obtained in response to the application of 100 kg/ha super phosphate triple along with 200 g phosphate barvar2 bio-fertilizer under groundnut sol cropping system. The greatest grain oil percentage (53.45 %) and oleic acid (66.63 %) as the most important unsaturated fatty acid in groundnut oil were obtained in response to the application of 100 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer as super phosphate triple, under groundnut-corn intercropping system with the ratio of 1:2 planting rows. But, the highest rate of linoleic acid (32.17 %) was observed in groundnut-corn intercropping system with the ratio of 1:1 planting rows as affected by the application of 100 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer as super phosphate triple plus 200 g phosphate barvar2 bio-fertilizer.

Results showed that the combined application of chemical phosphorus and bio-fertilizers enhanced groundnut grain yield that could causes by the improvement of yield components, enhancement of plant growth and nutrients absorption and increment of photosynthesis in groundnut plants. Apart application of chemical phosphorus fertilizer increased oleic acid synthesis and quality of groundnut oil. The application of chemical phosphorus fertilizer and groundnut-corn intercropping system with the ratio of 1:2 improved groundnut oil quality. But, integrated application of chemical phosphorus (super phosphate triple) plus phosphate barvar2 bio-fertilizer enhanced quantitative yield of groundnut. In this experiment, groundnut-corn intercropping system with the ratio of 1:2 and integrated application of chemical phosphorus plus phosphate barvar2 bio-fertilizer could be recommendable to enhance grain yield of groundnut per unit area.

To evaluate the effects of some phosphorus solubilizing bacteria strains on yield and agronomic traits in local bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of Guilan, different phosphate fertilizer rates were tested during 2014 growing season. This research was carried out in experimental field of Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center of Guilan province as split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replicates. The rates of phosphate fertilizer including zero, 40 and 80 kg P/ha (P2O5), and three strains of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas putida) including 113, 168 and 173 and non inoculation as check were randomized in main plots and sub plots, respectively. The results showed that the interaction effects between phosphate fertilizer and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria was significant for 100 seed weight and seed protein content of bean. Application of 80 kg P/ha showed the lowest pod number per plant (9.8), seed number per pod (3.53), biological yield (3317 kg/ha), seed yield (1136 kg/ha) per unit area. Also, the greatest seed number per pod (4.12), harvest index (44 percent) and seed yield (1858 kg/ha) were obtained as affected by phosphorus solubilizing bacteria strain 168. The results showed that the strain 168 had the higher efficiency for seed yield enhancement in comparison with other strains of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria. Based on the results of this research, at the low levels of soils available phosphorus, the strains of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria can be recommended to enhance seed yield in local bean under Guilan and similar climatic and edaphic conditions.