فهرست مطالب ظریفه کاظمی

The Shia Safavid government was established in the 16th century AD (10th century AH) in the vicinity of the 200-year-old Ottoman government and the newly established Uzbek government, both of which were Sunni. The religious policy of Shah Ismail I (1501-1524 AD/907-930 AH) was based on the expansion of Shiism, which was in contrast with the religious policy of his neighbors, who were preachers and promoters of the Sunni religion. In addition to the fact that this issue caused religious disputes and repeated wars with the Safavids from both sides, it led to the convergence of the two Ottoman and Uzbek governments against the Safavids. The purpose of this research is to examine how Ottoman and Uzbek political relations were established and its consequences on the Safavids in the 16th century AD, with a descriptive-analytical method. The findings show that the formation and stabilization of Safavid rule, the development of its territory, and the Shiiteization of society, which was accompanied by the increase in the number of Shiites, caused concern to the Ottoman and Uzbek governments. Therefore, due to the common religion and the difference in religious policy with the Safavids, the two governments, with the aim of overthrowing and resorting to the issuance of Takfiri fatwas and the declaration of jihad, strengthened relations with each other against this government and established the idea of political and military unity by sending ambassadors, writing letters and sending military aid.

The geographical location of Dulghadϊr Emirate (1339-1521), which was located in an area bordered with both Ottoman and Safavid territories, caused it to be affected by the political circumstances of these two governments. Dulghadϊr government, which sought to find an ally and join a more powerful government for its survival, adopted a contradictory policy in relation to the Safavid and Ottoman governments. At the beginning of the formation of the Safavid government, the Dulghadϊr were supporters and obedient to Shāh Ismāil I (1501-1524), then they supported his enemy, i.e. Murād Beg Aq Quyūnlu (1500-1508). On the other hand, Dulghadϊr ruler also took the path of hypocrisy towards the Ottoman government. Sultān Selim I (1512-1520), who witnessed Alā-al-dawlah Dulghadϊr's (1479-1515) continuous failures towards the Ottomans, took advantage of the weakness of this government and attacked Dulghadϊr, defeating its government and capturing its territory. This paper is aimed to investigate the effect of the Dulghadϊr conflict with the both Safavid and Ottoman governments on the process of the fall of the Dulghadϊr Emirate, in a descriptive-analytical way.

Political psychology is a way to examine the personality of individuals and to find out the reasons for the actions and behavioral reactions of individuals to various issues and matters. In the leading research of Mahdalia III, it is examined and analyzed according to Adler theory and political psychology. According to the obtained data, Mahdalia is known for having three distinct characteristics: a resourceful, powerful, political and local woman, a second woman playing mother roles, and a third Muslim woman engaged in charitable and charitable affairs. Which is examined in three time periods: 1- Childhood and before marriage, 2- The period of his marriage and divorce, 3- The period of the reign of his son Naser al-Din Shah. In this study, the authors try to introduce a different but real face of this woman, who is one of the last powerful Iranian women in the field of politics, emphasizing Adler's theory.In his theory, Adler considers the issue of inferiority as a motivating force in human behavior and believes that it has its roots in childhood and can be studied in three personality types: organ inferiority, cherished and neglected, in people with this problem. In the case of the researcher, according to the tenderness in childhood and then the negligence in the period of marriage and the compensation of the humiliation caused by it during the reign of her child at this time can be examined. According to the research, it seems that Mahdalia's dissatisfaction with life with his wife Mohammad Shah, had an effect on the way he treated Naser al-Din Shah and interfered in government affairs.

At the end of the Qajar period, due to the political weakness of the government, the people of different regions of the country had increasing power. Reza Khan was aware of this issue since he came to power. In order to increase the central power, he had to reduce the power of the tribes. In order to achieve this goal, Reza Khan issued an order to disarm the country's nomads, including Fars. In Fars, there were two powerful Qashqai clans headed by Sault al-Dawlah and Khamsa headed by Qawam al-Mulk. At that time, tribes had gained a lot of power due to the weakness of the central government. They rebelled against the disarmament order, and Reza Shah suppressed the rebellion by killing, imprisoning and taking hostages from the nomadic leaders of tribes. The question of the research is to analyze in a descriptive-analytical way why the disarmament decision was taken by Reza Shah and the consequences of this order in Fars. The findings of the research show that the disarmament government order, which was accompanied by the resistance and rebellion of the people, with the terror it created, caused the greed of the people, but the efforts made by Reza Shah for the disarmament of the nomads and the unity of the country, with his forced resignation in Shahrivar 1940. And his son Mohammad Reza Shah's accession to the throne was stopped. The nomads took up arms again and were able to regain some of their lost power.

Reza Shah came to throne in Iran when the government of Iran was faced with the political and military weakness and also was the plaything of the powers of the north and south of the country, namely Russia and Britain. The tribes in the region had its own power and influence. Reza Khan, since the establishment of the Ministry of War, was aware of these issues and attempted for the formation of a strong central rule. To create such a condition, he inevitably decreased state power. This issue was coincidence with the implementation of the disarmament, suppression, intimidation, exile and Takhteh Qapu of the rebel states. But since the obedience to such decrees was difficult for the tribes, they began to revolt against the time government. Among these tribes, was the Beyranvand tribe of Lorestan who had a key role in the riots against the government of the Qajar and Pahlavi. to achieve his goals, Reza Shah devoted a lot of time to suppress the tribe. Finally, they have no choice but to capitulate to the demands of the government. This cross-sectional study, through a descriptive-analytic approach, intends to examines how the anti-tribal policies of Reza Shah and tribal struggles of Lorestan, particularly the Beyranvand tribe, deal with the government officers.

In the years 1914-1945, the world went through two world wars and serious adverse and destructive consequences, in addition to the axis countries, were visible even on the countries around the world that were far from the battle front. At that time Iran was in the middle of the conflict and competition between the two countries, Russia in the north and England in the south. They each had their own tail toprotect the country. In this situation Iran does not get anything but harm. Famine was also one of the calamities that Iran gained. Fars province and the south of Iran were caught into this problem. Iranians although had experienced famine many times during the history, but successive droughts and the Allies would exa cerbate this problem. Fars province was the subject of transportation and shipping of the Allies and that was followed by more serious damageon the local economyand famine in to this province was more distinguishable than other provinces in Iran. This article with adescriptive approach, is an analysis of the causes of the starvation in Fars province during the thirty year ssince the beginning of World War I, till the end of World WarII.

The Persian Gulf area, as a strategic region, has always had a special importance and historical position. From ancient times to the present, this region has been noticed by other nations and ethnicities due to its commerce and its valuable resources. That is why it has been subject to competition and struggle among other countries. Booshehr is one of the ports on the Persian Gulf which came to the attention of foreign governments after the fall of the Safavid Dynasty and during the Afsharid and Zand eras when the commercial significance of Bandar Abbas Port had decreased. Also, in the Qajar Era this port had a special position among the ports of the south of Iran due to its coastal location, administrative organization and connection to Shiraz. These factors led many countries to set up commercial corporations and even consulates in this coastal city. This paper aims to study the why and how of the growth and recession of BooshehrPort’s economy from 1914 to 1945, to discuss its commerce, and consider problems which existed in the commerce of Booshehr and its trade routes during this period. It is based on library resources and uses the descriptive-analytic method.