عباس اکبری

A study of the research carried out in the field of Qajar pottery ‎shows that the prevailing attitude towards this art during the past decades has generally been derived ‎from a kind of negative thought, which is basically defined by keywords such as “degeneration”, ‎‎”vanishing”, ‎‎”decline”, “deterioration” and “stagnation”. ‎Even with the change of attitude ‎towards Qajar art since the end of the 20th century, the effects of the mentioned approach still ‎remain on the later research, and traces of it can be seen from time to time in the conducted ‎research. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate and measure the correctness and ‎incorrectness of the mentioned approach. The question of the current research is that whether this ‎attitude has its roots in historical facts or is it just the result of a wrong understanding of Qajar history ‎and art? In other words, is Qajar pottery really weak in terms of quantity and quality, or is it ‎subjected to adverse and biased comments? In this ‎regard, the frequency of Qajar pottery production level will be investigated in accordance with ‎the underlying and influential factors in the process of Qajar artistic trends, including the ‎discourse of development and reform, supply and demand market, and the social bases of art. It ‎should be noted that the word “quality” in this research refers to “technical ‎quality” of the products - including the quality of clay, glaze, colors and firing - and does not ‎include their “visual aspects”. This fundamental research applies the historical-analytical method. Data collection has been done by referring to library and field documents with reference to various sources, including historical texts (books, manuscripts and documents), ‎accounts of travelers and political agents, and the works and documents preserved in museums. Data analysis has also been done by inductive method and in a round-trip process. The target ‎community of the present research is the Qajar era pottery, including dishes, tiles and various ‎pottery objects, which were sampled in a targeted manner. The findings of the research indicate that in contrast to what has often been asserted, not only the Qajar pottery has not been faced with “degeneration” in terms of quantity and quality, but it established a ‎special and distinct place for itself in the field of Iranian pottery. During the Qajar period, the ‎support for the expansion and prosperity of the pottery industry by the government ‎and political elites increased significantly, leading to the development of tile making and chinaware production. In this period, no defect could be seen in the ‎production of earthenware and generally monochrome products, but due to the influence of ‎Chinese imports and the loss of traditional and long-standing patrons, namely financiers and ‎political elites, creators of stonepaste wares were unable to produce products of high quality. Nevertheless, the ‎production of stonepaste wares continued, though not with the previous quality, for a new ‎market of emerging middle-class customers. On the other hand, it can be seen that with the ‎change of the social base of art in this period, in addition to the expansion of patrons and ‎customers of pottery, the priority is directed to ordering tiles due to the increase in building ‎construction and restoration programs. The change in the social bases of art ‎brought about other effects; including the one that led to the “commodification” of manufactured ‎products. Accordingly, Qajar pottery lost the former “luxurious” character of Safavid pottery. Under such conditions, ‎Qajar pottery was relegated from the class of noble and courtly objects and it became available to ‎the general public at the level of commercial goods. In spite of that, this issue caused more creativity in ‎Qajar products in the field of design and coloring. On the other hand, the boom in the market of ‎supply and demand due to the emergence of the phenomenon of collecting art works by ‎foreign museums and collectors resulted in bulk orders for the Qajar potters, especially in the late ‎‎13th and the early 14th centuries AH/ 19th and 20th centuries AD. At the same time, the increase in demand for old works ‎led to the production of fake products known as “antiques”. The impossibility of ‎distinguishing between some of these products from the original samples is indicative of the high skill of the ‎potters of this period in producing high-quality products. Furthermore, it implicitly ‎reminds us of the important and effective role of patrons of works of art in ‎determining the trend of artistic trends.‎

The visual characteristic of ceramic like other works of art in the Qajar period (19th century Iran), underwent fundamental transformation and followed the dominant trend in the art of the period. This trend showed significant differences from the previous ones. Such changes were most evident in the field of ceramic coloring due to a variety of emerging color spectrums, which had no antecedent in the Persian ceramic before, nor had they emerged as they should have. In theoretical debates on this issue, the reason for this change is generally attributed to the changes in the social and aesthetic tastes of the period; however, there is not much talk about the impact of technological innovations in this field. The present research aims to answer these questions: what factors caused the emergence of innovations in Qajar ceramic technology? What role did the technical innovations play in the formation of the visual evolution of ceramic of the period in terms of painting and coloring?

To answer the main questions of this research, the areas of innovation in technology were first examined and evaluated from the perspective of studying and teaching new sciences, translating and writing books on new sciences, and importing new technologies. Then, in two separate sections, various examples of technical innovations in the coloring of Qajar ceramic were explained, including the application of new pigments and the production of mixed colors. In this qualitative research, a historical-analytical research method was applied, and the data was collected through library study and field works. Various sources were used, including historical texts and references (books, manuscripts, and documents), works and documents in museums and historical buildings. In this research, the main emphasis has been placed on the remaining Qajar ceramic, color composition of which has been subjected to chemical and micro-structural analyses by other researchers.

Contrary to the popular belief, the visual changes in the color spectrum of Qajar ceramic were not solely due to a change in aesthetic tastes of the time; hence, the innovations made in ceramic technology during this period should also be considered as an important and influential factor. Sending students abroad, the establishment of modern educational institutions, the translation and writing of new scientific books, and the import of new technologies were among the factors resulted in the emergence of these innovations. As a result, they lead to the transfer of knowledge and new equipment, especially in the fields of ceramics, glassmaking, mining, and chemistry. Each of these fields had the potential to influence the traditional process of Persian ceramic in different areas. Coloring is one of the things influenced by the modern currents of ceramic technology more than the other areas. The result of this influence was the use of new pigments in variety of decoration, including underglaze, monochrome, and polychrome which led to the variety of colors used in the ceramic of the period. Gold nano-particles, lead antimonate, uranium oxide, and chromium oxide were among these pigments, from which different spectrums of red-pink, yellow, yellow-orange, and green colors were obtained. Some of these pigments such as gold nanoparticles and lead antimonate were rare in Persian ceramic, while some such as uranium oxide and chromium oxide were even unprecedented. The production of red-pink gold color in Persian ceramic started from the Zand period (18th century Iran) in polychrome works, but the effects of its use were manifested in the Qajar period. The use of this color in Qajar ceramic increased significantly from the last quarter of the 13thcentury AH/AD 1860s-70s to the extent that it was also applied in underglaze and monochrome products. Lead antimonate was widely used in the underglaze ceramic of the 4th AH/AD 10th century in Iran, but its became obsolete until the beginning of the Qajar period. It was in this period that its use was revived in the underglaze technique as a result of familiarity with the true nature of the antimony mineral and its role in obtaining the color of yellow. Uranium oxide and chromium were also popular as two emerging colorants in the underglaze technique of Qajar ceramic since early 14thAH/AD 20th century. The combination of pigments in the underglaze technique is one of the other measures employed to achieve a wider range of colors and was not popular until the Qajar period, especially the late 13thAH/19th century. Yellowish green, bluish purple, and brownish green are the most common of these colors. In order to increase the variety of colors, the Qajar ceramists also made a good use of the concentration of colors in painting. This was done in the underglaze technique by diluting the pigment with varying amounts of water, and in the poly-chrometechnique by thickening the paint with a vat and by reducing the paint from the surface of the work.

The results of the research demonstrate that the modern technology of coloring in Qajar ceramic was mainly focused on the underglaze technique, which indicated the awareness of the ceramists of the period of technical capabilities of this neglected method in ceramic painting. Another important achievements of Qajar ceramists in the face of technical innovations in the field of color was the “indigenization” of such techniques in accordance with the tradition of Persian ceramic. The use of glass powder, tenkar, and gold potassium alum (tawas) in the preparation of reddish-pink gold pigment (which was contrary to European methods), the use of this pigment in underglaze and monochromatic techniques, or the combination of new pigments with alkaline-lead glaze, common in traditional Persian ceramic can be considered as one of the prominent examples of this phenomenon.

According to the theory of transfer of Zarrinfam technology from glass to pottery, Zarrinfam technique was first used by the glassmakers in Egypt in the second century (AH) and then this technology was gradually transferred from Egypt to Syria, Iraq and Iran. It has been transferred by the Iraqi potters to the potteries in the third century (AH). The treatise "Al-Durrah Al-Maknuna" written by Jabir Ibn Hayyan was written in the second century (AH) contained various instructions regarding Zarrinfam. Therefore, in this research, the above theory will be analyzed and compared with the treatise "Al-Durrah Al-Maknuna". The findings show that the transfer of Zarrinfam from glass to pottery is in line with the instructions of the treatise, meaning that Zarrinfam technology was first invented by the glassmakers and then modeled by the potters. However, the results of research and historical analysis of the dissertation do not confirm with the above theory in the spatial dimension.

Due to the importance of information literacy among university students, this research was conducted with the goal of constructing a valid and reliable scale to assess information literacy in undergraduate psychology students. For this purpose, based on the opinion of educational psychologists who had sufficient experience and knowledge, an initial scale with 35 items was prepared. The statistical population of the study included graduate students of Tehran universities in the field of psychology. From the statistical population, 286 people were selected as participants in the study using cluster random sampling method and responded to the scale. By using SPSS software data was analyzed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, correlation coefficient and independent T test. The results of factor analysis indicated after omitting 11items, five factors were displayed which entitled: 1) methodology, 2) conclusion and explanation, 3) information search, 4) statistical knowledge and 5) research knowledge base. Reliability coefficient for total scale’s score was 0.88 and for five aforementioned factors were 0.83, 0.84, 0.71, 0.82, and 0.59 respectively. Results indicated this measure has psychometric goodness of fit and could be used in other research.

Although Iranian pottery has attracted the attention of art researchers and many studies have been conducted in this area, there is still the need for research in this regard. Islamic art scholars divide Iranian pottery into different categories according to historical periods, production centers or methods. Lajvardina is one of the most noticeable decorative styles in the Iranian pottery about which no comprehensive study has been carried out yet. These earthenware products have unique physical and technical characteristics thanks to the Iranians' great experiences in pottery making. The most notable feature of decoration in lajvardina is the use of a gold sheet and a background with the lajvard (lapis lazuli blue), turquoise or white glaze, painted in red, black and white. In most cases, the original patterns were gilded and their edges were painted in red. The gilded decorations in the Iranian pottery through the use of gold glaze or sheet were common during the Seljuk period, and lajvardina is not distinct from the other products of its own age in terms of its glaze and body formulation. The combination of these elements is among the visual features of lajvardina, with no history in Iranian art before this era. The present developmental research, whose data have been collected using library documents and resources, used the historical analysis method to determine the causes of the emergence, evolution and abolition of lajvardina in Iran and other countries. The results suggested that lajvardina life in Iranian pottery is limited to the late seventh century until the late eighth century. The construction of the single-colored lajvard and the combination of the technical features of Mina'i and some Iranian pottery traditions led to lajvardina. Eventually, lajvardina replaced Mina'i completely at the end of the seventh century. What makes it distinct from the other pottery decoration methods used in Iran is its use of distinctive color ranges, geometric patterns, and lajvardina gilding. Soltaniyeh, Hasanlu, Neyshapour, and Siraf Port are among the regions where lajvardina was discovered. However, the greatest Iranian lajvardina works were obtained from Abaqa Khan's Palace located in Takht-e Soleyman. These discoveries are not limited to Ilkhanate Iran; a few remains of these earthenware products have been found in Jordan, Egypt and Italy as well. Archaeologists' findings are indicative of lajvardina common use in Golden Horde regions, remarkable in terms of number, diversity and geographic distribution. The trade relations between Italian and Egyptian businessmen and the residents of Golden Horde justify the discovery of lajvardina remains in Italy, Egypt and Jordan. Since there has been no evidence of the construction of these works in areas outside the boundaries of Ilkhanate Iran, the lajvardina under question cannot definitely be considered to be local products. The decline of the Ilkhanate decreased the lajvardina production, the last major use of which was shown in Samarkand, dating back to the late eighth century AH. The production of lajvardina pottery in the late eighth century became an old technique.

In order to evaluate dry matter remobilization to seeds in the winter type rapeseed cultivars grown under drought stress conditions, an experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design arranged in a split plot with three replicates in Shahre-Qods, Iran, in the 2011-2012 growing season. Irrigation treatments including control (irrigation after 80 mm evaporation from evaporation pan class A) and drought stress (irrigation withholding starting from stem elongation, flowering and silique formation stages) were allocated to the main plots and three winter type rapeseed cultivars (GKH2005, Opera and SLM046) were considered as the subplots. The results showed that drought stress increased dry matter remobilization and remobilization efficiency. By contrast, agronomic traits such as the number of siliques on the main stem and secondary branches, number of seeds per silique, 1000 seed weight, oil yield, harvest index and productivity effort (silique dry weight/biomass ratio) were decreased. The GKH2005 cultivar showed the maximum seed yield, which was 1058, 1409 and 2099 kg ha-1, when irrigation withholding started from stem elongation, flowering stage, and silique formation stages, respectively; this  was due to the higher amount of remobilization and the efficiency of remobilization and maximum number of silique in  the secondary branches. In general, the results suggest that higher remobilization and remobilization efficiency are among the most important drought stress tolerance mechanisms in the oilseed rape.

The importance of turquoise color in ancient ideologies encouraged craftsmen to build objects in that color. Turquoise stones have been admired by Persians and Egyptians since antiquity, bearing a symbolic meaning due to their color. Examination of a number of ancient Egyptian turquoise faience works reveals a remarkable similarity between their methods of production with those of the Persian Kharmohreh (handmade glass/ceramic beads). Over the past decades, the Persian Kharmohreh and similar works in ancient Egypt have attracted the attention of an unprecedented number of researchers as a result of archaeological discoveries, but a comparison has yet to be made between the two.
In the present study, carried out in historical - comparative methodology by using desk and field research techniques, such areas as creation time, production methods, and discovery sites of these works were taken into account in Persian and Egyptian cultures. Comparison of these artifacts pointed to their long-lasting history in both civilizations. However, no conclusive evidence was found regarding the Iranian influence on corresponding Egyptian artifacts or vice versa. The artifacts of both civilizations included ornamental beads, amulets, talismans, vessels, figurines, mascots, and wall tiles. However, cylindrical seals and personal adornment such as rings were produced exclusively in Persia and Egypt, respectively. These products were made to imitate turquoise stones and were, respectively, associated with the Persian deity, Tishtrya, and the Egyptian goddess, Hathor. The main element of silica and the use of alkali compounds for glazing was the common feature in these works, while other similarities in the glazing compounds and glazing methods were also distinguished.

The scientific study of resilience dates back to the time when it was observed that a number of endangered children had a positive adaptation to their environment (Masten, 2001). These studies sought to find an answer to the question of how some children and young people can be successful and act well when their growth is threatened by factors such as poverty, abuse, war, violence and racism (Wright, Masten and Narayan, 2013). The researcher's eagerness to find an answer to this question has caused attention to resilience in many areas of research (Masten, 2014). According to Maesten (2014), resilience expresses the capacity of a dynamic system for successful adaptation with disturbances that threaten the performance, existence, or growth process of the system. Accordingly, people are considered to be resilience to positive results in spite of their compatibility with known threats (Cicchetti, 2010).
Resilience is a multi-dimensional structure that is affected by environmental issues (Werner and Smith, 1992; Connor and Davidson, 2003). Therefore, some researchers have tried to identify various aspects of the resilience in specific areas and fields (Sicchetti and Rogosch, 1997). Academic resilience is defined as the ability of a student to deal with academic failures and educational stresses (Martin & Marsh, 2003). Accordingly, students with high academic resilience do their homework better and are more skillfully (Finn and Rock, 1997).
There is no doubt that humans have a high capacity to tolerate hardships and adapt to changing conditions. But in order to take advantage of this capacity, they need some supportive resources (Southwick, 2014). Hence, family status has been considered a supportive factor (Wieders, 2014), and researchers such as Masten, Cutuli, Janette, Hinz, Obradovic, Wenzel (2014) emphasize the role of the family in relation to academic resilience.
A model is proposed by Fitzpatrich and Rithchie (1994) about how the family influences children’s expectations, beliefs, and ways of interacting with the world around them. This model, which reflects how parents communicate with their children (Huang, 2010), has two dimensions, namely, conversation orientation and conformity orientation. These dimensions determine how much family members talk about and express their thoughts and feelings.
In addition to family, another variable expected to be predictive of academic resilience is academic self-efficacy (Keye & Pidgeon, 2013). Self-efficacy is defined as one's belief in his abilities and competencies for the successful completion of a particular assignment (Bandura, 1977). Individuals who possess this feature believe that they can effectively deal with events and situations, and expect to be successful in overcoming obstacles, persevering in work, and often act at a high level. According to Bandura, Pastorelli, Barbaranelli and Caprara (1999), self-efficacy is a multi-dimensional variable and should be evaluated in different domains. Accordingly, they considered three areas of academic, emotional and social self-efficacy. According to Muris (2001), academic self-efficacy expresses a person's ability to learn about learning activities, encompasses curriculum subjects, and fulfills academic expectations. In line with these studies, some studies have also suggested predictive self-efficacy and academic self-efficacy by family communication patterns.
Hypothesis
1- Conformity orientation is a negative predictor and conversation orientation is a positive predictor of student's academic resilience.
2- Academic self-efficacy is a positive predictor of student's academic resilience.
3- Academic self-efficacy has a mediating role in the relationships between dimensions of family communication and academic resilience.
All first-grade high school students in Shiraz who enrolled in the academic year 2013-2014 were taken as the statistical population, of which 291 were selected through multistage cluster random sampling method. To collect the data, family communication patterns scale, Student’s Academic Self-efficacy questionnaire, and Academic Resilience Scale were used. To verify the validity and reliability of the instruments, the internal consistency and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used, respectively. Using SPSS software, simultaneous multiple regression and Barron and Kenny method were conducted to examine the mediating role of academic self-efficacy.
Direct hypothesis examination indicated that: (1) the style conversation orientation was a positive predictor of academic resilience and academic self-efficacy (2) the conformity orientation was a negative predictor of academic self-efficacy (3) academic self-efficacy was a positive predictor of academic resilience. Indirect hypothesis examination indicated that conversation orientation has both a direct and indirect effect on academic resilience. However, conformity orientation only indirectly affects academic resilience. Calculation of the effect size of independent variables on dependent ones indicated that 27 percent of the changes in Academic Resilience, and 19 percent of the changes in Academic Self-Efficacy are explained by the proposed model.
Discussion and Investigating the mediating role of academic self-efficacy in the relationship of family communication patterns and academic resilience found that academic self–efficacy has a mediating role in the relationship between conversation orientation and academic resilience. This indicates that conversation orientation affects and increases academic resilience both directly and indirectly through the mediation of academic self-efficacy whereas conformity orientation cannot predict academic resilience. This finding demonstrates that families with conversation orientation bring up children with higher academic self-efficacy which correspondingly increases their academic resilience.
As a result, for increases academic self – efficacy and resilience in children it seems necessary that families accept the possible mistakes of children and create an open space for them to express their feelings and ideas and provide them with a warm and friendly environment for their emotional support.

The present study investigated the mediating role of resilience in relationship between emotional intelligence dimension,s and psychological well being. Participants included 405 high school students (212 females and 193 males) from shiraz city selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. Participants completed emotional intelligence scale (Petrides & Furnham, 2001), resilience scale (Conner & Davidson, 2003), and psychological well being scale( Ryff, 1995). To examine reliability of measures, cronbach coefficient, and to determine validity, internal consistency and factor analysis were used. The results showed an acceptable reliability and validity of the instruments. In order to evaluate the proposed model of this study, path analyze method was used. Regarding the values obtained for the indexes, data were fitted with the proposed model of the research. Calculation of the affectivity degree of independent variables on dependent ones indicates that 57 percent of the changes in resilience variable, 12 percent of changes in autonomy, 22 percent of changes in self-acceptance, 20 percent of changes in positive relation with other, 60 percent of changes in personal growth, and 19 percent of changes in purpose in life variable are explained by the proposed model.

Petrochemical wastewater from isocyanate units contains aromatic and hazardous compounds such as Diaminotoluenes, Mononitrotoluene, Dinitro-toluene, Nitro-phenol, Nitro-cresol. Persulfate and ferrous sulfate can produce sulfate radicals with strong standard oxidation potential. Clinoptilolite, a natural adsorbent; plus sulfate radicals can result in catalytic oxidation of these chemicals. The objective of this study is to evaluate the catalytic oxidation efficiency Fe2ﳷꮲ櫗 Clinoptilolite and cost effectiveness of this process for treatment of petrochemical wastewater containing aromatics.
The effect of study variables including persulfate and ferrous sulfate concentrations, zeolite dosages, pH and oxidation time were investigated. The type and amount of aromatic compounds as well as COD and TSS removal efficiencies were determined. All procedures in study were conducted ethically
The COD and TSS removal efficiencies using catalytic oxidative treatment processes by Fe,Persulfate, Clinoptilolite were 96% and 95%, respectively. The corresponding COD and TSS removal efficiencies using Fe and Persulfate, without zeolite were 85% and 80%, respectively.
The catalytic processes utilizing Fe2ﳷꮲ櫗 Clinoptilolite demonstrates an excellent COD and TSS removal efficiency. Due to its natural nature, low cost compared to chemical oxidants, as well as improvements in the efficiency of advanced oxidation processes, Zeolite can be considered as an efficient and cost-effective alternative to upgrade the catalytic oxidative treatment.

Due to the importance of motivational beliefs as an effective variable in the education process, it is necessary to further more attention to this issue and its predictors. So the present study investigated the mediating role of self-efficacy in relationship between metacognitive abilities and motivational beliefs. Participants included 393 students from Mazandaran university, that selected by random multi-stage cluster sampling method. Participants completed motivated strategies and metacognitive state questionnaires. In evaluation of suggestive model was used Amos software and path analysis method. According to the amount of acquiring indexes the data fit the model: (1) metacognitive abilities was a positive predictor for the self-efficacy, and was a negative predictor for the control beliefs about learning; (2) self-efficacy was a positive predictor for control beliefs about learning, intrinsic goal orientation, extrinsic goal orientation, task value and was a negative predictor for test anxiety (3) metacognitive abilities was a significant predictor for the all dimensions of motivational beliefs. According to these results, increasing of metacognitive abilities leads to reduction of test anxiety and promote of self-efficacy, intrinsic goal orientation, extrinsic goal orientation, task value and control beliefs about learning in studentsss

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of resilience and control of anger in relationship between family communication patterns dimensions and tendency to violence in high school students. Therefore 287 high school students of Babolsar city were selected by random multi-stage cluster sampling method. To collect data, Family Communication Patterns, Resilience,Scale Control of Anger Questionnaire and Tendency to Violence Scale were used. In order to evaluate the proposed model of this study, path analyze method was used. Regarding the values obtained for the indexes, data were fitted with the proposed model of the research. The general effect showed that the conversation orientation variable has the most effectiveness on the changes of tendency to violence. Calculation of the affectivity degree of independent variables on dependent ones indicates that 12 percent of the changes in resilience variable, 40 percent of changes in control of anger, and 39 percent of changes in tendency to violence variable are explained by the proposed model. Investigating the mediating role of resilience and control of anger in the relationship of family communication pattern and tendency to violence found that resilience have a mediating role in the relationship of conversation dimension of family communication pattern and tendency to violence and control of anger have a mediating role in the relationships of both dimensions of family communication pattern and tendency

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of life orientation in relationship between attachment styles dimensions and happiness in high school students. Two hundred sixty seven male and female high school students of Babolsar city were selected by random multi-stage cluster sampling method. To gathering data, Attachment Styles Scale(Collins & Read, 1990) , Life Orientation Test-R (Scheier, Carver, Bridges, 1994) & Oxford Happiness Inventory (Hills & Argyle, 2001) questionnaire were used. In order to evaluate the proposed model of this study, path analyze method was used. Regarding the values obtained for the indexes, data were fitted with the proposed model of the research. Direct hypothesis examination indicated that : (1) the secure attachment style was a positive predictor for the optimism and happiness (2) the insecure attachment avoidant style was a negative predictor for the optimism and the insecure attachment ambivalent style was a negative predictore for the optimism and happiness (3) the optimism was a negative predictor for the happiness. Indirect hypothesis examination indicated that: (1) the secure attachment style was a positive predictor for the happiness (2) the insecure attachment avoidant style and the insecure attachment ambivalent style were negative predictors for the happiness.

Moral commitment as an important issue demands more considerations especially in research domains. Given to the necessity of scale development, this research was conducted with the goal of constructing valid and reliable questionnaire for moral commitment assessment. By using random clustering sampling, 278 undergraduate and graduate students of university of Mazandaran were selected. Based on theoretical framework, an initial scale with 35 statements was developed and tested. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 22. To analyze data, factor analysis, correlation and T-test were used. Factor analysis results indicated, two main factors including moral commitment with reference to self (13 items) and the other (12 items) were confirmed. Result of divergent validity was congruent with factor analysis. By using Cronbach alpha coefficient the reliabilities of two factors (0/88 & 0/85) was at the high level. Findings illustrated, this instrument for moral commitment has goodness of fit and could be used in related research.

One of the most important specifications of Islamic art is the technical and visual similarities between the pottery of different parts of Islamic world especially pottery of Seljuk kind. This matter has been observed mostly in Iran, Syria, and Turkey geographical area. One of the cases that have been considered in Islamic art studies is the determining of sources of these similarities. The persent investigation, regarding to this matter and by purpose of analysis about the directions of transferring tradition in pottery at 6th and 7th century Hegira is going to evaluate the sources of designs on tiles of Kubad Abad Palace in Turkey as one of the examples of their similarities. This essay by using of library referenced and also descriptive-analysis method for data gathering, seeking to find an answer for this question that: If Iranian art has effected on Anatolia and Seljuks of Rum. If the answer is yes, what was the reason of these impacts and how did it take place? Research finding show that, Iran is the origin of the most of impacts and influences on designs of tiles at Kubad Abad Palace. Also, Egypt has dedicated a small share for itself. Some parts of these impacts have been imported indirectly by intermediating of Syria and some parts directly by commerce, immigration and wars into Anatolia. Of course, the domain of these similarities is beyond the pottery, and it has impressed the other artistic works. Also, architecture, literature and governorship method have been influenced by it, accordingly, we could deduce that Iran beyond the artistic impacts, is a wide sources of cultural, political and economical similarities in Anatolia at Seljuks of Rum period.

One of the most important psychological issues reflected more in the social developments is social anxiety disorder. In this context, this paper aims at predicting social anxiety in female students studying in the University of Mazandaran, based on their personality traits.
The population of this descriptive study consists of all female students in the University of Mazandaran in 2014-2015. The samples are 384 students selected by stratified random sampling. Collecting data of social anxiety, we used Watson and Friend's social anxiety scale (SAD, FNE), and personality inventory short form (NEO) to collect the data of personality traits. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22 and using Pearson's correlation and multiple regression.
The results showed that neuroticism was positive and significant predictor of social anxiety (β=0.50, P The results show that different personality traits can predict different aspects of social anxiety in students.

This research seeks to investigate the adequacy of the psychometric indicators of the Persian version of Schmit, Muldoon and Pounder's wisdom scale. By using random clustering sampling, 278 undergraduate and postgraduate students (both male and female) of University of Mazandaran were selected to complete the questionnaire. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by factor analysis, convergent validity, and divergent validity. Factor analysis results confirmed six initial dimensions. The reliability of the scale and subscales was verified by both Cronbach's alpha (0.71- 0.80) and test-retest method (0.71-0.78). In order to examine the effect of gender on the different dimensions as well as total score of wisdom, independent sample T-test was used to compare the different scores of male and female students along with their total scores. Our findings suggest that there is no statistically significant difference among male and female students. The devised instrument was proved to be sufficient for further studies.