عباس کریمی

Determining the effects of indivisible lawsuits implies positive effects for both lawyers and court judges. Based on this, the purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of indivisible lawsuits on seizure of proceedings and return of lawsuits.

This article is descriptive and analytical. The materials and data are also qualitative and data collection has been used in the collection of materials and data.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are observed.

The findings showed that in multiple lawsuits that cannot be separated, if one of the lawsuits is sequestered, the other lawsuit will also be stopped, and in a single lawsuit with multiple litigants, where the lawsuit cannot be divided in terms of the number of plaintiffs or the number of plaintiffs, death or The withdrawal or deterioration of the position of one of the litigants causes the proceedings to be stopped for all the litigants.

The result that in multiple lawsuits, the restitution of one claim is not related to the restitution of another claim, whether the claims can be separated from each other or not of claimants or the plurality of plaintiffs, the return of the petition or lawsuit is accepted on behalf of each of the plaintiffs or against each of the plaintiffs, and it makes the rest of the lawsuit capable of being heard to lose.

One of the main obligations of the agents is to avoid being in a situation of conflict of interests; In the sense that the agent's actions must be in line with protection of principal's interests. On this basis, a general rule under as to the prohibition of conflict of interest in agency has been identified in comparative law, which will affect the validity of the legal acts of an agent. Violation of this rule can lead to the voidability of the contract (or institutions similar to it in national laws) and the civil liability of the agent or a third party lacking good faith. This research, inspired by comparative teachings, has sought to discuss the possibility of identifying the general such general rule, as well as the effects and guarantee of its implementation in Iranian law, and this result has been obtained that it is possible to establish a general rule prohibiting the situation of conflict of agent’s interest with the principal based on the traditional rules of agency in civil law and Islamic law, which will result in the voidability of the legal act concluded by the agent with a conflict of interest. However, the guarantee of the implementation of the conflict of interests of the agent with the principal in the field of civil liability in Iranian law is more limited in terms of predicting punitive damages for the agent or the responsibility of the third party compared to comparative law.

Although the Intention and Consent regarding the contract itself have been extensively discussed in both general and specialized legal writings, this discussion has been less addressed concerning one or more terms stipulated within the contract.This article, using a descriptive-analytical research method with a comparative approach, examines the absence of intent and consent regarding imposed contract terms in two separate discussions (despite the presence of both regarding the main contract):1. Imposed terms signed in the contract that are illegible, placed in unrelated section of the contract, or terms whose acceptance by the “obligated” party is unreasonable.2. Imposed terms that are not stated in the contract but are displayed elsewhere, included in contractual annexes that have not been signed by the contracting party, or mentioned in a document delivered after the contract`s conclusion, where the signed contract merely refers to them without specifying their exact content.Through a comparative study, it is concluded that such terms are void, similar to french law, under iranian law without affecting the validity of the main contract. Therefore, these terms are considered void but non-nullifying clauses, categorized in French law as nullité partielle.

This article examines the carbon dating of the two Mus'hafs of Razavi and Sana'a. The Razavi Mus'haf, housed in the Library of Astan Quds Razavi in Mashhad, Iran, is a collection of Qur'anic manuscripts written in the Hijazi script from the first century of the Islamic calendar (AH). 1 Its unveiling ceremony was held in 2024. The Sana'a Mus'haf, discovered in Sana'a, Yemen, in the 1970s, is a collection of Qur'anic manuscripts dated with 65% confidence to between 614 and 656 CE, and with 95% confidence to between 578 and 669 CE (49 AH). The carbon dating of these two Mus'hafs was carried out using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS), a technique that measures the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 in a sample. The results of the carbon dating indicate that the Razavi Mus'haf, which is in fact the most complete collection of leaves from a complete Qur'an comprising approximately 90% of the verses, dates back to the first century AH, and the Sana'a Mus'haf can be attributed to around the year 70 AH. These findings have significant implications for the study of the history of the Qur'an and the early Islamic period. In particular, the Razavi Mus'haf, being one of the oldest surviving copies of the Qur'an, and its dating provides valuable information about the early development of the Qur'anic text. The method of this article is a historical analytical report combined with the use of contemporary empirical finding.

The present research, using the qualitative method and analytical-descriptive method, aims to performance a comparative study and explain the foundations and examples of the civil responsibility of electricity supply institutions. The findings of this research show that the civil liability of the mentioned institutions in Iran and America in the stages of production and transmission is considered as "Sovereign Acts" and in the stage of distribution among subscribers and consumers is considered as "Employee Acts"; In addition, the civil liability of the electricity supplier entities is "Contractual and Non-Contractual" in nature, and both Iranian and American legal systems consider the civil liability of the electricity supplier entity in the production phase, which is a liability based on the contract; with the difference that the basis of responsibility is different in these two legal systems; As in Iranian law, this responsibility is based on "Fault" and claimable damages resulting from the violation of contractual obligations are subject to the specification of the parties, custom or law; But in American law, the basis for establishing the contractual liability of the aforementioned entities is "Pure Liability" or liability without fault, and the liability of these entities is established solely based on the breach of obligation; Therefore, in this legal system, as soon as a breach of contractual obligations is established, regardless of the reason for the breach or fault, the obligee is responsible for compensation. In the stage of electricity distribution, in Iran's legal system, it is possible to point out the responsibility resulting from the lack of care and maintenance of the facilities and equipment for the transmission and distribution of electricity to the subscribers, as well as the responsibility resulting from negligence and failure to take preventive measures, which is the factor of "Fault" Civil liability plays a fundamental and key role for the aforementioned supplier institutions; But in the American legal system, one can find very limited cases in which civil liability can be proposed for the mentioned institutions at this stage, and basically it is very difficult to establish civil liability at this stage, and this is due to the mechanisms that exist in this country in In order to comply with electricity transmission and distribution standards, division of responsibility and the involvement of consumers and subscribers in possible damages are applied.

Problem: 

Difference of opinions regarding the property restitution stems from inaccurate legislation or uncertainty of the legislator because of different opinions in jurisprudence in response to this question: assuming the existence and non-existence of the object considering the unjust remaining of the object in the recipient's ownership, is restitution of the object possible or a substitute can be demanded? Or is it appropriate to directly discuss about the price?

Using jurisprudence and comparative study with the new amendments of the French Civil Law 2016, it is mentioned that in case of the object existence, immediate restore of the property to the owner is necessary and in case of any defect, the holder is responsible. However, such an obligation is incumbent upon the property holder with ill will.Finding and

In our jurisprudence and law, in cases where the restitution of the originally property is necessery, in case of loss and where the benefits are achievable, the price of the restitution day can be demanded instead of seeking the same property. If the property paid is in cash, it can be calculated according to the inflation rate from the day of receipt to the day of payment. Other damages can be compensated based on civil liability.

Waiving Resolutory Condition; Criticism and Analysis of Judicial Precedent with Comparative Insights from French and English LawThe article explores the feasibility of waiving a resolutory condition through judicial review and a comparative examination between the legal systems of France and England using a descriptive-analytic research method to achieve uniformity in judicial precedent between the courts. The primary question is, after fulfilling the resolutory condition, is the contract valid just by the parties’ agreement to waive the condition and remain of the contract? Is the contract reinstated? Could the Beneficiary (the person in whose favor a condition) waive a resolutory condition by himself and therefore, prevent the termination of the contract and reinstating the contract? The nature of the resolutory condition and its consequences on the contract, the dependence of the termination condition on the will of the person in whose favor a condition is made before and after the fulfillment of the condition has been examined. The most important impediment to the fulfillment of the resolutory condition has been reviewed, It was concluded that before the fulfillment of the condition, the parties’ agreement to waive the condition is valid, as Could the person in whose favor a condition is made waive a resolutory condition by himself. Also, the parties’ express or implied agreement to waive the termination and maintain the contract is reputable even after fulfillment of the resolutory condition, as the will of the person in whose favor a condition is made to bind a contract and not invoke its termination, will be sufficient for reinstating the contract. Thereupon, the jurisprudence shall avoid unnecessary termination of many contracts by considering the results acquired by the article.Keywords: Resolutory Condition, Waive (Withdraw), Nature of the Condition, Suspension, Applying to Termination (Dissolution of Contract), Restoration of the Non-Existent, Constructive Subjects.

In the last several decades, there have been many new and unprecedented legal problems that have arisen as a consequence of the globalization of commerce and communication, but there are no straightforward answers in the positive law or other legal sources. In this paper, we analyze in depth the subjects governed by laws governing monetary obligations. In order to provide legal solutions to problems faced, a comparative study with western legal systems was conducted. The principal laws applicable to the monetary obligations govern the money of account and payment of the obligation, the valid mode of payment of the monetary obligation, interest, the exchange rate, revalorization, the grounds for the suspension of monetary obligations, the monetary unit currency of each country, determining money when governments are substituted.The incidental laws applicable to the monetary obligations govern the money of payment in the absence of an agreement between the parties, determination of bank holidays, the grounds for suspension of monetary obligations, the currency of the dispositive part of the court's ruling, interest rate in the absence of an agreement between the parties.

Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) are of great importance in the industry due to characteristics such as good corrosion resistance, superior elastic modulus, high strength-to-weight ratio, and thermal stability. Among MMCs, Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites (HMMCs), which use two or more reinforcements, offer a combination of desirable properties.

In this research, to fabricate composite samples, the surfaces of aluminum and copper sheets were first prepared by washing with acetone and brushing. WC and MoS2 powders were heated at 120°C to remove moisture. Four aluminum sheets and one copper sheet were stacked, with WC and MoS2 powders sprinkled on them. Then, these sheets were arranged in a sandwich structure consisting of four layers of aluminum, one layer of copper, and four layers of WC-MoS2, and rolled using a 30-ton rolling mill with a 65% reduction in cross-sectional area at room temperature without any lubricant. After the initial rolling, the sandwich was cut into three equal parts, and after cleaning and surface preparation, they were re-stacked into a new sandwich and rolled with a 60% reduction in cross-sectional area. This process was repeated for seven cycles, according to previous studies on the fabricated samples.

In this study, the hybrid composite Al/Cu/WC/MoS2 was fabricated using the Accumulative Roll Bonding (ARB) process over seven cycles. Structural analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated that no new phases were formed. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images confirmed the desirable multilayer structure. The ARB process resulted in the proper distribution of copper metal and WC-MoS2 particles within the aluminum matrix. In the final stage of ARB, the copper metal was distributed in an island-like pattern within the aluminum matrix. Corrosion tests showed that corrosion resistance improved with an increasing number of ARB cycles. The corrosion current density in the hybrid composite produced with seven cycles was lower than in other cycles due to the minimal porosity and homogeneous distribution of MoS2 and WC particles, indicating the highest corrosion resistance. The corrosion current density in the hybrid composite produced with seven cycles was lower than in other cycles due to the least porosity and homogeneous distribution of MoS2 and WC particles, indicating the highest corrosion resistance.

The legal characteristics of money serve as the gateway to the world of monetary debts, emerging from a comprehensive understanding of money's economic roles. Customary law, in this context, seeks to explore social realities and understand the institutions that humans have developed. By examining existing practices, it aims to establish legal obligations. Consequently, the law positions itself to support the economic functions of money through a declarative lens, assessing these functions before recognizing them as legal definitions through applying reason and logic. Interestingly, domestic legal literature often lacks a function-oriented economic perspective and tends to blur the distinction between the legal characteristics of money and the rules governing monetary debts. Discussions on this topic frequently focus more on regulations regarding monetary debts rather than on the essence of “money” itself, regardless of its role in creating obligations. Therefore, the main question the authors seek to address is: What are the legal characteristics of money in its pure form? This research employs an analytical-library method and a comparative approach, drawing from legal and jurisprudential thought (particularly common law), to systematically identify the legal characteristics of money.

This article discusses the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with colorectal cancer using liquid biopsy. Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide; moreover, its diagnosis and monitoring is of great importance due to various factors such as lifestyle, environmental and genetic factors. There are various methods for diagnosing and monitoring colorectal cancer which can be used as the basis for selecting appropriate treatment methods such as surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy and combination therapies.

Methods and Materials:

the current study has been performed through searching “Liquid biopsy”, “Colorectal Cancer”, “Tumor educated platelets”, “Biomarker”, and “Chemotherapy” keywords in various databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar until Dec 2023. Out of the 297 articles, 49 articles were selected and they were included in the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Liquid biopsy-based analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and tumor-educated platelets (TEPs) provide useful tools for early detection, monitoring treatment response, detecting disease recurrence, and identifying tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance mechanisms in colorectal cancer.

This article examines that due to the molecular characteristics of the tumor during the course of the disease and the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of the tumor between primary and metastatic lesions, liquid biopsy can be used as a new solution for diagnosis and monitoring of patients with colorectal cancer.

Nowadays, both government and non-government banks, in order to perform their banking duties, conclude various contracts with their customers, such as opening accounts, granting facilities, bank guarantees, letters of credit, etc. cause legal disputes. Until a few decades ago, banks did not show much luck in referring their claims to arbitration for various reasons, such as the incorrect approach of Article 139 of the Constitution and some limitations of the arbitration institution imposed on this institution by law, such as the impossibility of issuing a temporary order. But now this perception is declining due to the non-government of most banks and also the recognition of the arbitration institution; Hence, the desire of banks to resolve their claims through arbitration, considering the unique characteristics of this institution such as the ability to be recognized and implemented at the international level, the possibility of using knowledgeable experts in banking affairs as arbitrators, maintaining confidentiality, Acceleration in handling and reducing costs has increased. However, this article tries to answer the question of whether bank claims can be referred to arbitration with a descriptive analytical method and with the aim of the possibility or impossibility of arbitration of bank claims. Therefore, after examining the basic concepts and basics of the topic of discussion, it has been concluded that basically bank claims, whether governmental or non-governmental, are arbitrable, except for the claims that are explicitly prohibited by the legislator.

Today, banks, whether state-owned or private, engage in various contracts such as account openings, loan facilities, bank guarantees, letters of credit, and others with their clients as part of their banking responsibilities. Misinterpretation of the terms of these contracts can lead to legal disputes. Until a few decades ago, banks showed little interest in referring their claims to arbitration due to various reasons, such as a misinterpretation of Article 139 of the Constitution and certain restrictions imposed on the arbitration institution by law, such as the inability to issue interim orders. However, this perception has gradually declined due to the privatization of most banks and the growing recognition of the arbitration institution. As a result, banks are increasingly inclined to resolve their disputes through arbitration, considering the unique features of arbitration, such as its international recognition and enforceability, the ability to utilize banking experts as arbitrators, confidentiality, expedited proceedings, and reduced costs. This paper, using a descriptive-analytical method, aims to determine whether the claims of state-owned banks are arbitrable. After examining the concepts and fundamental principles of the subject, the study concludes that, in principle, banking disputes, whether from state-owned or private banks, are arbitrable unless explicitly prohibited by the legislator.

This article examines the evolution of the basis for medical civil liability through the lens of judicial practice, legislative experiences, and French legal doctrine. It employs a descriptive-analytical research method. The aim is to demonstrate the shortcomings of Article 495 of the Iranian Islamic Criminal Code regarding physician liability. This article argues that Article 495 assumes no medical malpractice, which stands in contrast to comparative studies advocating for expanded physician and medical center liability without fault, alongside solutions for compensating victims. The study of French law reveals a shift from absolute physician immunity to expanded no-fault liability through various legal tools. In French law, the principle of fault-based liability for medical malpractice has numerous exceptions. Due to the difficulty of proving medical fault and the need to compensate victims, even in cases where no fault exists in the conventional sense, France utilizes a dual basis for physician and healthcare center liability. Additionally, proving fault has been simplified. Islamic jurisprudence, however, distinguishes between loss and attribution when determining physician liability. In the first case, responsibility is without fault (except under the rule of benevolence), while the second case involves fault-based responsibility. Article 495 of the Islamic Criminal Code, however, solely considers physician liability to be entirely fault-based. In most cases (as evidenced by patient acquittals in hospitals), the burden of proving fault falls on the injured party. Furthermore, the article fails to address the liability basis for hospitals and medical centers, both private and public, nor does it address liability for defective medical products and equipment. Therefore, the provision in Article 495 not only contradicts jurisprudential teachings, but the Iranian legislator has also taken a path entirely opposite to global developments. While general rules in gross negligence cases dictate that mere allegations of bodily harm are sufficient to establish liability and compensate the victim, the possibility exists for gross negligence involving a physician. For example, during abdominal or chest surgery, if scissors slip from the physician's hand and blind the patient, the physician would be liable under general rules. However, in discussions of physician liability where a crime is attributed to the doctor unintentionally and without fault, the legislator may have excluded compensating the patient to avoid imposing financial burdens on relatives ("aqeleh"). French law offers an alternative. Instead of imposing undue liability on the physician or their kin, other institutions, such as insurance or compensation funds, can be utilized. Although French and Islamic legal systems reach similar outcomes through different paths, minor discrepancies remain.

Nowadays, bank guarantees are used as one of the important tools in international and domestic trade. The present research examines the issue of referring claims arising from bank guarantees to arbitration.

This research is of a theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is library-based and was done by referring to documents, books and articles.

Ethical Considerations: 

In this research, the principles of trustworthiness, honesty, neutrality and originality of the work have been respected.

Referring claims arising from bank guarantees to arbitration can be used as an effective solution to resolve these disputes.

Faster speed, privacy, flexibility, expertise and contract enforcement are among the advantages that make arbitration an alternative method to resolve disputes arising from bank guarantees.

In today’s world, it would certainly be difficult to do without services of electronic systems. Making use of these apparently free services will come at the cost of complying with terms and conditions which have already been drafted by authors of the mentioned systems as a result of a great deal of effort and possibly in consultation with lawyers. Accordingly, in case users were aware of the mentioned terms, they either have never used them, or at least would have been reluctant to do so. On that account, the present article seeks to deal with the query as to the ideal way to deal with the imposition of unfair terms and ways to minimize its disadvantages while enjoying benefits of these terms. We advocate the thesis that a composite approach, which curbs and restricts these terms in the most efficient way possible, is the ideal way to protect rights of users as the weaker party. Therefore, in the present article, using comparative and analytical-library method, we shall examine, in three sections, methods of conclusion and contents of these terms and the proposed ways of dealing with them.

Ratifying a bill in the Judicial Commission of Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis) on setting registration fee of Dowry over 14 gold coins in the time of registering marriage contract (Nikah), each spouse 50% , and depositing it into the Fund of Providing Dowry for Needy Couples, has put the family law on the threshold of drastic transformation. Although this change is made to serve the legal institution of marriage and reduce the amount of dowry as well as facilitate the marriage process, but its functionality is under serious doubt and even it appears that its negative consequences far outweigh any positives. Bills ratified without considering the rights of the parties in the marriage contract not only could provide a platform for men to abuse but also create unfavorable situation for women and causes girls and women as well as men be reluctant towards the marriage compared to the past. This is the fact that women may assume that marriage not only limit their freedoms, but also their life could also be faced with financial and economic threats. Thus, they gain fewer financial benefits in their common life and in order to get rid of a wrong and unsuitable marriage, they must sacrifice their ownership and sustainheavy and unfair costs. Therefore, it is highly recommended for new bills, while holding a compressive approach towards liberty and contractual rights, to provide the goals of the legal system and secure the rights of both parties. Consequently, the current study by descriptive- analytic approach and by collecting data from the library sources, while attempts to survey the fundamental and legal aspects of this bill, also provides solutions and suggestions with the view on the couple's legal system of in France.

This research has been written with the aim of investigating the abuse of contract law in the contract implementation stage. The enforcement of the rights arising from the contract must be done in its normal form, and deviating from the normal form of exercising the contractual right is considered a fault and leads to the abuse of the contractual right. No matter how much effort is made to prevent the abuse of the contractual right and to provide legal solutions and measures to guarantee strong and heavy performances, the recurrence of the abuse of the contractual right is inevitable, because it depends on the attitude of the rightful owner. He has the right to exercise his right. If he wants to abuse the right created by the contract concluded with others and exceed the scope of the right, the abuse of the contractual right will undoubtedly occur and there will be no escape from it. Contracts such as (Contracts with Imposition Conditions () Contracts with Obligation) (Contracts Affected by Changing Conditions) (Supplementary Contracts) and (Consumer Contracts) that are potentially abusive in private law. The existence of performance guarantees such as "modification of the contract", "termination of the contract", "compensation" and "invalidation of the contract" in the contract and laws is a key factor in preventing the abuse of contractual rights during the contract implementation phase.

. Today, the traditional interpretations of Imamiyyah jurisprudence and related laws have led to the issuance of the well-known theory that the transaction is null and void for the same property that has not yet come into being, or the property of the future. The main document of this theory in Islamic jurisprudence is the rule of negation of uncertainty due to the uncertainty of the existence of the transaction and in the subject laws of our country, Article 361 of the Civil Code. On the other hand, an analysis of jurisprudential sources regarding the rule of uncertainty and all relevant regulations shows that any ignorance in a transaction in which there is a possibility of loss is not effective in voiding the contract, and therefore, transactional ambiguities can be divided into two effective and ineffective clauses in creating uncertainty and voiding the contract. and voiding the contract. and voiding the contract. Because in jurisprudence, uncertainty means danger, and danger is the possibility of harm that is avoided by the customs; Therefore, if the custom does not turn away from one of the aspects of the transaction due to the fact that ambiguity is negligible and does not consider it dangerous, such ignorance is not considered as a crime. This is while the analysis of the dimensions of ambiguity and doubt in the occurrence of the transaction in the transaction of money that has not yet occurred, shows that the risk caused by that ambiguity is not always effective in creating confusion, but in the case that the normal and normal course of affairs is a type of suspicion. to create a transaction in the future

building pre-sale contracts have different and important issues, which are necessary to explain and analyze due to the fact that a large part of the society is affected by it. Based on this, the purpose of this article is to investigate the legal status of deferred mortgage on transfer in building pre-sale contracts.

The method of this article is descriptive and analytical. Materials and data are also qualitative and data collection was used in collecting materials and data.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this article, the originality of the text, honesty and trustworthiness are observed.

The contract of assigning the rights and obligations of the pre-seller to the pre-sold unit is concluded in any format and with any title, it is a ceremonial contract, the preparation of the official document is a condition of its authenticity and validity. Another point is that obligations and transactions contrary to the rights of pre-buyers, including the late mortgage contract, according to the pre-sale law, are revealed by what was said, the practical necessity of the property bill in the mortgage contract. The building pre-sale contract is a specific contract, whose rules, effects and title are stated in the building pre-sale law.

In case of non-enforcement of the pre-purchaser, the mortgage is void, and the bank cannot seize the building as an objective right due to the invalidity of the mortgage and satisfy its claim by auctioning the mortgaged property.

The purpose of this research is to answer the question that under what conditions is the civil liability of the electricity supplier institutions in Iran and the United States caused by the acts of governance and under what conditions is it caused by the acts of entrepreneurship? It is trying to use a qualitative method based on collecting information from library sources (documents) and analytical-descriptive method, in the form of conducting a comparative study, to find some examples that can create civil liability for the government or others in the two legal systems of Iran and the United States. The trustees (private electricity supply institutions) should be investigated in front of consumers or subscribers of electricity.The findings of this study indicate that the civil liability of electricity supplier institutions in Iran and the United States in the stages of production and transmission is considered as "sovereign actions" and the civil responsibility of electricity supplier institutions in the distribution stage among subscribers and consumers is considered as "operating actions". . Despite this commonality, comparative studies have been carried out indicating that the civil liability of the electricity supplier in the production phase is based on the Iranian legal system and based on "pure error" in the American .if the government, as If supplier fails due to lack of policies or lack of investment in electricity production or purchase and , it becomes eligible for civil liability, among the examples of civil liability of electricity supplier institutions in the distribution phase,

Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, possess sacred scriptures like the Torah, the Gospel, and the Quran, respectively. These religions claim to provide guidance to humanity, aiming for righteousness, happiness, and spiritual fulfillment. The teachings of these sacred scriptures have profound impacts on individuals and societies, influencing spiritual, emotional, moral, and social aspects of life. This article aims to delve into the individual and societal effects of the Torah and the Gospel while exploring the influence of affinity with the Quran, as emphasized by Imam Khamenei. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, the author examines how reading the Torah and the Gospel, along with affinity with the Quran, affects individuals and communities, as viewed through the lens of Imam Khamenei. The research findings reveal that affinity with the Quran brings about spiritual closeness to God, continuous devotion to the Quran, and serves as a path to salvation and happiness. Additionally, it promotes a virtuous life and has social benefits such as increased knowledge, moral integrity, Islamic revival, and the ability to overcome dominant powers.

The Unification Judgment No. 832 of the general assembly of the supreme court, has ended the debate about the possibility of filing a lawsuit against the mortgage of the same debtor by the buyer and the transferee in general. The content of the above-mentioned verdict indirectly indicates the possibility of transferring the mortgaged property by the mortgagor. It is clear that the non-invalidity of this transaction does not mean that it is entirely valid, but this transaction is in compliance with the rights of the mortgagor, and therefore, it is considered to have the state of Adam Nofouz Mora'a. Accordingly, in cases where the transaction is made with the preservation of the rights of the mortgagor, it is not possible to file a claim against the mortgagor, regardless of whether the debtor of the assigned debt has also changed and the transferee is considered a debtor, or the debtor has not been transferred but the transferee has accepted the collection of the debt from the debtor; Although the claim for the mortgage redemption has priority over the lawsuit obliging against the mortgagor to redeem the mortgaged property, and moreover, the enforcement of the lawsuit for the mortgage redemption has priority over the claim for annulment of the transfer of mortgaged property.

Today, the attractiveness of contracts regarding consumer rights is related to their formal aspect. The rules and regulations regarding consumer rights in France have grown in the shadow of two important laws: the old civil law approved in 1804 and the new one approved in 2016. Commercial law and its regulations are constantly evolving. At first, consumer law regulations were only considered as a supplementary source of contract law (Rzepecki, 2015: resume) and gradually its rules became original to the extent that in some cases it became a source of inspiration for other fields (Julien, 2019: Résumé). As will be seen in Iranian law, there are laws such as the Car Consumer Protection Law approved on 1386/23/3, the Consumer Protection Law approved on 8/2/1388, the Electronic Commerce Law approved on 10/17/1382, the Building Presale Law approved on 12/ 10/1389, the country's trade union law approved on 12/24/1382, the country's monetary and banking law approved in 1351 with subsequent amendments, the usury- free banking operation law approved in 1362, the government punishments law approved in 1367 with subsequent amendments. They are considered a turning point in the history of consumer rights in Iran. In the reliminarynegotiations, the consumer was very weak in front of the contractual party,and this caused the stronger party to take the initiative in determining the rights and obligations of the parties, and the text of the predetermined contract containing its desired terms in front of they used to be consumers and behaved like lions and rabbits towards their weak side and drew the line of justice (Kirimi, 2016: 76). Previous articles and researches have focused on the analysis and review of the content of clearly imposed terms to ensure equality between the rights and obligations of the parties and emphasize the need for judges and legislators to intervene in ordinary laws and the constitution to create a contractual balance through the annulment of imposed terms. There is a research gap regarding the secret imposed conditions (Sardoui Nesab and Kazempour, 2013: 75 p. 37; Taghizadeh, 2014: 10 p. 9; Amini, Mansour; 2011, p. 59; Asadi, Passapour, Badini; 2017: 23; Nabizadeh Kabria; 1399: 18; Isaei Tafarshi, Ayin Alireza; 1396: 4; Elahian; 1392: 1). The research question is what is the meaning of hidden imposed conditions and what are their examples in Iran's consumer law and what is the ruling of the legislator regarding this category of conditions? The new approach to the freedom of contracts in consumer law to fight against the content of the imposed contract prompted professionals to change their position and turn to the formal aspects of the contract in such a way that today the appeal of consumer law is flexible to the formal aspect of the contract. In French consumer law, a list of black-and-gray conditions was compiled in 11 cases. In Iran, hidden imposed terms were identified in 6 cases in two ways: inclusion in the text of the contract, such as illegible, small, ambiguous terms, and inclusion outside the text of the contract, such as terms inside the packaging of goods and software products, in the middle and margin of the contract. In France, Article 1171 of the Civil Code approved in 2016, has declared the sentence of imposed conditions to be considered unwritten" as having the effect of invalidity, and at the same stage of the legislation, it specified their sentence and has the advantage of avoiding the high involvement of judges in the form and content of the" contract and as a result, the difference of opinion of the trial courts has been prevented. Considering the emphasis of the present research on the formal aspect of imposed conditions, as explained in the conclusion section of the article a proposal was made to amend Iran’s, Consumer Protection Law.