فهرست مطالب عبداالحکیم توغدری

Colostrum is a secretion product produced by the mammary glands immediately after birth. This vital and unique composition is designed to meet all the animal's needs when it cannot eat. For various reasons, maternal accidents can occur during pregnancy and birth, making it impossible to produce appropriate colostrum for the newborn calf. Therefore, the main task of the farmer is to provide suitable replacement colostrum as quickly as possible so that he can maintain the results of his year-long efforts to continue the generation. Various methods are used to preserve colostrum. Methods of colostrum storage include fermentation and freezing. Fermentation of the colostrum results in physical and chemical changes in the colostrum that can aid in the transfer of nutrients to the calf. This research was carried out to study and compare the effect of different methods of colostrum preservation on the efficiency of newborn calves of the Simmental breed and to recommend the use of one of the more suitable methods so that if the farmer does not have access to suitable colostrum, he can use.
To carry out this study, 32 newborn Simmental calves with an average weight of 39.5 ± 3.2 kg were used. The calves were divided into four equal groups (eight replicates per treatment), including 1. group fed with fresh colostrum from the mother (control), 2. group fed with fermented colostrum without any additives (fermented without additives), 3. the group that was fed colostrum fermented with low-fat yogurt (fermented with yogurt), and 4. the group was fed with colostrum that was kept frozen (frozen) in the freezer and heated to a temperature of 37 °C before consumption. Initially, a colostrum bank was used with 110 liters of colostrum from the first and second lactation cows, which started colostrum production at the same time by synchronizing parturition. Colostrum samples were separated and prepared in polyethylene (PET) plastic containers with a volume of two liters. In the fermented colostrum group, after filling the containers of the group with yogurt, two percent yogurt was added, and the containers were completely sealed and stored at room temperature until the experiment. The dishes belonging to the frozen group were stored in the freezer at -20 °C. In the first two days, all calves received two liters of colostrum per meal twice daily in the morning and evening. Feed was consumed daily. Calves were weighed at the beginning of parturition, on the 30th and 60th days of the schedule in the morning and before feed distribution, and from the 27th day of the calves' birth, the apparent digestibility of nutrients (dry matter) was measured. Samples were taken from three-day experimental rations and feces. Blood was collected from the jugular vein on days 0, 1, and 30. After serum separation, blood factors such as glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, and total blood protein were measured. At the beginning of the course and the end of the project, body parameters were measured to check the growth status of the calf: hip width, height from withers, chest circumference, body length, chest depth, wrist circumference, and eye relief.
The results of different treatments of colostrum consumption in newborn calves concerning blood biochemical parameters showed that the amount of glucose in all three sampling times was not significantly different in all treatments, and the amount of blood protein and triglycerides were also not affected by the treatments (P>0.05). Colostrum consumption with different storage methods had no significant influence on the amount of concentrate consumed, the digestibility of the dry matter consumed, the final weight of the calf, the daily weight gain, and the feed conversion ratio (P>0.05). Also, the results showed that there were no significant changes in physical indices among different groups (P>0.05). The use of colostrum with different storage methods had no difference in the amount of cells associated with the immune system, including types of white blood cells, and therefore the immune conditions were similar in all groups (P>0.05).
The results of this study showed that consumption of colostrum in simply fermented form or with the addition of fat-free yogurt, as well as colostrum stored in frozen form, had a positive influence on blood parameters in newborn calves compared to the control group that used fresh maternal colostrum. The use of colostrum stored in any of the mentioned methods, depending on the conditions of animal husbandry, can help provide the colostrum needed by the calf and solve the problem of the animal breeder.

Since the last two months of pregnancy (late pregnancy) constitute 75% of fetal growth, enriching the mother's diet can have positive consequences on the health and overall performance of the mother and children. Manganese functions in the immune system in different ways, including its activity in antioxidant pathways, its role in phagocytic activity, and maintaining the structural integrity of epithelial barriers against infection. Manganese deficiency can lead to dysfunction of innate and acquired immune systems in different species. Manganese toxicity is rarely observed. However, the main toxic effects attributable to this element are cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, as well as deposition in specific components of the basal ganglia, and alteration of dopaminergic neuroenzyme activity. Diet enrichment with organic manganese increased feed consumption and improved dry matter digestibility in lambs. It has been documented that maternal manganese status is vital for ewe’s performance and the health of their newborn lambs. But, the required level and form of dietary manganese in ruminants are not well defined. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the influence of organic manganese supplementation on the performance, digestibility, milk yield and composition of Afshari ewes in the transition period, and the health of their lambs, For the present study, 24 single pregnant ewes were selected. They were kept in separate boxes (1 × 1 m2) with a concrete floor covered with straw during the experiment. Twenty-four lambs were born in three days from the experimental ewes. Forty-two days before lambing, the ewes were fed a diet rich in organic manganese. Water was also provided freely and separately. The experimental treatments included: 1. The first group (T1) was fed with the basal diet, 2. The second group (T2) was fed the basic diet enriched with 40 mg of organic manganese per kg DM (recommended by NRC), and 3. The third group (T3) received a basal diet enriched with 80 mg of organic manganese per kg DM (twice recommended by NRC). In this study, organic manganese (amino-manganese) contains an element of manganese and methionine, which are ionically connected. The diets of ewes were balanced using the NRC software. To calculate the weight change of the ewes, they were weighed five weeks before lambing, on the day of lambing, and five weeks after lambing. Also, the lambs were weighed on the day of birth and at the time of placental discharge. Feces and feed samples were collected in the last week for five days to test the digestibility of dry matter of ewes. They were determined in neutral detergent (NDF) by the Van Suest method, and crude protein and crude ash were measured according to the official Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods. The concentrations of fat, protein, lactose, and milk solids were measured by the Milkoscan device (MilcoscanTMS50-76510). A flame atomic absorption spectrometer model (Shimadzu-AA-670) with a wavelength of 279.5 nm was used to measure the magnesium concentration of milk. The feces of the lambs were evaluated daily. Stool scores were determined based on 1. Hard and consistent, 2. Soft and loose, 3. Loose and watery, 4. Watery with some blood, and 5. Watery with blood and mucus. At the end of the experiment, the weight and average feed consumption of ewes after delivery were influenced by organic manganese supplementation and showed a significant increase (P<0.05). While before delivery, there was no significant difference between the experimental treatments regarding the weight of the ewes (P>0.05). Also, the birth weight of the lambs and the time of placental discharge were not affected by the experimental treatments (P>0.05). The addition of different levels of organic manganese in the diet of ewes did not have a significant effect on digestibility parameters (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, NDF, ADF, and ether extract) during the transition period (P>0.05). Supplementation of organic manganese in the diet of pregnant ewes during the transition period did not affect milk production (P>0.05). However, the amount of fat and solids in milk increased in the treatments with organic manganese supplementation, and this amount was higher in the animals that received 40 mg of organic manganese per kg DM (P>0.05). Also, the concentration of manganese in milk increased in animals that received organic manganese. In the present study, stool consistency improved under the effect of organic manganese supplementation. The number of lambs suffering from diarrhea and the average number of days suffering from diarrhea decreased significantly (P<0.05) due to the consumption of organic manganese supplements by the mother during the transfer period. Manganese is a nutrient associated with health and immunity. On the other hand, there is a close relationship between the antioxidant status of the body and the health of the animal because manganese plays a role in the structure of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD). According to the results of this study, organic manganese acts as a valuable and safe supplement that can be used to improve the ewe’s performance and the health of newborn lambs.

Flax products (seed and meal) are one of the sources of energy and protein for ruminants. Although flaxseed is a very inexpensive and affordable source of omega-3s, more than 50% of its fatty acids are made from alpha-linolenic acid, but it cannot be used at high levels due to its anti-nutritional properties. Flaxseed processing improves nutrient consumption while reducing the negative effects of anti-nutritional substances such as lintine and making food more palatable. Various methods are used to process and improve the flaxseed digestion process, such as micronization and extrusion. The extrusion process is the process of processing high-temperature materials in a short time and is done by a combination of moisture, heat, mechanical energy, and pressure. Extrusion is also a technical function by which feed is processed, extruded, and cooked under a constant increase in pressure and then expanded due to a sudden pressure drop. Heat treatment applied during the extrusion process reduces the access of rumen bacteria to the fat in the diet by denaturing the protein matrix around fat droplets in oilseeds such as flaxseed and thus can reduce fatty acids. Microwave by microwave can be done after adding 25% moisture to the grains for three minutes in a device containing an infrared lamp. It was also found that micronization could be used to increase the degradable protein content of the rumen. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of flaxseed level and processing method on performance, skeletal growth indices, health, and ruminant behavior of suckling calves.
In this study, to investigate the effect of using different levels and methods of flaxseed processing on the performance of suckling calves, 35 newborn Holstein male calves with an initial weight of 41±4.5 kg were used. This experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with seven treatments and five replications. Treatments included: 1. Control, 2. The treatment contained 5% of raw flaxseed, 3. The treatment contained 10% of raw flaxseed, 4. The treatment contained 5% of micronized flaxseed, 5. The treatment contained 10% of micronized flaxseed, 6. The treatment contained 5% of extruded flaxseed, and 7. The treatment contained 10% of extruded flaxseed. The total trial period was 60 days, which included 14 days of adaptation. Stool consistency scoring was considered as a daily livestock health indicator for each calf. Measurement of skeletal growth rate was done by meter and caliper at the beginning and end of the period. To evaluate the effect of experimental treatments on calf performance, dry matter intake, daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were also measured.
Experimental treatments had no significant effect on daily feed intake, daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. Also, the growth of skeletal indices, fecal consistency, and rumination behavior was not affected by experimental treatments. The lack of effect on food intake probably indicates that the amount of linseed fatty acids used has a minimal mechanism of short-term regulation of feed intake. Oily seeds such as flaxseed contain eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids, both of which are active derivatives of linolenic acid. It is known that these oxygenated metabolites play an important role in the growth and development of infant animals, especially the development of their nervous system. However, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids may have a lower effect on feed efficiency during this period of calves' life. In general, the duration of chewing is reduced by decreasing the size of particles and the content of insoluble fibers in neutral detergent. The lower content of insoluble fibers in the neutral detergent and its chemical and physical nature may have reduced rumination and chewing activity. Probably, the changes in the rumination time may be related to the difference in the dry matter consumed and the digestibility of the nutrients, and the rumination activity can also be considered a factor to diagnose rumen health due to the stimulation of saliva secretion. The duration of chewing activity (sum of eating and ruminating) can be a good measure of rumen health.
According to the results of this study, the use of processed flax did not hurt the performance, skeletal growth indices, and health of calves. Extruded and micronized flax can be used at the 10% level in the diet of suckling calves as a source of protein and energy.