عبدالحلیم رجبی

Opium use is one of the most common problems that impose significant social, psychological, and economic burdens on societies. Understanding the factors involved in the treatment of opium use is essential. This study aimed to evaluate inhibitory response and impulsivity in opium users.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 170 opium users (139 men and 31 women) who visited the Methadone Maintenance Treatment Center in Gorgan, Iran during 2022, selected through convenience sampling. The Stop Signal Task (SST) was used to assess participants' inhibitory response, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) was used to measure impulsivity levels.

The average overall impulsivity score was 67.8±11.85. The average correct responses were 45.09±5.67, incorrect responses were 4.51±3.95, and delays were 0.96±2.32. The mean response time to each stimulus was 1290±512.83 milliseconds. There was a statistically significant correlation between impulsivity dimensions and age, correct responses and education level, and response time for inhibitory control with age and education level (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant correlation between the various dimensions of inhibitory response and impulsivity (cognitive impulsivity, non-planning impulsivity, and motor impulsivity) and overall impulsivity.

Opium users are generally impulsive. Additionally, younger individuals and those with lower education levels are more impulsive compared to others.

 The moral values ​​of nurses, which are one of the most important issues in the nursing profession, can overshadow the most scientific and best nursing care. Personality traits also affect the quality of ethics and professional behavior. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the Relationship between personality traits and professional ethics in nurses of 5 Azar Gorgan patients in 1400.

This cross-sectional-correlation study was conducted on 253 nurses working in 5 Azar Teaching Hospital in Gorgan in 1400. Sampling was done in a simple random manner and in equal proportions among the nurses of all departments. The data were collected by using NEO's 60-question scale to determine personality traits and nurses' performance evaluation questionnaire according to nursing ethics (34 items). Then they were analyzed using SPSS version 18 software and tests of mean ± standard deviation, chi-square, independent t, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation coefficient. A significance level of 0/05 was considered.

The results showed that there is no statistically significant relationship between personality traits and professional ethics (p>0.05). The average score of nurses' professional ethics was at an excellent level (169 ± 1.11). Personality traits have a significant relationship with marital status, employment status and gender (p<0.05). Professional ethics had no significant relationship with demographic characteristics (p>0.05).

The results showed that although the performance commitment to nursing ethics is at a high level. But professional ethics values ​​did not have a statistically significant relationship with personality traits.

Considering the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health and the significance of oral health, this study aims to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on dental care utilization among children.

This retrospective study utilized available data from the archives of the dental clinic at Gorgan Pediatric Hospital in 2022. Information regarding demographic characteristics and the types of received services were collected and entered to SPSS version 26 statistical analysis software. The chi-square test was used to compare the annual differences in the frequency of different service types, and the Cochrane-Armitage test was employed to examine the linear trend of changes in each service.

A total of 24,185 different dental services were received by children aged between 2 and 14 years old referred to dental clinic of Taleghani Children Hospital from March 2020 to February 2022. Comparing the frequency of dental services in 2021 to that of 2020 revealed a 31% decrease in the total number of services. The types of services utilized during the first year of the pandemic exhibited significant changes compared to the pre-pandemic year. This included an increase in tooth extraction (P = 0.001) and a reduction in restorations (P = 0.000). Additionally, a noticeable increase in pulp treatment (P = 0.003) was observed, particularly in the second year of the pandemic.

The frequency of dental care utilization, types of services received, and insurance utilization underwent significant changes during the pandemic. It is crucial to plan for future required treatments and establish infrastructures to address similar pandemics.

Some measurements such as angles and planes drawn in lateral cephalometry have different relationships and correlation coefficients which help to distinguish different types of malocclusions. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between ANB, Wits, occlusal plane, and Y-axis cephalometric measurements in patients with class II malocclusion.

A descriptive-analytical and retrospective cross-sectional study was performed using the lateral radiographic images (n=156) in the archive of the Dental Clinic affiliated with Golestan University of Medical Sciences obtained from patients aged 14-18 years of age with class II malocclusion in 2018-2019.

There were 91 (58.3%) lateral radiographic images of female patients, and 65 (41.7%) of male patients. The highest correlation was found between ANB and Wits measurements (r= 0.61) followed by ANB and Y-axis (r= 0.53), Wits and occlusal plane (r= 0.36), and Y-axis and occlusal plane (r= 0.33) and the lowest correlation was seen between ANB and occlusal plane measurements (r= 0.23).

According to current study, it seems that in addition to ANB angle, other cephalometric measurements such as Wits, Y-axis, and occlusal plane can be used to diagnose class II malocclusion (based on their correlation coefficient with ANB).

Happiness and hope are two concepts that affect students' mental health. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the concept of hope and happiness in students.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 250 students in school of health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The data collection tool was Snyder's Hope and MUNSH 's Happiness Questionnaires. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 22 using descriptive and analytical tests including ANOVA, independent samples t-test, Pearson correlation and linear regression.

In this study, the mean (±SD) of happiness and hope scores were 4.50 (+0.78) and 24.52 (+0.66) respectively. There was a significant relationship between age (P=0.001) and gender (P=0.008) variables with hope scale. Based on the Pearson correlation coefficient, there was a significant correlation between hope and sub-scales of happiness (Positive affect, negative affect, Positive experience, negative experience) (P<0.001). Results of linear regression analysis showed that, demographic variables, happiness scale and its sub-scales, were able to predict 28.8% of the variations of hope (P<0.001).

Therefore, it is necessary that the predisposing factors create psychological problems such as disappointment and depression and etc., identified in students and appropriate educational and counseling programs are being designed and implemented.

  Thalassemia major is an autosomal recessive disease with serious morbidity, mortality and pathology. Due to today’s therapeutic advances, the life expectancy of thalassemia patients has significantly increased. As a result, thalassemia patients need lifelong care, but caring for patients with thalassemia causes a lot of costs. Therefore, being aware of the costs and effectiveness of the treatments is essential for controlling the costs and providing effective treatments.

In this cross-sectional descriptive study, a bottom-up method was used to estimate the treatment costs for thalassemia patients and all the costs were estimated over a one-year period (2015). The number of QALYs created by treatment was also extracted using the EQ5D questionnaire, and eventually, the Markov model was used to calculate the costs and effectiveness for patients’ longevity.

Treatment for any patients with thalassemia major costs $ 8,321.8 per year. Applying a 3% discount rate, we estimated that each patient lifelong treatment costs $ 147,098.4, which would results in 11.8 QALYs. Hence, the cost per QALY would be $ 12,466,0.

Treating the patients with thalassemia major, despite its cost effectiveness, might cost a lot so that the treatment of the patients in the fourth decade of their lives may even reach the cost-effectiveness threshold. Therefore, increasing the costs in the field of patient screening and prevention of the birth of patients with thalassemia major seems to be useful.

Introduction and aims: Spirituality as the basis of human existence and its effect on healing and healing of people has been increasing attention in recent years. Duty of Care Nurses are responsible for the physical, psychological, social and spiritual patients .So we need to be aware and knowledgeable nurses to meet the spiritual needs of patients. This study aims to evaluate the attitudes of nurses and nursing students to engage in spiritual.
Methods and materials:This cross-sectional study 148 nurses in health centers selected by simple random sampling, and 73 nursing students selected by census method, were enrolled in the University of Medical Sciences. All student enrolled census method .Data were collected using a questionnaire measure of spirituality and spiritual care. The collected data were entered into the software spps19and Data were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U-test, chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis.
The average age of nurses was 31/52 and student nursing 21/43 .Averageattitude to spirituality and spiritual care nurses and nursing students, was 55/72 and 57/04.The majority of nursing students(3/81%) and nurses(1/86%), have the average and almost a good attitude towards their spirituality and pastoral care. There was a significant relationship between attitude spirituality and spiritual care (p = 0/016).
The findings of this study indicate that the population has a positive attitude to study spirituality and pastoral care and create a framework for pastoral care, can because spirituals care.

Knowledge, risk perception, and preparedness of individuals regarding earthquake have a vital role in the reduction of its consequences. This study was conducted to evaluate the level preparedness, knowledge, and risk perception regarding earthquake among the personnel of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 215 personnel of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The subjects were randomly selected. Data were gathered using a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic data, and risk perception, knowledge, and preparedness regarding earthquake. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software. All P values of less than 0.05 were considered significant.
Findings: Most of the studied individuals were women (54%), had diploma and higher levels of education (85%), had 30-40 years of age (50%), and were married (75.3%). Most of them had an intermediate level of preparedness and risk perception and a high level of knowledge in regards to earthquake.
The subjects in this study had a high educational level, and due to their job and education, had received some training regarding earthquake preparedness. However, their level of earthquake preparedness was at an intermediate level. Since the earthquake preparedness level of the public is at a lower level, similar studies with greater sample size among the public are required in order to plan for the promotion of the present situation.

Female prisoners considered as a vulnerable group in society which label of prison lead to destructive effect on mental health of these groups. Also crime of these women in most situations has light condemnation for their but prevalence of mental health problem related to these women was very high, so the aim of the study was evaluation of effective factors on mental health in a women prisoners in Iran, 2011-2012.
In this cross- sectional study, 120 female prisoners participated via convenience sampling. Data was collected by demographic and mental health questionnaire (GHQ-28) and then analyzed by SPSS software version 20. To describe data used from mean, standard deviation and frequency, subsequent, multiple linear regression for statistical test applied.
The mean age of participants was 32.8±9.6 years. Analysis of related to the domain mental health questionnaire showed that the highest average scores in the domain of anxiety and insomnia (10.2±5.9) and the lowest average in the domain of depression(7.1±5.4). Based on regression analysis, occupation variable on physical symptom domain (P=0/025), education and recent disease on anxiety and insomnia domain, breadwinner of person on social action and education variable on mental health were statistically effected.
Over a quarter of women in prison has mental health been middle and poor. Several factors affected the mental health of women prisoners, which should be consideration to all factors affecting the lives of women prisoners are essential. But before applying any intervention programs to improve mental health this group of women, paying attention to education, employment status and household head that can In the process of improving or decline women's mental health status affected.

Scorpion stings are one of the major health problems in many tropical and developing countries. In Iran, especially the southern regions of the country, scorpion sting is one of the most important health issues; such a way that Khuzestan province is one of the most important foci of scorpion sting. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the epidemiological characteristics of the individuals bitten by scorpions in Haft gel region, Khuzestan province.
This cross-sectional study aimed at reviewing the medical records of the patients referring to the health center of Haft gel region, Khuzestan province within 2011-2012. The information about the study patients was extracted from their records and was entered into a checklist. Then, the data were entered into the SPSS statistical software (v. 19) and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square, and Fisher’s exact test.
Among the 459 cases, 48.4% and 51.6% were related to 2011 and 2012, respectively. Besides, 52% of the cases were male and 48% were female. The mean age of the male and female patients was 29.62±17.06 and 32.02±17.4 years, respectively. The highest and lowest percentages of bites were related to 20-29 and 60-69 year old age groups, respectively. In addition, 39.7%, 38.6%, 5.1%, and 16.5% of the bites were related to hands, feet, head and neck, and trunk, respectively. Moreover, the highest prevalence of scorpion stings was reported from June to September. The majority of the patients lived in urban areas and was homemaker. Furthermore, the case was caused by yellow, black, and uncertain scorpions in 52.4%, 32.1%, and 15.5% of the patients, respectively.
Based on the findings, males more than females, younger age groups, hands and feet, and urban areas were at a higher risk of scorpion stings, especially in warm months. Therefore, families, particularly those living in urban areas, should be trained regarding safety and proper use of cover when walking.

In the orthotic and prosthetic workshops, awkward postures, repetitive and continuously movements etc. are the risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This study was conducted with the objective of ergonomic assessment of working conditions in these workshops. In this study all employed personnel of linorthotic and prosthetic production centers in Shiraz city participated (n=42).Data were collected using Nordic Musculoskeletal disorders Questionnaire (NMQ) and Ergonomic Risk Factor checklist (ERF)for assessment of working conditions. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (Ver. 16). The means (SD) of age and job tenure (years) in employees studied were 37.26 (10.21) and 12.8 (9.39), respectively. The most prevalent MSDs symptoms were reported in lower back (42.9%), shoulder (40.5%) and knee (40.5%).Working condition assessment by ERF check list revealed that the means core of upper and lower region of body and also mean of total score were higher than acceptable limit (more than 7).. In working conditions improvement, corrective measures and MSDs risk factors control in studied workers should be noted to risk factors in low back, shoulder and knee. The results of this study showed that ergonomic problems in orthotics and prosthetics clinics was related to "custom shoe making", "grinding and finishing", "filling plaster cast" and "positive cast rectification" tasks and ergonomic interventions to decrees and/or eliminate of awkward working posture needed corrections.

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are one of the most important issues of occupational health and are highly prevalent in all occupations. This study aimed at ergonomic assessment of the risk of MSDs in the workers of a shipbuilding company.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 193 male workers with at least one year working experience in the 17 jobs of Boushehr Shipbuilding Company. Nordic musculoskeletal disorders questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence of the symptoms of MSDs. Besides, the risk of these disorders was assessed using quick exposure check technique. Then, the data were entered into the SPSS software (v. 19.0) and analyzed using Mann-Whitney U, Chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis.
The results of this study showed that the highest prevalence of symptoms of MSDs was related to the upper back (70.3%), lower back (68.4%), and knees (58%). Moreover, a significant association was found between the prevalence of MSDs and age, working experience, Body Mass Index (BMI), and marital status. The results of quick exposure check technique demonstrated that 14.3%, 29.7%, 42.5%, and 13.5% of the workers were in action levels 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively.
The prevalence of MSDs was high among the study workers. Besides, inappropriate posture, lifting and carrying heavy loads, and lower back flexion and twisting were the most common ergonomic problems among the study workers.

The rabies is a deadly disease and if its symptoms break out in a person، he will certainly die. However، the deaths caused rabies can be prevented by post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). In this study، subjects were recruited through census and with respect to in-formation which gathered from Fars Province health centers، Pasteur institution and previous studies In Iran. The mortalities for age groups and by sex type have been cal-culated. The decision tree model using probabilities، which the effectiveness of PEP treatment after getting bitten by an animal suspected، persons to receive specified. Dis-ability adjusted life year score (DALY) was applied to estimate the DALYs saved from PEP. In this study it was assumed that if a person suffering with rabies، a few days af-ter the onset of symptoms، death is compulsory. Therefore YLD rabies was considered zero. Finally، to increasing the accuracy and because inherent uncertainty of the data، and the increase the power of analysis، one-way sensitivity analysis was used. From March 2011 to March 2012، in Fars Province، total cases of animal bites were reported and received PEP treatment. The cases were 5394 (75. 85%) male and 1717 (24. 15%) female. PEP generally prevented from 177. 076 deaths which 134. 096 (75. 72%) were men and 42. 98 (24. 27%) of them were women. The age distribution of suspected animal bites in youth more than adults، and in men higher than women. Also due to prevented mortality caused by PEP، it is prevented from 4455. 71 DALYs. Based on the sensitivity analysis DALY prevented، except for dogs and cats، there was no change in the other animals. The implementation of PEP for animal bitten people remarkably reduced the burden of disease in community. Calculations with primitive cost estimations im-plicitly revealed that this intervention is a most cost-effectiveness program.

The incidence rate of elderly misbehavior increased in the past two decades. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of elderly misbehavior in northern Iran. This descriptive - analytic study was done on 247 more than 60 years old (137 males, 110 females) in north of Iran during 2012. In order to determine misbehavior, an elderly questionnaire was filled for each subject. The mean age of subjects was 68.8±7.08 years. The prevalence of lack of attention, care, financial, authentic was 34.8%, 33.6%, 29.1% and 22.3%, respectively. The prevalence of psychological, physical, isolation and financial misbehavior were 26.7%, 26.7%, 2.6% and 21.9%, respectively. There was a significant relationship between income and marital status with misbehavior maner (P<0.05). Elderly misbehavior particularly lack of attention and care are more perevlant in northern Iran.

Using dietary supplements depends on age، gender، marital status and other factors. The present community-based study was aimed to investigate the factors affecting dietary supplement consumption amongst people residing in south of Tehran. Through a cross-sectional study using convenient sampling، 708 records of individuals referred to nutritional centers in south of Tehran between 2006 and 2010 were examined. A predesigned checklist with items relevant to dietary supplement consumption was used to document the necessary information. Data was analyzed using Chi-square test and logistic regression. There was a significant relationship between dietary supplement consumption and age، gender and marital status (p<0. 05)، but not with body mass index (p<0. 05). The frequency of dietary supplement consumption for 19 to 35 years age group، women and married people was significantly higher. Eventually، after adjusting confounding factors، marital status still remained as the most significant factor affecting dietary supplement consumption. Focusing on dietary supplement consumption in target groups including youngsters، men and singles living in southern Tehran is recommended.

Students constitute a large part of the population and their health behaviors require more attention due to their insufficient time. The present study aimed to determine lifestyle and prediction of changes in its associated factors amongst health students. A cross-sectional study was conducted on100 BSc health students at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences، Tehran-Iran using randomized sampling method. HPLP II questionnaire was administered on physical activity and food and safety habits. Collected data were analyzed by Monte Carlo and linear regression tests using SPSS software. Lifestyle was evaluated as «moderate» for majority of students (61%). 23%، 47%، 27%، and 8% of students were assessed to have poor lifestyle، low physical activity، inappropriate food habits، and insufficient safety habits، respectively. There was significant relationship between students'' lifestyle and students'' major، however، no such relationships were observed between life style and students'' age، gender، and being native. Linear regression showed a significant relationship between scores of students'' physical activities and food habits where frequency of positive food habits was increased by increasing physical activity (p<0. 05). Improving and promotion of students'' lifestyle especially in the aspect of physical activity require paying more attention. In order to raise positive changes in dietary habits، development of health education programs focusing on regular physical activity is recommended.

There is a correlation between stress levels with motor activity and food habits. The present study aimed to determine the correlation between controlling stress with motor activity، food habits and desired variables in health students. Through a cross-sectional study using randomized sampling، 100 health students were recruited. The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP II) questionnaire including controlling stress and other variables was administered. Collected data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis، Mann-Whitney and linear regression tests in SPSS software. Mean and standard deviation of age and controlling stress score was 22. 77±2. 24 years and 20. 22±3. 6، respectively. 51% of the participants were female. In general، poor، middle and good stress controll were estimated to be 36%، 49% and 15%، respectively. There were significant correlation between students’ controlling stress with motor activity and food habits but not with age، gender، nativity and major of students. Linear regression showed that by improving motor activity and food habits score، the students’ stress control score has increased significantly. Health education in advanced levels considering motor activity and a good nutritional status can have an important role in improvement of students’ stress control.