عبدالحمید نظری

The performance of small cities in connecting the residential system for ordering the urban network requires efficiency and desirability in the physical-spatial structure of these cities. Of course, due to some unbalanced urban-regional policies over time, a change in the physical structure of these cities can be seen, which has resulted in the functional inefficiency of small cities. These structural changes are different among the new small towns of Golestan province due to the physical-spatial location. This article aimed to explain and analyze the physical-spatial structure of new small towns in the urban network of Golestan province. This research is descriptive-analytical in nature and practical in terms of purpose. Data was collected by survey library method and based on questionnaires and interviews. The statistical population was city managers, citizens, and villagers, and the sample population included all 14 mayors and 28 city council members, 379 citizens, and 74 villagers. The findings of the research showed that the northern plains area had a Kendall coefficient (0.588) and Kruskal Wallis rank average (193.95) and villagers had a Kendall coefficient (0.585) and the average ranking of Kruskal Wallis (39.87). The results also revealed that the southern mountainous region had the most changes in terms of city managers with the Kendall coefficient (0.702) and the average ranking of Kruskal Wallis (24.50) in physical-spatial, while the middle plain region had a moderate trend in the changes of physical-spatial structure. It can be concluded that despite being located in the same geographical area, the three districts experienced different physical-spatial structures in the urban network arrangement, according to local and regional requirements.

One of the important and fundamental issues in deepening and expanding the field of science and local-regional development policy is the issue of sustainable development of rural settlements.Therefore, considering the characteristics of rural areas and the need for sustainable development, rural sustainability analysis is key to achieving sustainable development. In this regard, due to the lack of a suitable study of sustainability in villages in the central part of Behshahr city, this study aims to identify and explain the development trends in the environmental structure of rural settlements and the position of environmental components in the sustainability of rural settlements in central Behshahr 2019 is concentrated. The research method is descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population includes all residents of villages with more than 50 households in the central part of Behshahr city. Rural households were selected by "systematic random" method and sample villages were selected by "cluster random" method, of which 11 villages were selected.In order to analyze the data, statistical methods of Phi and Kramer test, Pearson correlation coefficient and non-statistical barometric techniques and radar method were used.The results show that environmental sustainability in mountainous villages with a score of 0.532 is at an average level, plain villages with a score of 0.488 are at the level of potentially weak instability and in mountainous villages with a score of 0.353 at an unstable level.Also, the level of environmental sustainability of the villages has a decreasing trend with distance from the city center, but there is no significant difference between the two components of distance and natural location with the level of environmental sustainability of the studied villages.

One of the fundamental goals in physical development planning is to reduce the vulnerability of the constructed space to environmental hazards. One of the most important dangerous crises in the geographical space of the country is the occurrence of earthquakes and the resulting economic and social damages. The occurrence of the Bam earthquake in 2003 led to the implementation of the "Reconstruction Plan of Bam city and surrounding villages" in 2005, which has had thought-provoking changes in the planning and reconstruction of rural housing. This study intends to identify and analyze the evolution of housing and its basic functions in the structural-functional understanding of rural housing by physically examining and evaluating the mentioned plan. The present study is applied in terms of purpose with a "positivist" approach and is descriptive-analytical based on methodology. Information and data were collected through documentary and field methods in the form of questionnaires, observations and purposeful interviews. Data were recorded, processed and analyzed in statistical software and GIS environment. The statistical population of the study was the villages covered by the Bam city reconstruction plan. Twelve villages were selected using cluster sampling method based on the effect of earthquake penetration and the formation of a three-dimensional matrix. The three-dimensional matrix included: the number of households in the village, the distance of the village from the fault and the epicenter of the earthquake, and the amount of damage to the village. In the next step, the samples were determined based on Morgan table and finally, by distributing the researcher-made questionnaires in proportion to the weight of the population of each village, 354 questionnaires were completed by the heads of households. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were determined using experts in the field of rural planning and Cronbach's test (0.94), respectively. Findings show that in the housing pattern of the affected villages of Bam, fundamental changes have taken place in retrofitting and the type and location of materials, map, number of rooms and the level of infrastructure compared to before and after the earthquake. One of the results of the effectiveness of the reconstruction plan is the visible functional changes and the lack or incompatibility of some functions in the newly built houses. This means that pre-earthquake bio-subsistence housing has become purely post-reconstruction bio-housing. The role of the villagers in these developments has been very small, which has been due to the centralism of the project. In reviewing the design and reconstruction of rural houses at risk of earthquakes, the following should be considered: institutionalization of rural participation, utilization of indigenous knowledge, rural housing with socio-economic functions and especially the origins of special culture, planning and intervention in rural physical context and access to the pattern of sustainable rural housing.

One of the manifestations of rural tourism in recent decades is the phenomenon of "second home tourism". This type of tourism in rural areas, due to the differences and variations in motivations and length of stay, is a function of natural contrasts, spatial distance, the origin of tourists and the social, economic and cultural structures of second home tourists. The present study evaluates the effects and consequences of environmental-physical consequences in rural areas of western Golestan province with the intention of tourism typology of second homes. This research is applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The data were collected through a survey method based on questionnaires and interviews. The sample population includes 360 heads of second homeowners, 144 local households and 10 rural managers. The sample villages in the research area have been determined based on the homogeneity of tourism of the second houses and their expansion in mountainous, semi-mountainous and plain areas by "cluster" method. The results of the research from the perspective of the local community indicate the existence of structural differences in the rural environment and the origin and motivations of tourists on the functions and diversity of types of tourism in second homes. The tourism boom of second homes with environmental-physical changes from the perspective of local people and rural managers has a positive relationship and from the perspective of second homeowners has the opposite relationship. The impact of the tourism of the second houses on the environmental-physical dimensions of the villages in the summer-forest mountain type is more than the plain type villages.

In geographical studies based on systemic approach, each area is considered as an open system in which villages and cities are the two main components of the residential system. Villages and cities have structures and functions that evolve through the interaction of the natural environment and human groups. These structures and functions in Marivan Township have undergone many changes due to government intervention and policies. Government interventions have taken the form of rural development and post-war reconstruction programs (expansion of communication networks), security, and the strengthening of economic foundations (opening of informal border markets). The aim of the present paper was to investigate the impact of the mentioned policies on the structural-functional changes of rural housing. The present study is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in nature, and methodologically based on the positivist approach. The statistical population includes households living in 121 villages with more than 20 households (2016 census) in Marivan Township. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula in two steps. First, 52 villages were selected by cluster sampling method in proportion to the share of the western and eastern areas of the township, 27 and 24 villages, respectively. Then, out of a total of 6305 households, 307 were selected by simple random sampling. The results showed that the housing in the western areas has undergone more structural and functional changes. According to the t-test, the average difference in changes related to the pattern of construction and form (4.64 units), biological elements (8.99 units) and livelihood (20.69 units) of rural housing in the western area is greater than the eastern part of the township.

Real estate is Part of capitalism, so long as produces the increased value by consumed value is served for productive capital flow. When it only focuses on asset value by trading and expediency Motivation the capitalism is Accounted as unproductive capital. The purpose of this research is to study and find real estate mechanism in Miandoab Area.. By applying RS technique, the changes in Land coverage of case study Area during 1998, 2006, 2016 were attained by Landsat images. 47.49 increase of built Level indicates the widespread activities of real estate in this Area. Data collection and data analysis were done by Q method. The logic of this reasoning is abduction. The society of communication includes 32 economy, geography, and planning of rural-urban professors that were selected by target sampling. The concourse of communication is arranged by new sources and Interviews in the form of 107statements, by society of communication in Q cards. The results based on factor-exploratory analysis of person-based (stephenson method) showed that eight factors as follow: economy channel and rentier government, deficiency in legal structures and Mafia activities, low risk of Investment in real estates, weakness of productive capitalism and the lack of formal channel ownership, taking land as a commodity, urban scrip and Service expanding, local-spatial representations of real estate bourgeoisie and hoarding have affected on capitalism mechanism. Also, weakness in economy channels, dependency to oil rent and disregarding of Land taxes caused to formation of real estate capitalism and eventually removed capital from production Orbit

Government policy is one of the factors affecting the agricultural activities. This study aimed at investigating these factors using a qualitative approach and Grounded theory in two counties of Turkmen and Gomishan in Golestan province of Iran during the period of 1981-2011. Field studies were carried out through the selection of 32 snowball participants. The results showed that the four policies of cultivating and developing strategic products, diversifying into economic activities by creating industrial settlements in rural areas, damming and modernization, leveling and drainage of land were the main policies affecting the agrarian production and productive agrarian activities in the studied area; in addition, there were positive consequences including an increase in rural employment and improved soil capacity as a result of two policies of diversification of economic activities and land leveling and drainage as well as the negative consequences of lowering economic benefits, changing crop patterns, reducing water supply, raising livestock costs and the reduction of livestock breeding resulted in the instability of agricultural activities and rural economy as well as the weakness of crop production activities.

In recent years, the world has witnessed a worrying natural hazard, including floods. According to global statistics, this risk has caused significant casualties and financial losses to human societies. Iran, including Golestan province, is no exception. Due to the occurrence of numerous flooding in the rural areas of the Gorganrud border of the province, unfortunately, in addition to a life-threatening vulnerability, there are also financial damages. In the face of natural hazards, these issues are rooted in the vulnerability approach. Due to the lack of savings and financial resources, the weaknesses and inability to receive and repay bank facilities and insufficient coverage of insurance among rural households exacerbate losses and losses It turns out. Therefore, to mitigate or mitigate such damages, changing the attitude of people, authorities and organizations from the emphasis on the vulnerability approach to the resilience approach is unavoidable. Because, despite the change in such an attitude, the applicability of the resilience approach was limited due to the weakness of managerial structures, lack of awareness and lack of readiness of people and authorities and most of the management efforts are still in line with the same approach to reducing physical vulnerability.

The main objective of this research is to study and analyze the relationship between economic components and resilience of rural communities in dealing with flood hazard in Gorganrud basin.

The present study is a descriptive-analytic study based on the discovery of relationships. The statistical population consisted of 106 villages located in baffer, one kilometer from the Gorganrud border with 22,942 households. The sample size was estimated by using Cochran formula, 31 villages and 318 families respectively. The cluster and random sampling method was used. Data were collected using both documentary and field data. The mean of reliability of questionnaires was Cronbach's alpha = 0.82.

The research findings show that rural households in hill area – rangeland of the Gorganrud watershed basin have been exposed to financial damages and more vulnerable to flooding due to overcoming agricultural and labor sector activities, In comparison to the plain-agricultural and mountain-forest areas and have a lower level of resilience. On the one hand, there is a significant relationship between the majority of economic components of rural communities and their resilience levels; However, the economic resilience of the whole society (with an average of 2.64) is relatively weak

Analysis and Measurement of Environmental Resilience of Villages in Gorganrud Watershed against Flood (Golestan province, Iran)
 
Abstract
Environmental hazards are inevitable phenomena that always place serious risks on the development of human societies, especially rural development. In the recent years, however, significant changes have been made in crisis management approaches, and the prevailing view has shifted from the "reduction of vulnerability" approach to "resilience improvement". Resilience is a new concept often used in the face of unknowns and uncertainties. Therefore, along with this change of attitude, it is important to examine and analyze natural hazards in terms of resilience. According to global statistics, floods, as one of the most devastating natural disasters, have caused the greatest losses and casualties to human settlements, which is true both in our country and in Golestan province. Investigations show that only in the statistical period of 1991-2014, 106 rainfall cases have led to the occurrence of floods in this province. These floods have damaged natural resources, the environment and the prevalence of environmental pollution; In addition, other natural and human factors have contributed to the heightened risk of flood damage. But if it was planned for the restoration of villages, then the damage could be reduced. Therefore, this research was conducted with the general purpose of determining the relationships between environmental factors and factors of rural communities of Gorganrud watershed on their resilience and numerical values. Finally, the residual spatial analysis of rural limited settlements was studied. Accordingly, the research questions are as follows: a) What is the relationship between environmental factors and factors in the villages of Gorganrud watershed in Golestan province with the resilience of the communities living in them in the face of flood? b) What are the resiliency values ​​of these communities in the environmental dimension and which zones? This is an applied research with descriptive-analytical method. A library of researcher-made questionnaires was used for collecting data using library resources. The statistical population consisted of 106 villages with 22,942 households. First, 31 villages were selected by cluster sampling. Then, using Cochran formula, 318 families were selected as sample size and selected by simple random sampling method. Also, for assessing the validity of the questionnaire, using Delphi collective wisdom methods, it was determined by using historical studies and opinions of experts in rural areas. The reliability of the questionnaires was also determined by using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient in the pre-test method. The value for the household questionnaire was ra1=0.841 and ra2=0.862, respectively. All steps for statistical analyzes have been performed by Excel and SPSS software. Additionally, the development of mapping, risk-taking, risk and resilience was also done with the help of ArcGIS software and the weight of each criterion was determined by the Super Decision tool; Then, using the weighted and linear overlapping methods, each of the sub-criteria of the main indexes was multiplied in its weights. The study area is divided into two distinct sections in terms of geological and geomorphological structure. The southern and eastern parts of it are the ripples of the eastern Alborz mountains, which are taller in the southern part and extend along the east-west direction. Also, the northern part of the studied basin is the Gorgan plain, in which the main branch of Gorganrud flows from east to west and all branches of the south and east are drained. Following the general slope of the main branch and its long-standing walls in the mid-east, it is usually not flooded; but as far as the west is concerned, its slope is very low and one of the flood plains is considered as the basin. The results of the research show that there is a significant relationship between the environmental factors of the studied basin villages and the resilience of the communities inhabited by them in the face of floods. Also, the average environmental resilience of the whole region was lower than the average (2.76 average), rural households in the sub-basins of TilAbad and ChehelChai with an average of 3.24 and 3 had relatively good environmental resilience, But most of the rural households in the sub-basins of Ghurechai and Lower of Gorganrud, Mohammad Abad-Zaringol, Madarsoo and Sarisoo, with an average of 2.89 to 1.85, had a poor environmental resilience. In addition, According to the flood risk resilience map, it can be said that of the total 31 sample villages studied, about 29 percent of sample villages have "medium upward" resilience in facing flood risks; conversely, most of these villages (71%) also have relatively low degree of resilience. Also, comparing the findings of this study with the results of most other researches, such as the studies of Olshansky and Kartes (1998) regarding the necessity of considering the environmental factors of settlements, observing the necessary environmental standards and the necessity of using proper land use management tools to reduce risk hazards and improve resilience, Center of Emergency Management Australia (2001) on the need to consider the state of the infrastructure, including the level of communications and accesses, biological conditions, including the status of pollution, as well as geographical characteristics, such as distances and proximity, climate, topography, as well as the general results of studies by Rafiean et al. (2012) in special selection of the most suitable model of resilience based on the combination of carter and socioeconomic model due to the simultaneous attention of this model to its geographical features and its comprehensiveness, as well as attention to the local communities' participation, Rezaei (2010), Shokri Firoozjah (2017) and Anabestani et al. (2017) Regarding the low value of the calculated population, the resiliency number of the society is consistent and consistent with the lack of attention to infrastructure issues, locations, etc., which is below the baseline (3). As a result, all of the aforementioned components of the resilience of inhabitants of sample societies have been affected by its environmental dimension, which is often due to insufficient attention and insufficient handling of them, which reduces resilience of rural residents to flood risks.
 
Keywords: Environmental hazards, Flood, Vulnerability, Resilience, Spatial analysis, Golestan Gorganrud basin.

Nowadays, recognizing the ways to achieve sustainability has dramatically changed through different patterns of vulnerability reduction in rural planning and disaster management. The attitude to natural hazards has also changed, and the dominant view has shifted from focusing on reducing "vulnerability" to improving "resilience". According to figures, "floods", storms and earthquakes have caused the greatest damages and casualties to human societies. Iran and Golestan province are not exceptional. Results of the present study show that 215 villages are facing the permanent danger of flood. In recent years, measures have been taken to reduce vulnerability, especially in case of physical dimensions of villages in Golestan province; however, enough attention has not yet been paid to effective attempts for measuring resilience against the flood risks. Therefore, based on systemic and sustainable development approaches the main goal of the present research is analyzing and measuring the relations between physical-environmental, economic, social, and institutional factors of rural communities with the rate of their resilience against flood in Gorganroud watershed. This research is a fundamental-applied study and has been completed based on a descriptive-analytical method. The study area contains 106 villages with 22,942 households. Using multistage and random cluster sampling and Cochran formula, 31 villages with 318 households were selected as the sample size. Validity of the questionnaire was verified using the Delphi method and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by the total amount of Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the rural household questionnaire α1= 0.86 and for the rural managers (Dehyar) questionnaire α2= 0.89. The overall results of the present research showed that there is a significant relationship between the environmental-physical, and social components of the study areas and the resilience of the inhabited communities against the floods. But there is not a meaningful relationship between the economic components of these villages and the resilience of their inhabitants in dealing with floods. Meanwhile, the average resilience of various dimensions of entire sub-basins of the study area was often ranked as "moderate to weak" grouping. The average figures for resilience of various dimensions were as follows: environmental-physical 2.89, social 3.68, institutional 2.92 and economic 2.64. These figures confirm the “moderate to weak” grouping of the area against flood resilience. In conclusion, it can be said that rural households in sub-basins of ChehelChai, Ghurechai and TilAbad and Sofla of Gorganrood have an overall moderate resilience, and rural households in sub-basins of Madarsoo, Rudbar-Mohammad-Abad-Zaringol and Sarisoo locate at an overall weak resiliency group.

After the Islamic revolution various politics for housing have presented to different social groups that one of the most widely of them is under the title of Mehr Housing from 2007. Housing politic's pragmatics quantitatively caused to the absolute increase at housing units of the country. So, the lack of attention to the spatial-local dimensions raised the economic-social consequences. The goal of this study was the spatial-local analysis of Mehr housing politics and the evaluation of its economic-social consequences. The method of the research was a compilation of surveys and library studies and used the questionnaire for collecting data. The validity of questionnaire was content and its stability attained by Cronbach Alpha 0/82. The participants were Mehr Housing Sites of Miyandoab County and 1548 families in these sites which were selected 230 families as sample size calculation by using of Kokaran formula and with presumptive sampling by drawing method. With using of network analysis model (NA) and with physical criteria, the environment was done the evaluation of location and the spatial analysis of Mehr sites and analyzed the economic-social consequences of locating sites with quantitative method. The results showed that Mehr Housing of Miyandoab County are located in unfavorable positions because of access to everyday needs of its residents ( proximity to urban services, user training, health, sport, leisure,…) and also because of access to transportation and location( the location on valuable lands) that caused the negative economic-social consequences such as increasing the time and cost of daily travel and reduction in social communication of site's residents and also reduction in sense of local belonging to housing.

Many rural settlements with the various problems in different aspect that some of these problems are return back to historical past, although some changes have emerged in recently years. Lack of necessary investments in economic and social infrastructure and also lack of efficient management of today's issues that caused an imbalance in these areas has a greater range and clutter in rural area. Due to the growth and development of country and importance of sustainable development in the infrastructure for the development of informed and prudent life, and the lives of rural communities appears to be necessary. In this regard, it is essential to rural housing as a key element of the rural context should be given necessary attention. In recently years, the development of housing policy in rural housing, which specifically applies from Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation are included various aspects such as establishment of efficient and robust in the face of natural disaster, repair and retrofit units housing in rural areas of the country. In this regards, financial allocation for renovation and retrofitting of rural housing in recent years has been changes in the physical and spatial characteristics of housing in many rural.

The meaning of Housing has been emphasized by many researchers in built environment. Most researches on the development of meaning mainly provided lists of references, categorizations, and meaning hierarchy in residential spaces. However, it seems that there are networks of relations among different dimensions of meaning that form its organization in housing. Such cognitive organization paving the way for spatial organization of spaces are in fact c the ultimate goal in dwelling design.
The aim of this study was to develop a valid, reliable and normalized scale to discover the organization of concept of dwelling in Turkmen settlement. The participants of the study were mothers of Turkmen households who lived in Gonbad e Qaboos. Sample size was estimated by Kline's method thus 410 mothers were selected by using a random multi-cluster sampling. Variables such as climate, family life circle, generational differences, gender, career and tribal bondages, urban or rural and housing typology were considered in sampling and statistical analyses.
Due to relative novelty of this study in Iran and lack of measuring instruments, it deemed necessary to develop a proper measuring questionnaire for the inquiry. The Survey Method was conducted where the results of a number of case interviews were collected and organized in a table called Content Goal Table. This latter table was used for the preparation of final questionnaire, which has 158 items. The questionnaire then was given and filled by the mothers of 410 families.
Descriptive and parametric statistical analyses were conducted. These included difficulty index, discriminative index, and loop technique, validity (face validity, translation validity, content validity, and construct validity (factor analysis), and reliability (Kuder-Richardson). The reliability of Turkmen Housing Meaning Organization Decoding Questionnaire by computing the Kuder-Richardson coefficient was 0.931. The factor analysis after rotation showed the value of cumulative variance of 0.728. These indicated that the questionnaire can explain 72.8% of Turkmen dwelling meaning structure by using the researcher-designed measures and about .44 of it is explainable by conceptual factors provided by this study. The factors were clarified and conceptualized into ten meaning factors. Each factor was defined in relation to other items and labeled appropriately. Validity of the factor's label was refined and determined by feedbacks obtained from the experts. The discovered factors are “obtaining social respect and approval”, “social belonging”, “relative social relationships”, “fulfilling of physiological needs”, “family stability”, “privacy”, “family belonging”, “spatial features of social relationships”, “placement of social interactions” and “individual satisfaction”. Overall, by considering the results of present study, Turkmen Housing Meaning Organization Decoding Questionnaire has decent reliability and validity, and is able to target Housing Meaning Organization appropriately in Turkmen cultural communities.
Limitations of the present study is the population subject as a special cultural group, conclusions are rationed to this group. Investigation of meaning was conducted on the mothers group, so generalization of findings to other family members should be done carefully. It is recommended for future researches to consider these limitations in order to embrace wider target groups.
Concerning the influence of meaning organization for promoting dwelling quality, it may be suggested to policy makers, designers, programmers and educators to apply this research instrument. While design programming and planning, designers can benefit from the methods and processes of discovering meaning organization to better fulfill occupants cognitive expectations with the residential spaces.

This article seeks to identify the spatial pattern viability of rural settlements bordering areas of Hermand is to identify risk areas The method applied in this study is descriptive and analytical approach of the research .To analyze the spatial distribution pattern of viable villages in three favorable , average and unfavorable spatial statistical tests GEO DATM spatial statistical analysis and GIS software environment will be used to spatially pattern viability villages to identify high-risk zones and eventually be identified.The results show the viability of the desired range of 16 villages , 16 villages and 12 villages in the whole poor were in the moderate range . The results of the algorithm used to analyze the spatial distribution of insulin Moran viability in the region shows that 7 Cold cluster ( habitable Low (LL), and 11 clusters of hot ( high viability (HH) in the region were identified. The largest hot spots in the south of the city , and the villages located in this spot has high livability and are located adjacent to each other and the cold spots and the city center located in the South East.The results show poorer villages near the border of viability and cold clusters are concentrated in these areas and cold clusters are concentrated in these areas and Dependence on the agricultural economy and lack of water resources is plain in the northern city of viability are weaker .High-risk spots in the area of security instability in rural settlement could be at risk and consequently the settlements that are more appropriate and livability and in the vicinity of the spots with low viability are also at risk in terms of security and to review their viability will be affected.

Weekly cyclical markets traditionally existed in various towns and cities, were known as one of the main characteristics of cities. In recent decades, these markets -as one of the emerging phenomena in social & economic geography- have been rapidly extended to rural areas. Regarding the importance of these markets in the life of rural setellers, not only our perceptions of their evolutions, and relationships with surrounding rural stricts, but also their compatibility potencial with upper-hand regions. So, the goal of our research is knowing and analyzing the rural cyclical markets in Aq Qala county, considering their locating compliance level with rural settlements hierarchical system. This research, has a developmental and applicational goal _and in terms of the methodology, is an exploratory, descriptive-analytic research. Data and information gathering was done according to documentary-field methods. In this regard, the main instrument of the study, was a researcher-made questionnaire, that given the state of our statistics population, consisted of two groups (buyers-sellers), finally 342 questionnaires were completed. To analyze the gathered information and data, we benefited descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney tests). According to the results of this study, based on different models (the shortest distance, population and weightening the services), those rural weekly markets, having been set up at the center of rural areas, have been more compatible with rural Centers and systems; and considering the government's attention and the existing population, enjoy a vaster performance radius. On the other hand, markets having been formed in ordinary villages, and in compliance with rural centers, show a weaker performance, due to less population.

Vulnerability to natural hazards is one of the most important issues of villages in Iran. Iran is listed in the first ten accident-prone countries in the world. It annually imposes many damages on villages through natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, etc. To tackle the problem, an important attempt was applied during the recent decades is the policy of resettlement. The mentioned policy has been followed in forms of movement, integration and aggregation of villages. As spatial foundation and location of settlements are mostly based on natural environmental factors, then before any attempt, or before any dislocation of the villages, ecological potential of the new place needs to be evaluated. However, as dislocations resulted from unpredicted events such as flood are associated with emergency conditions and would be done very quickly; there is not enough time for evaluation before the action. In result, conducting such plans, unlike their positive impacts on service-delivery, cannot be quite welcomed due to ignoring the ecological and environmental factors which need to be considered before any actions. Therefore, such plans can create some negative consequences and be considered as non-successful plans.
One of the projects that have been implemented in connection with this issue in Golestan province is dislocating and integrating flooded villages on Kalaleh County during 2001 to 2006. Based on the mentioned plan, twelve villages which were located at higher section of Gorgan Roud and were aggregated and located at a new site named “PishKamar”. These villages were flood-damaged. Such a site was urgently constructed based on a top-down approach, urban-based patterns and without considering the needs and ideas of stakeholders. So, such a plan needs to be evaluated and assessed against some normal and standard criteria. As such mistakes can be repeated elsewhere, recognizing the pros and cons of such plans would be a good guide and experience for the next projects. The present paper aims to evaluate the ecological potential, physical design of the site as well as measuring the levels of PishKamar site resident’s satisfaction.
This study is a kind of the ex-post facto evaluation and its methodology is descriptive – analytical. To do that, we have considered a four-steps ecological potential of the site using Makhdom’s model. We also have used the 1:50000 topography maps, 1:250000 geological maps, 1:100000 land-use maps and 1:100000 soil fertility and capacity. All layers were transferred into ArcGIS environment, for more analysis. Data collection was based on surveying, interview and questionnaire. The statistical sample include 1350 households heads resided at the studied site, of them 200 persons were randomly selected for data collection purposes(According to Cochran AWT IMAGE in the formula, standard deviation was 36%, test statistical was 1.96 and α was equal to 0.05). The results of the first stage of our study indicated that based on 330 primary integrated cells and overlaying the maps, there would exist 13 homogenous ecological units. In addition, a significant proportion of the Makhdom indicators used to assess indices was confirmed by chi-square test. Accordingly, 67% of cells in class I with good ecological potential and 8/28% of the cells in the appropriate ecological class II and only 2.4 percent were in class 3 to be inappropriate ecologically. Thus, of total 13 units, 11 units with an area equivalent to 127 hectares were classified as class I and II, and environmental units with an area of three hectares in third class were inappropriate. Therefore, the studied site was evaluated as a good site in terms of ecological conditions.
In addition, evaluation of resident's satisfaction mapping site in terms of compliance with the ecological conditions and the physical texture design which was based on systemic approach of sustainable development indicators was revealed that the maximum satisfaction of residents was related to house orientation and strength of buildings, road network design and architecture patterns.But the dimensions of environmental issues including soil resistance as a result of landslides, climate harmony with the architecture and the wind direction has not completely been considered. Totally, of 11 evaluated criteria, people were satisfied with 6 of them and disappointed with another 5 criteria. It was confirmed by T-test.

The foundation of rural economy is based on agricultural activities and irrigation is one of the oldest issues (especially in areas with scarce rainfall) in agriculture. Thus، most parts of Iran is located in arid (dry) and semi- arid continents of the world and improper distribution of rain in time and place، shortage of water resources and transmission of it from long path are basic challenges of this part. Hence، water resource management and increment of irrigation efficiency and efficiency utilization of water (as agriculture-based development) becomes more and more important. One of the available solutions is application of pressurized irrigation systems introduced recently as innovations to farmers. The geographical range of the study area of the present research is Miandoab County. It is located in southeast of west Azarbaijan Province and lies in geographical coordinate of 36˚ 44'' to 37 ˚18'' N and 45˚ 36'' to 45˚ 46'' E. Based on De Martonne climatology model، the study area is lying in semiarid continent category. The major part of this county is alluvial plain with 2233 square kilometers، 13 percent of total area of country. Up to 19403 of beneficiaries are located in 80611 hectares of cultivation lands in this county and from this space 66. 18 percent are cultivated by water and the rest is dry. The present analytical-descriptive research attempts to identify the effectiveness of social-economic factors in admission pressurized irrigation system conducted with scaling method in Miandoab County. For this، in the random sampling of 162 beneficiaries of modern irrigation of this county using of Cochran formula، 80 farmers and those who used the methods of traditional irrigation were selected. We used the questionnaire for data collection about social variables (age، education، habitat، basic profession، propagation and explanation and private interests) and economic variables (land area، the number of land pieces، the number of machinery، governmental credits، providing cheap power and water sources limitations). These are the drawbacks and factors of admission between two beneficiary groups. They are in accordance with scales of these variables of statistical sample in SPSS application. Agricultural development and economic growth in developing countries were affected by quality and quantity of water resources. In Iran، from 93. 3 percent of utilized water 93 percent was devoted to agriculture. With regard to critical situation and water resources reduction، it is necessary to increase the efficiency of utilized water in farms by converting the surface irrigation methods into modern or pressurized methods as basic solutions. The most advantageous property of using the pressurized irrigation system is sustainability of ecosystem. At first، this reduces the water dissipation، then reduces the cost of water transmission from long path (remote) and، at last، drawbacks the soil erosion. The efficiency of dropping pressurized irrigation systems is more than 90 percent and rainy system is more than 80 percent. The efficiency of traditional irrigation is less than 40 (fourteen) percent. With the mentioned advantages، there is no sufficient tendency for investing in this project. It can be because of the fact that the responsible entities of agricultural and rural developments or own farmers do not pay attention to this problem. For this، we studied the rules of social-economic factors in admission of pressurized irrigation systems in Miandoab County. 1. Economic factors are (land area، the number of land''s lots، the number of agricultural machinery، limitation of water sources، enjoying of governmental credits، and etc.). Originally، pressurized irrigation systems are designed for big lands of average scale and the initiation of these systems are not economical in minor scale units. Remarkably، pragmatics of innovative systems increases the rate of production. The amount of irrigated wheat production of beneficiaries has been increased in the period of before performance from 4. 43 tons/hectares to 5. 74 tons/hectares. The output average of sugar beet with increase in 56. 75 percent reached to 73. 62 tons/hectares. 2. Social factors: On the other side، the beneficiaries of pressurized irrigation systems in comparison with traditional beneficiaries have younger age average and high education، and their basic profession is agriculture. They have tendency to urbanization and they are imposed to more propagation and promotion. They accepted the risk and were interested in agricultural mechanism. The age average of innovative beneficiaries (48. 91) is lower than the traditional ones (54 years). On the other hand، in the studied population، only 75 percent of modern beneficiaries and 35 percent of traditional beneficiaries are literate. The rate of land ownership of innovative beneficiaries (27. 99 hectares) about 3 times is more than the traditional ownership (9. 34 hectares). On the other hand، modern beneficiaries are more interested in mechanization and they are mostly welcomed to agricultural explanation program for traditional farmers. Generally، social and economic factors of innovation adoption have differences between modern and traditional beneficiaries and the admission of these innovative systems accelerated the production per unit level. After 19 years from the arrival of the modern irrigation systems to this county، slow procedure is clear in its admission by farmers. As from the 2. 83 percent of cultivation lands of this county، 58 percent are supplied with these systems by the farmers. The contrastive social-economic and structural factors of admission of this innovation in Miandoab County indicate that: among 15 defined variables (9 economic variables and 6 social variables) economic variables are affected more than social variables in system''s admission. Admission of pressurized irrigation in modernization and agricultural development are affected by procedural model of that. Emission and admission of modern technologies of individual factors and innovator characteristics and innovation received system or structural factors affect the admission of these systems. Generally، social-individual variables such as age، education، basic profession، habitat، propagation and explanation، private interests and economic factors as farm indicator، machinery possession، governmental credits، providing cheap power، government support and cooperation in performance and limitation of water resources have significant effect on the admission of these pressurized systems.

Quality of life can be influenced by factors, and be a lot for some components of the factors related to the socio-economic base of the villagers (such as level of education, income, etc.), Some related to access to services and infrastructure for rural areas (such as public transport, roads, health clinics and homes ...) and others, as well as related to personal and individual characteristics (such as age, sex, marital status, etc.) can be fitted. The present study aims to assess the factors affecting the quality of life of the villagers has been carried out in the city in gomishan of analytical and descriptive field navigation method is used. As well as the statistical community in this city that are densely populated villages gomishan research using the method of the household of the number n = 252 Cochran administrator they are randomly selected and simple questionnaire is distributed between them. The collected data has been collected, through the analysis of SPSS software have been fitted. regression test and Spearman correlation coefficient for the foregoing factors influencing rate of assessment on the quality of life of the villagers has been used on the show, obtained for the social base influencing the economic level to 99%, 95% of the services and the infrastructure of rural and social status on the quality of life influencing down the villagers.

Massive allocation of administration power and governmental funds and after several years from use and expansion of pressurized irrigation systems in the country calls for the strengths and weaknesses of this plan identifying primary targets and use them according to as a strategy for future. This study was produced in order to evaluation of influences of pressurized irrigation systems of the cropping pattern and yield of crops. Based on the results these systems were designed large- scale farms and administration of them on the small-scale farms reduce territorial integrity and the number of pieces of land among famers. The other hands the cultivater aread of sugar-beet in creased strongly with the rainy irrigation systems. The results of the Evalution of pressurized irrigation systems on the production of crops under cultivation showed that the average production of wheat, barley and sugar-beet has increased respectively 1.31, 0.52 and 31.84 tons per hectare. In general the changing of crops pattern and efficiency per unit area is significantly associated with implementation of pressurized irrigationn.