عطرین ابراهیمی

The growth rate of urban population varies in different regions, and the role and position of cities in this area is very influential. Baneh is now considered one of the most important cities in the west of the country, which is very much considered, and due to its commercial location, the urban population and the expansion of its urban settlements are in a steady rising trend. Due to the geomorphologic situation of the area, the development of the settlement areas of this city is confronted, and as a result of the development of this city, many settlements are located in areas that are geomorphologically part of the hazardous areas. Considering the above mentioned cases in this research, the Baneh urban development process from 1992 to 2017 has been evaluated and the aim of this research is to evaluate the Baneh urban development process during the period 1992 to 2017, and then on the basis of it, the development rate the city of Baneh will be projected until 2030. The research data included Landsat satellite imagery of 1992, 2001, 2011, and 2017, as well as information layers including DEM 30m. Data analysis was performed using two ARC GIS and IDRISI software. In this research, using satellite imagery of land use, a study area was developed from 1992 to 2017, and based on these maps, the LCM model predicts the development of residential areas by 2030. The results of the present study indicate that during the period 1992 to 2017 the size of the residential areas increased from 9 km2 to 20 km2, as well as the results of the prediction of the development of residential areas also indicate that the size of the restricted settlement areas until 2030 It will reach about 27.7 square kilometers.

 Among the common risks in arid and semi-arid regions is the risk of desertification. Iran's hydroclimatic situation has caused many parts of it to be exposed to this danger. Semnan province is one of the regions that has faced the expansion of desertification in recent years. Considering the importance of the subject, this study aims to evaluate the potential of desertification risk in the northern regions of Semnan province.

 The statistical information related to the population and climate of Semnan province, library information, and the 30-meter high SRTM digital model have been used as the most important research data. The most important software used were SPSS and ArcGIS, which were used to perform calculations and prepare final maps. The method used in this research was the DVI model.

 The results of this research have shown that 16.8% of the region's area, which mainly includes the western and southeastern regions of the studied region, is in the category of very high vulnerability potential against the risk of desertification. Also, about 60% of the region is in the class with high vulnerability potential, which indicates the region's high potential from the risk of desertification. The classes with medium and low vulnerability potential cover a total of 23.2% of the region.

 The findings show that many parts of the northern regions of Semnan province have a high potential in terms of desertification. Therefore, in order to prevent the spread of this danger, it is necessary to have the necessary programs to control the destruction of pastures and changes in land use.

Innovation: 

In this research, human parameters are considered. Also, the results of this research can be used in various civil and environmental planning.

The risk of subsidence in recent years has posed serious challenges to many cities, including cities in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Hamedan is one of the cities that are exposed to this risk and for this reason, this study evaluated the subsidence in the city. The data included Sentinel 1 radar images, Landsat satellite images, 30 m SRTM digital model and groundwater data. Tools also included ArcGIS, GMT, and ENVI. In the first stage, land use maps of the region for the period 1991-2020 were prepared and analyzed. In the second stage, the situation of groundwater depletion in the study area was explored, and in the third stage, using radar images and SBAS time series method, the amount of subsidence in the area over a three-year period (2017 to 2020) was calculated. The results showed that the urban area and suburbs of Hamedan annually experience one meter drop in water resources and 0.7 Square kilometers of physical development. Moreover, the subsidence rate of this area during the three-year period was between 6 to 98 mm. According to the final map, the rate in western areas of Hamadan was between 60 to 98 mm, in central areas was between 30 to 60 mm, and in a big part the city subsidence is 6 to 30 mm from its eastern regions. Considering that the highest rate of physical development of Hamedan city in recent years has been in the western suburbs of the city, it can be said that the physical development along with the decline of groundwater resources are the main factors of subsidence in this city.

The term geosite is a new concept in tourism land and is very important in understanding the geological history and historical geological evolution of a region. Geosites are landforms that have gained special value over time due to human awareness, thus creating the necessary context for the development of tourism activities and special infrastructure in an area. Geosites may exist individually or in broader perspectives. They may be altered, damaged, or even destroyed by the effects of human activities. Different regions have different potentials in terms of geosite diversity and consequently the development of geotourism depends on geological, geomorphological, and hydro-climatic factors. One of the areas that has high potential in the development of the geotourism and tourism industry is the karst areas. Kamyaran city in Kurdistan province is one of the areas located in karst formations. Kamyaran city, despite having developed karst areas, types of landscapes, rivers, and springs, has a high potential for the development of the geotourism industry and geostourism. Despite the natural conditions in the region, it seems that more attention has been paid mainly to cultural issues. Due to the importance of the issue, in this study, the geotourism situation of Kamyaran city is studied and optimal geotourism models in this city have been presented.

In this research, in order to achieve the desired goals, library information, interviews, field visits, the digital model height of 30 meters, geological maps 1: 100000 and topographic maps 1: 50000 have been used. ArcGIS and SPSS software are the research tools. Also in this research, the Kubalikova model has been used to evaluate geosites and fuzzy logic and ANP models have been used to identify areas prone to geotourism development. This research has been done in three stages. In the first stage, using field visits, interviews, and library studies, the geosites of the region were identified and evaluated using the Kubalikova method. In the second stage, 9 parameters (the distance from the river, landscape, urban areas, communication lines, cultural sites, distance geosites, altitude, slope as well as vulnerability potential) and fusion logic integrated model and AHP were used to identify areas prone to geotourism development in Kamyaran city. In the third stage, based on the results obtained from the previous stages and the location of geosites, appropriate models for visiting geosites were presented.

The results of the evaluation of geosites based on the Kubalikova model indicate that among the geosites of the region, Palangan valley has the highest score with a total of 10.25 points, followed by Gavoshan dam, and Tangivar River with 10 and 75 points, respectively. The results also indicate that the geosites of the western regions of Kamyaran city had the highest score in terms of the Kubalikova method. In this study, after evaluating geosites, areas prone to geotourism development have been identified. Based on the results, the southern and western parts of Kamyaran city due to the distribution of potential geosites, the presence of permanent rivers, proximity to cultural sites, and proximity to communication lines had a great potential for geotourism development goals. According to the results, Palangan and Tangivar River geosites have the highest potential for geotourism development goals because they have a high score in terms of evaluation methods and are also in classes prone to geotourism development. Also, in this study, based on the location of geosites in the study area, 6 patterns were presented for visiting and planning for geotourism development goals. The results of evaluating the scores of geosites obtained in different models indicate that the total averages percentage of scores of the visited geosites were 26.25, 33.75, 30.75, 23.25, 13, and 71.75 in the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth patterns, respectively.

One of the areas that has high potential in the development of geotourism and tourism industry is the karst areas. Iran covers about 11% of the country's karst areas, most of which are located in the Zagros belt.. Kamyaran city in Kurdistan province is one of the areas located in karst formations and due to the geographical location and the existence of appropriate parameters such as rainfall, lime purity, the presence of seams and cracks, etc., has caused most of the karst areas of this area to be developed and this factor has caused in this city We see a variety of karst landscapes such as caves, valleys, rivers and abundant springs and waterfalls, and also on a smaller scale types of lapis that play a role in the diversity of landscapes in the region. The diversity of karst landscapes in the region has caused this city to be very popular with tourists in recent years, so the karstic nature of the region has been the main factor in attracting tourists in recent years, but despite the karst factors as Has been the main factor in the development of tourism in the region, However, no comprehensive research has been done on the geomorphological resources of tourism and their vulnerability, so in this study, the effective factors in the development of karst landforms and also the impact of the role of karst landforms in the development of geotourism in Kamyaran city have been studied.

This research is based on descriptive and analytical methods. Research data include geological maps 1: 100000, topographic maps 1: 250,000, digital model of 30 m height, as well as library information and information from field visits. In this research, ArcGIS and SPSS have also been used as research tools. This research has been done in two stages. In the first stage, potential library geosites have been identified using library studies and field visits. After identifying the geosites, they were evaluated using the Kubalikova method and the local method, which was prepared based on different methods. In the second stage, in order to identify the karst areas developed, 9 parameters including slope, slope direction, altitude, distance from the river, precipitation, temperature, distance from the river, distance from the fault, lithology and land use have been used. After preparing the information layers, in order to do the final zoning, the prepared layers are fuzzy. After preparing the information layers and fuzzy them, the information layers have been weighed using the opinions of relevant experts and the network analysis model (ANP). After weighting the information layers, the obtained weight is applied on the layers and finally the information layers are combined using a fuzzy gamma operator, thus preparing the final map of the developed karst areas.

The results of the evaluation of geosites indicate that according to the Kubalikova method, among the geosites of the region, Palangan valley has the highest score with a total of 10.25 points, followed by the geosites of Gavoshan dam and Tangivar river. With 10 and 8.75 points, respectively, have the highest score. According to the local method, Palangan Valley geosite has the highest score with a total of 28 points, followed by Tangivar River and Amirabad Plain with 26 and 25 points, respectively. Also, based on the results of combining the two methods of Kubalikova and native, the Palangan valley geosite with an average of 74.4%, has the highest score, so it is the most valuable geosite in Kamyaran. After this geosite, the geosites of Tangivar River, Gavoshan dam, Morvarid neck and Vian valley have the highest score with an average of 66.2, 66, 62.7 and 61.4 points, respectively. The results of identifying areas prone to karst development also indicate that the western parts of Kamyaran city, corresponding to the Shaho slopes, have a high potential for the development of karst processes.

The results of the research indicate that a large part of Kamyaran city is covered by developed karst areas, which has caused this city to have a high geotourism potential. In fact, under the influence of hydro-climatic conditions, geology and geomorphology, many parts of the city, including its western and southwestern regions, are prone to the development of karstic processes. Influenced by karstic processes, Kamyaran city has various forms of geotourism including springs, karstic valleys, rivers and also various landscapes resulting from dissolution that the distribution of these geosites is directly related to the development of karstic areas. In fact, a large part of the geosites of Kamyaran city are located in developed karst areas. Developed karst areas, along with their high geotourism potential, are exposed to vulnerabilities due to pollution and degradation, which should be considered in the geotourism development goals of the region.

One of the most important problems facing desert areas today is the growing trend of desertification and land use change. Land use is a special use of man from the earth. These uses are changing over time and these changes lead to increased land degradation and ecosystem destruction, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Accordingly, in this research, the trend of land use change in the east of Kerman Province from Fahroj to Bam's new citadel has been evaluated. In this research, satellite images of the years 2000, 2010 and 2017 have been used to monitor land use change. The methodology is that by using the controlled classification method, the land use map was prepared for these years and then, using the Land Change Modeler (LCM), the amount of variation of the calculation and the trend of the modifications were modeled. The results of this study indicate that in the study area of agricultural land and vegetation has the most change, so that during the study period, along with the growing trend of residential areas, agricultural lands and vegetation, the trend has decreased. In addition to the trend of increasing the residential areas, the areas of the Bayer area of study have also increased during the open time, which, given the environmental conditions governing the area, could be a serious threat to the inhabitants of the region.

One of the risks that has occurred in many areas in recent years is the risks of subsidence. Iran's geographical location has caused many of its areas to be at risk, including the Pakdasht plain on the southern slopes of Alborz. Due to the importance of the subject in this study, the amount of subsidence in Pakdasht urban area has been evaluated. In this study, radar interferometry and Sentinel imaging were used to evaluate the subsidence of the area. For process information, SNAP and Snaphu software have been used to calculate the vertical displacement of the study area from 2018/01/08 to 2019/01/15. The results of the study indicate that the study area is lacking geomorphological barriers, in recent years, it has faced the trend of development of construction as well as the development of industrial and agricultural activities, which has led to increased exploitation and severe groundwater loss in the study area. Groundwater depletion has also caused a subsidence in the region so that, based on the results of radar interferometry, limited studies have been conducted within the 15 to 85 mm subsidence period over the 1-year period. Assessment of the displacement map of the area indicates that the highest amount of subsidence was in the western regions and the lowest in the southeastern areas of Pakdasht metropolitan area.

Geotourism has received a lot of attention as a branch of tourism in recent years and can be considered as one of the important pillars in the development of regions. Due to the importance of the issue, in the present study, the geomorphosites of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province have been evaluated. This research is based on descriptive-analytical methods and has been done in several stages. In the first stage, the geosites of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province have been identified using library studies, interviews and questionnaires. In the second stage, geosites have been evaluated using the Comanescu method, and finally, in the third stage, based on the obtained results, the potential geosites of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province have been identified. The results show that among the geosites of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Gandoman wetland geosite has the highest score with a total of 83 points. After this geosite, Spring Koohrang geosite with 82, Choghakhor wetland with 81 and Inverse Laleh plain with 78 points have the highest score. According to the above-mentioned cases, the geosites of Gandman wetland, Koohrang spring, Choghakhor wetland and Inverse Laleh plains have been selected as valuable geosites of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, which need special attention.

The Hamedan-Bahar plain has experienced a severe drop in groundwater levels during recent salinities, which has caused the region to be exposed to subsidence hazards. Accordingly, in this study firstly, using groundwater level information in the study area, the groundwater level in the study area was evaluated using 5 piezometers in the study area. Then, using the Sentinel 1 satellite imagery (2016/01/11 to 2017/12/19) and the SBAS time series method, the vertical displacement of the region is evaluated. Groundwater assessment results indicate that the range of studies in recent years has seen an increasing trend in groundwater levels, with water levels in some wells reaching up to 2 m / year, which has caused There has been a sharp drop in water levels in that area. Also, the results of the evaluation of the displacement rate of the area indicate that this area has been subsidence by 133/2 mm over the 2 year period. In addition, the results of correlation between annual water level decline and area subsidence indicate that there is a direct relationship between water level decline and area subsidence and the correlation coefficient of ./94 percent.

Considering the ever-increasing changes in land uses and the need for managers and experts to know how changes have taken place in policy and options for solving the existing problems. Detection of changes to determine the trend over time seems necessary. On the other hand, modeling future changes is important for understanding the quality of future changes. Therefore, the full recognition of land use, its past changes and the prediction of future changes plays an important role in the sustainable management of resources. Modeling land use processes is an important tool in optimizing land use and land use planning. One of the models used to predict landslide changes is the model of artificial neural networks and Markov chain analysis. The features of the artificial neural network include the ability to learn and generalize and process information in parallel. Considering the goal of urban development during the years 2000 to 2012, satellite imagery of the years 2000 and 2012 in June has been used. After the preparation of satellite imagery and pre-processing of images, the landuse in the study area for the years 2000 and 2012 has been prepared. Then useing the LCM model landuse change patterns of changes were analyzed. Then, based on the Markov chain model, the potential for changing each use to residential use is measured. This means that each pixel was capable of showing change the image from one land use to another. Then, based on the major changes in the region in the survey, three sub-models of shifting change were identified as transforming pastures into habitat areas, converting agricultural production into settlements, and transforming dryland farming into settlements. After calculating the potential for the transfer of any land use to a settlement using descriptive data, a plan for predicting the use of land for 2025 and 2040 was then provided. Given that the purpose of the present study was to assess the development of residential areas, the extent of changes in these areas were assessed during the years 2000 to 2012. The results indicate that the residential areas increased from 8.3 square kilometers in 2000 to 12.6 square kilometers in 2012, according to the land use map, and mostly changes in the urban area of Songhor area have been made. The results of the assessment of changes indicate that the land use change from irrigated agricultural to residential use during the 12 year period was 1.9 km2, which for dryland agriculture it was 0.6 kilometers, Also 1.8 km2 of rangelands has become residential. The results of this study indicate that the irrigated agricultural lands of the city of Sangar, especially the southern regions and pastures near the urban area, have had most changes. Among the changes in other uses, about 11.5 km2 of the rangeland has been converted into rainfed farming, and about 12.3 km2 of land has also become rangelands and also, about 4.7 km2 of irrigated agricultural has become arable land or Bayer land and about 1.5 km2 of rangelands has become irrigated agricultural land. The growing population has led to an increase in the number of habitat areas and, as a result, agricultural lands and pastures have undergone changes. The growing trend of settlement development varies from region to region, and in the urban area of Songhor more are moving toward the southern regions of the urban area. Considering the geomorphologic status of the study area, a large part of the range is covered by rangelands. Irrigated agricultural lands which have a significant share, are located on the outskirts of the city of Songhor, which are undergoing further changes. According to the main objective of the research, based on descriptive data such as distance from communication, distance from urban boundaries, elevation and slope, the amount of development of residential areas for 2025 and 2040 is also projected. The results of the forecast indicate that in the case of the growing trend, the development of the settlements will reach about 18.2 km2 in 2025, and will reach 24.2 km2 in 2040, due to the high potential of the southern regions of the city of Songhor, the highest rate of development of settlements will be towards these areas. The results indicate that the increasing number of settlements in the city of Songhor will lead to the degradation of high-quality agricultural lands and pastures. If the trend is continued, the irrigated agricultural around of the city of Songhor will reach the lowest level by 2040. Also most of the pastures will also be degraded. Hence, it is necessary to identify areas suitable for the development of a settlement before increasing of rate the destruction occur, so that less prone areas for agriculture and pastures can be degraded.

Geosites in addition to academic values, protective values, cultural, aesthetic, social and economic requirements. Based on this research geosites in the city of Marivan, have been studied. For this purpose the city 12 geo sites have been identified and assessed. This research To evaluate the geosites three methods have been used Gam, Fassoulas and Kubalikova. And after evaluation criteria and sub-criteria using any of the methods, based on the scores obtained, the regional geo sites are ranked. After evaluating geosites, maps zoning areas prone to the development of geotourism is provided. For this purpose, 8 parameter is used And in order to do zoning, the fuzzy logic model AHP is used. The results indicate that Zribar Lake, Plain Bilo, Plain Navtagh and Zone Ghamchian have the highest value. Also, the criteria were considered in these methods can be said that the management and protection of regional geosites not suitable It is therefore essential to develop geotourism industry in the city on the management, conservation and public awareness raising activities is necessary.

Landslides are considered as one of the domain processes that are the result of natural processes and human activities. These processes are among the most damaging natural hazards that have been accelerating as human manipulation of natural systems in recent decades. Considering that identification and segmentation of susceptible areas and risk zoning is an important step in assessing environmental hazards, this study evaluates the degradation status of the Lasm basin. In this research, the geomorphology, geology and human parameters of the basin have been evaluated first. Then, using the hierarchical analysis method (AHP) and the experts' opinion, the layers used are valued. After obtaining the weight of the layers by the AHP model, the weights obtained on the layers were applied and then the information layers were combined with the fuzzy logic model and a final map was obtained. The studied basin has been classified in 5 classes in terms of potential landslide in order to better distinguish and evaluate more easily. The results show that about 43% of the total area of the basin (about 129 km2) is located in the area with a high and very high potential for landslide, which is mainly located in the southern part of the basin (due to the availability of most conditions). Besides, the results showed potential occurrence of landslides in the studied basin is generally increased from north to south and from west to east.