علی اصغر اسمعیل پور روشن

Recent developments in Afghanistan led to the fall of Ghani's government and re-formation of Taliban; It doubled the attention of analysts to the Afghanistan issue. Following the developments aimed at changing the structure in the country and the gradual formation of the emerging political system, the process of transformation of Afghanistan's surrounding environment has intensified and multiple impacts at all levels and domains has created Therefore, the main question is what are the major challenges of Afghanistan and the geopolitical analysis of this country's relations with its neighbors and conflict countries? The hypothesis that can be proposed is that the process of state building in Afghanistan and the re-formation of Taliban with the inefficiency of the legitimacy crisis and the fragility of the government on one hand and the internal capacities of the Taliban on the other hand at the national level, the performance of neighbors such as Pakistan, India and Iran at the regional level and Afghanistan's geopolitical challenges with its neighbors; The change in the strategy of the US and NATO, Russia and China at the international level have played a decisive role in the re-establishment of the Taliban's power in Afghanistan. The findings show that if Afghanistan is still part of the US and NATO geopolitical puzzle, then the Afghanistan region will become the focus of new conflicts in the border region of Central,, South and West Asia and China, which will pose direct threats to Iran and then will create problems for Russia and China afterwards.

In the current era, it is the source of many conflicts and regional conflicts between the states that share watersheds. Basically, the existence of common water resources in border areas as an economic resource is considered an important factor in border disputes between countries. The purpose of writing this article is to analyze the hydropolitical tensions in the border areas of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The current research is a descriptive-analytical research in terms of its practical purpose and in terms of the nature of the data and the method of collection. To carry out the present research, after collecting the documents related to the research, they were explained and analyzed and practical results were presented.

The obtained findings show; Reasonable and valid agreements regarding shared watersheds have not been made with neighboring countries, or if they exist, they do not have a strong legal framework that can be cited in international courts.

The Islamic Republic of Iran has actual tensions in its border areas, especially in the eastern borders with Afghanistan and in the western borders with Iraq, and in the northern and northwestern borders with Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan and Turkey, there are potential tensions in the field of hydropolitical resources. Keeping in mind that in the not too distant future, hydropolitical resources will be one of the most important resources that will be the source of conflicts or local and regional crises, it is necessary to adopt written planning regarding the aforementioned resources in order to prevent the formation of any tension and conflict

The Persian Gulf region has always been subject to the turbulence of political, economic, and military strategies pursued by regional and extra-regional countries. The aim of this article is to analyze and examine the military, political, and economic equations between Iran and the United States in the Persian Gulf region. The main question of this article is that what are the military, political, and economic equations between Iran and the United States in the Persian Gulf region are. A descriptive method was used to gather theoretical and conceptual literature for the research, and a hierarchical analysis method was employed to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire. Also a survey method was used to test the hypotheses. A preliminary sample was used to examine the reliability of the questionnaire, and with the obtained Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.87, the questionnaire's reliability was confirmed. The final questionnaire was then provided to the experts in the field of regional security. Opinions of 25 experts were collected and analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. The results of the article indicate that the geographic location of the region has specific sensitivity for both countries. However, what is important for the United States in this region is the continuity of its consumption role and the enhancement of its cultural and ideological position. Conversely, for Iran, strengthening cultural and ideological influence and reducing dependence on military and industrial consumption have greater significance.

After the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the issue of Afghanistan has always been one of the most important issues of Iran's foreign policy due to various reasons such as geopolitical features, cultural-civilizational commonalities and the presence of a large number of Afghan immigrants in Iran. The recent developments in Afghanistan that led to the fall of Ashraf Ghani's government and the re-formation of the Islamic Emirate; It doubled the attention of all experts and analysts to the issue of Afghanistan. "Islamic Emirate" is the name that the Taliban government uses to introduce itself. The first period of Taliban rule in Afghanistan was between 1996 and 2001. In 2021, the second period of Taliban rule in Afghanistan has begun. Therefore, the Taliban regaining power in Afghanistan has led to the presentation of different views in the political and security fields. Some thinkers see the reappearance of the Taliban as a threat, while others see it as an opportunity for the Islamic Republic of Iran. Investigating the fundamental developments of Afghanistan and getting to know the ideological characteristics of the Taliban can be an opportunity for the Islamic Republic of Iran to make the most of the emergence of an Islamic ideological movement in its neighborhood. The main question of the article is what are the major challenges that the Taliban government is facing and how will these challenges affect the relations between the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and Iran?

The recent developments in Afghanistan that led to the fall of Ashraf Ghani's government and the re-formation of the Islamic Emirate, doubled the attention of analysts to the issue of Afghanistan. The first period of Taliban rule in Afghanistan was between 1996 -2001. In 2021, the second period of Taliban rule in Afghanistan begun. Therefore, the regaining of power of Taliban in Afghanistan has led to the presentation of different views. Some believe that with Taliban taking power, this country will see peace at the cost of losing democracy; But others believe that the establishment of Taliban did not establish stability in Afghanistan and that the unification of power is not a guarantee for the end of unrest in this country. The basic question is, what major challenges does Taliban face? The findings of the research indicate that the Taliban is facing many obstacles to consolidate the foundations of its government and also to establish stability and security in Afghanistan. Some of these obstacles, such as ethnic differences, rural population and extremism, have historical and cultural roots and were a source of trouble for the previous government, but some of them are directly related to the current government and its functioning. The hypothesis that can be proposed is that the weakness in the management and governance of neo-Talibanism, ethnic and racial divisions and the violence caused by these divisions, identity crisis, fanatical sectarianism, and the problem of obtaining internal and external legitimacy have been among the important challenges in Afghanistan.

The relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Arab Republic of Egypt in the global and regional system and their actions and mutual relations always create new issues in the Middle East and North Africa region, and in fact, any action of the two countries will face the geopolitics of the mentioned regions with extensive changes. In recent years, the developments in the Middle East have provided countless geopolitical opportunities for the development of Tehran-Qairo relations. In this context, the present research has studied the explanation of the geopolitical challenges and opportunities of Iran-Egypt relations by applying a descriptive-analytical method. Furthermore, the research considers political, regional and international factors as challenges and obstacles to the convergence of two countries and assumes that the removal of these obstacles will improve the regional status of the two countries and the existing geopolitical opportunities will also increase the convergence between them. The research has used a survey study to test the hypotheses. The statistical population consists experts and professors of geopolitics and international relations, and the sample size of 50 subjects was estimated based on Cochran's model and the mean test was used in SPSS software.The results show that the existence of historical and civilisational ties; the insensitivity of the two countries to each other's civilisational identity; and the change in the Egyptian government after Mubarak's rule are geopolitical opportunities to develop the relationship. However, a number of internal and regional factors remain obstacles to a rapprochement between the two countries.

Iran and Iraq, as two influential actors in historical periods, have always been influenced by convergent/divergent actions arising from geographical realities in between and in the region, because the factor of geography somehow imposes itself on political systems. Therefore, in recent years, one of the border challenges between Iran and Iraq that has affected the foreign policy of the two countries has been the issues related to hydro-politics. Applying a descriptive-analytical method, the present study aims to answer the following question: What are the most important border challenges of Iran and Iraq in the field of hydro-politics? To conduct the current research, after collecting the documents related to the research, they were explained and analyzed, and the obtained results showed that the most important border challenges of Iran and Iraq in the field of hydro-political resources can be analyzed in two local and regional dimensions. In the local dimension, the mismanagement of water resources and jeopardizing border security due to the crisis-generating potential of the western borders of the country, which can be explained in this issue, first; it mentioned the possibility of a negative reaction of the local people to any action to agree with Iraq to hand over any water resources, taking into account the reduction of these resources; second, intensification of environmental hazards, including the increase of fine dust in the western provinces of the country, which will have a negative reaction inside the country. In the regional dimension, the lack of mutual agreement between the two countries of Iran and Iraq on the use of water resources of the border rivers, which can lead to the formation of any political and security tensions with a regional approach in the future, and determining the share of water rights has become a lever of pressure on the part of the two countries against political demands.

International rivers are waterways that cross the border between two or more countries and mark the border of countries, or rivers that cross the territory of several countries along their route. In the current era, the source of many regional conflicts and disputes between governments that share watersheds. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of border rivers on relations between Iran and its eastern and northeastern neighbors in the direction of economic stability and development of border areas and regional convergence. The main question of the article is what effects have border rivers had on the relations between Iran and its eastern and northeastern neighbors in terms of stability and economic development of border areas and regional convergence? The information required for this research has been collected using library and documentary methods. In this way, by studying and reviewing books, articles and scientific research journals, a collection on the subject of this research has been done. Also, the opinions of professors and experts related to political geography have been used in order to increase the weight of the content as much as possible. The results of the article show that the emergence and formation of natural waterways, which are the same as rivers, are affected by various factors; Such as climatic conditions, geology, human and geographical factors. Rivers with common border areas can have a significant impact on relations between the two countries, especially their political and security issues.

The purpose of this study is to design a model for sustainable development of rural entrepreneurship with emphasis on e-tourism in Golestan province. The present research is applied and developmental and is of descriptive-survey and correlational research. The statistical population in the qualitative stage includes 50 university experts and in the quantitative stage, the managers of tourism companies and rural ICT offices are 400 people. To determine the sample size of experts, snowball census and sampling method was used, so the sample size was 50 people and for managers from Krejcie and Morgan table, therefore, the sample size of managers was 196 people and the sampling method was simple random. For this purpose, first using Delphi-fuzzy method and having the opinion of experts, 20 e-tourism indicators were identified and using confirmatory factor analysis into six general categories (Internet services, human resource development and training, community culture development, government support, security and use The Internet was divided into other matters related to the people) and then the relationships between the research variables were determined using the method of structural equations. It is worth mentioning that software such as Excel, Spss, Lisrel were used to analyze the data and finally the model was fitted and presented based on the performed analyzes.

The purpose and investigating the geostrategic of Iraqi Kurdistan is of this article Different geographic spaces analysis of US and Iranian Strategies in this environment. Geotechnical and of the world in the three dimensions of internal, regional and global geopolitical status in terms of geographic location as well as their cultural theyre playing and on that basis have from a different strategic position characteristics Different role in policy implementation. The main question of the article is that what is the geostrategy of Iraqi Kurdistan? And what are the strategies of the United States and Iran in confronting this environment? The results of this article show that Iraqi political space environment is Somehow that Unlike Shiites and Sunnis in this land which they have from the relative support of the countries of the region, Kurds are Lacks strong regional support. This problem has driven Kurds to take strategic part and acquiring support from the United States, Israel, and some European countries. According to this, accordingly following the cultural spatial association of Iraq with the peripheral countries, Iraqi Kurdistan has become to the intersection of the country actors. Given this interconnected geopolitical affairs and interests and cross introduction in this article Will try by using Library resources and scientific and research articles to be paid to analyze and explain the geostrategy of Iraqi Kurdistan and analyzing the strategies of the United States and Iran in this environment.

Geopolitics as much as is national, regional and international and is studying phenomena at these levels equally also it does not go away the level of micro and national crush and developments coinciding with the phenomenon of globalization and the weakening of national borders and the emphasis on globalization or globalization also is the reason for this claim is self-evident. With such a look at geopolitics you must acting analyze and explain the geopolitics of provincial units in national systems. The purpose of this article is analysis of Lorestan geopolitical role in Iran's security. The main question of this article is that Lorestan province in terms of geographic location, economic, cultural, and environmental, demographic and ethnic characteristics what role does it play in Iran's security? The results of this paper show that from all aspects of geopolitical science, geographic, economic, cultural and ethnic, religious, and demographic Lorestan province plays a central role in Iran's security. Given this introduction this article will try using library resources as well as scientific and research articles as well as statistics and census data of the country's statistics organization as well as statistical annals and the use of diverse maps to be paid analyzing and analyzing Lorestan's geopolitical role in relation to Iran's security.

Syria's 2011 crisis is one of the crises that at that the most important regional and global actors are playing role. The purpose of this article is analyze and compare the geopolitical goals of Russia and the United States in the 2011 Syria crisis emphasizing the security of Israel and the regional role of Iran. Accountability the main question we are looking for it’s considering the two variables of Israel's security and the regional role of Iran what are the most important geopolitical goals of Russia and the US in the Syrian crisis? In addition to the main question other sub-questions are also raised in this article including what is the history and frontiers of Syria's 2011 crisis? What are the reasons for the Middle East for the superpowers of America and Russia? What is the significance of Iran and Israel in the geopolitical goals of Russia and the United States in the Syrian crisis? The results of this article show that Russia and America each one have long geopolitical goals in the Middle East and in this direction among the variables that directly and indirectly affect these goals are the regional role of Iran and the security of Israel. This research method is a descriptive-analytical and in terms of purpose is applied where the effort will be using scientific and research papers and other library resources to analyze and compare the geopolitical goals of Russia and America in the 2011 Syria Crisis with emphasis on Israel's security and the regional role of Iran.

Caspian sea is one of lake that is walled is walled among Iran and Russia. During several historical course Russia forced separated important parts of Iran shores in Caspian from this country and made new countries. Ignoble Tourkamanchay and GoLestan contracts are parts of contracts that according to them some parts of Iran east and west shores in Caspian sea separated from that. However, after making Soviet Union, government of that country in order to amends from Iran concluded contracts 1921 and 1940 with Iran. But after 1991 and following collapse Union, changed law situation of this sea and appeared 3 new countries at the shore of this sea. Up to now did multiple discussion for determining new law regime of Caspian, that is introduction for next meetings of general managers foreign affairs ministries that hold from 1995 in several different courses in countries capitals.

employment and social situations equal with men, has gradually changed conditions in favor of women. Now women are demanding a larger share of the employment market, and they have achieved significant economic positions in, for example, the emerging electronic industries of newly industrialized Asian countries. While in China the sex ratio at the first birth is close to 1, but at next childbirths the proportion of male babies increases, the phenomenon which can be observed in South Korea and Taiwan as well. New techniques for determining gender, an important issue in the Chinese society, include the use of the amniocentesis method in Korea and Taiwan and ultrasound waves in China. The result of the shortage of female babies will lead to the creation in these societies of the largest group of single men in the world unable to get married. According to the latest predictions, by 2020 the number of Chinese single men will be more than the total female population of Taiwan. In addition, an increase in the surplus of male population in China is likely to result, in some areas including Shanghai, in a sharp drop in fertility rates, even to levels under the substitution line.

This discussion examines the changing relationships between population and development, and in the first stage it represents the quantitative aspects of population such as size, density and migration’s rate of growth in relation to the issue of nomadism, a matter which obviously plays a very important role in the level and nature of development in the region. In the second stage, the quality aspects of the population such as the role of human resources in the development process have been discussed. This section mainly focuses on health and education issues, but nowadays human rights issues receive greater attention. Finally, there is no solid evidence of a strong causal relationship between various factors of population and the level of development, but the continuation of this discussion shows what needs are to be met in order to improve the quality of life of the majority of people living in the developing world.