علی باقری

Inertial electrostatic confinement fusion (IECF) devices are utilized for studying nuclear fusion reactions, particularly for fusion neutron production. A strong electric field between two transparent electrodes results in the formation and acceleration of ions toward the device's center. The energy level of these accelerated ions reaches tens of kilo-electron volts, sufficient to produce fast neutrons through nuclear fusion reactions when deuterium gas is used. Overheating due to collisions of high-energy ions with the cathode surface is a primary issue that limits the applied power and long-term stable operation of these devices. In this research, an actively cooled cathode was designed and constructed for the IR-IECF device. Deionized recirculating water was used as the coolant to reduce the cathode temperature. The cathode, connected to a high voltage power supply via a feedthrough, can prevent high voltage breakdown and melting at input powers exceeding three kilowatts. Both theoretical and experimental results show excellent agreement in heat removal during continuous operation.

Prayer is one of the highest religious teachings that plays an important role in spiritual education and the flourishing of the human soul. By praying, man declares his neediness, poverty, and ultimate servitude before God. The supplications of the prophets in the Holy Qur'an are among the discourses that have impact, coherence, and purposeful structure in the pragmatic and practical field of language and realize complex pragmatic meanings. The present study tries to analyze the language use of these prayers and the function of actions used in them by using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on Searle's speech act theory. One of the achievements of the research is that the language used in the verses is pragmatic in the sense that the words and sentences are not only productive but seek to implement action and change the outside world for the benefit of their users. The prayers of the prophets in the Qur'an, based on the model of John Searle, are based on three actions, which according to frequency are: 1) Persuasive action that is generally used in the form of indirect action, and the power in its statement is begging. In this action, the characteristic of power and dominance plays a fundamental role in the execution of the action; 2) Declarative action which has been used in both direct and indirect speech acts, and the power in its statement is confession and explanation; 3) Emotional action which is often used in the form of direct speech acts and the power in its statement includes remorse and regret. Of these three actions that are widely used in prayers, persuasive and declarative actions have the aspect of public expediency, and emotional action has the personal aspect and mental draining of the supplicant.

 arguments is one of the pillars of deliberative studies,and it is a dialectical process in the discourse in which the sender seeks to convince the recipients of a certain idea, increase their conviction in it,or respond to a certain belief,supported by arguments and evidence for the purpose of understanding,which is an influential communicative process whose essence is an issue or an action,based on It is based on a set of philosophical, linguistic and rhetorical mechanisms.This article attempted to study the rhetorical argumments and explore its mechanisms in the correspondence between Amir al-Mu’minin and Muawiyah in the light of pragmatic linguistics, with the aim of revealing the rhetorical mechanisms in influencing and persuading the addressee.Therefore, I initially dealt with the concept of deliberativeness and pilgrims and the relationship between them and the rhetorical mechanisms of argumments.Then I dealt with reading the rhetorical argumentative mechanisms in correspondence after clarifying the general context in them.Among the results of the research are:The experience of Imam and Muawiyah in correspondence has deliberative features of the interaction between the sender and addressee.Each of them tries to provoke and consolidate the idea with the intention of convincing the other of the rhetorical mechanisms that they propose that have an effective effect in strengthening and influencing the argummentation.Imam seeks, through his argummens discourse,to make his addressee understand and guide him with guidance and suspense with a religious character, and Muawiyah to impress his addressee and show his superiority over him through satire and irony through violence and coercion.

Climate change has greatly challenged the management of water resources due to its impact on water requirements of crops. In this research, the effect of climate change on water requirement of Rice crop was simulated in the study area of ​​ the Tajan watershed and its changes until 2060 were studied. To investigate climate change, Lars-WG software and HadGEM2 model outputs under (RCP 2.6) and (RCP 8.5) climate scenarios have been used. To evaluate the impact of climate change in the next 40 years on water requirement, using CROPWAT 8.0 software, potential and actual evapotranspiration and effective rainfall were calculated for the future period and crop water requirement was determined and compared with the water requirement of the current period. The results showed that the mean water requirement of Rice crop in the RCP 2.6 scenario were predicted in 2040-2021 and 2041-2060 periods is equal to 658.27 and 658.46 mm, respectively, and in the RCP 8.5 scenario in 2040-2021 and 2041-2060 periods were predicted to be equal to 672.93 and 673 mm, respectively. Therefore, according to both climate scenarios, the water requirement has increased in all time periods compared to the current period, which is about 648 mm.Mazandaran is a province based on agricultural production and it has long been one of the centers of Rice cultivation as the second strategic product of the country. planting Rice is very vital and important for the economy of the whole region. Therefore, it is necessary to study the evaluation of changes in the water requirement of Products in response to climate change conditions.Various researchers investigated the effects of climate change on water requirement, some of which are mentioned below.Casolani et al. (2020) in a study investigated the effect of climate change on water requirement of crops. The results showed that the water requirement in the periods of 2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100 will increase by 6, 19, and 24 percent, respectively, compared to the current period. Jia et al. (2021) investigated the changes in the water requirement of crops under climate change conditions. The results showed that the effective rainfall increases by 0.98 mm per year and the water requirement decreases by 2.27 mm per year.

River basin organizations (RBOs) are organizational bodies which realize the approach of Integrated Water Resources Management in a basin level. The forms and missions of such organizations are different in different river basins and their performances are affected by different factors. RBOs are evolved since their initiation, thus it is important to assess their performances and learn from the experiences for the organizational maturity. The first and only experience in Iran regarding establishing a RBO is associated to the Zayandehrud River Basin Council which was established in 2013 and then transformed to the Zayendehrud Restoration Working Group in 2019. After having worked for six years, the Zayandehrud Council is going to be evaluated in this paper using a performance assessment framework developed in this paper. The data needed were gathered through documents, questionnaires, field investigations and interviews. The results show that initiating the rive council without developing the stakeholders’ capacities was did not only succeed in resolving the conflicts, but also resulted in divergence. Trust among the stakeholders was also degraded due to the performance of the council.

Estimation of air temperature is importan in environmental and agricultural sciences. The aim of this study is prediction of daily air temperature (mean, maximum and minimum) using several types of AI models, in Rasht station north of Iran. According to the results, the adaptive neural-fuzzy inference system, artificial neural network, and gene expression programming were ranked first, second and third, respectively, despite of a slight difference in prediction accuracy of the selected models. Besides, the developed mathematical equation between the input and output variables using the gene expression programming model showed the superiority of this approach to the other two models. Based on the SI index for the minimum and mean daily temperature in training period is varied in range of 0.1 to 0.2, i.e acceptable in terms of model accuracy. For the maximum temperature it ranged 0.2 to 0.3 which is considered as average accuracy. The findings revelead the best performance can be obtained using inputs in one to three days lead time.

Climate change directly impacts hydrological components, water resources, and watershed outflow. Calculating the amount of possible changes in rainfall and runoff will play an important role in the policy-making and planning of water resources under climate change conditions. In this research, runoff simulation in the eastern watersheds of Mazandaran province (Talar, Tajan, Nekarood, and Babolrood) was investigated under the impact of climate change in the future period (2021-2040).

In this research, one of the atmospheric-ocean general circulation models, named HadGEM2, was used under climate scenarios (RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5) to investigate climate change. The Lars-WG model was used for the downscaling of climate data during three stages of data calibration, data evaluation, and meteorological data generation for the future period. This purpose was achieved using the daily data of rainfall, maximum and minimum temperatures, and sunshine hours of the selected stations of four watersheds in the current period (1997-2016), and the model was implemented for the base period. After ensuring the ability of the Lars-WG model to simulate meteorological data by comparing the data produced by the HadGEM2 model and the observational data of the base period, this model was implemented to generate future data using climate scenarios (RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5). The daily values of the climate data of rainfall, maximum and minimum temperatures and sunshine hours were produced and simulated for the next 40 years (2021- 2060). Runoff simulation in the future period and the effect of climate change on runoff were investigated with the IHACRES hydrological model, which is a continuous conceptual-dynamic model for simulating rainfall-runoff at the watershed scale, using climate scenarios. For this purpose, the daily data of rainfall, mean temperature, and discharge of the current period (1997-2016) in four watersheds were introduced into the IHACRES software. Then, the 1997-2008 and 2009-2016 periods were selected for calibration and validation, respectively, to determine the ability of the IHACRES model to simulate future runoff. After calibration and validation, the climate data produced by the HadGEM2 model were introduced into IHACRES, and the daily series of discharge was predicted for the future period (2021-2040). Then, the annual average of the observed discharges in the current period and the simulated discharges in the future period under the RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, as well as the 20-year average runoff in the stations in the future period, were compared and evaluated with the observation period.

The results of the climate change investigation showed that mean monthly minimum and maximum temperatures in all months of the future period would increase in all four watersheds in both scenarios RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 compared to the current period (1997-2016). Compared to the current period, the mean monthly rainfall in both scenarios does not have a constant trend and is different in various months. The results of the runoff simulation show that the changes in the discharge of the watersheds under the effect of climate change are not constant compared to the discharge of the current period. This could be attributed to the inconsistency of the trend of changes in the precipitation of the future period compared to the current period. Despite the increase in the average rainfall, the discharge will decrease in some years in the future period, which can probably be related to the increase in temperature in the future period due to climate change. Despite the decrease in the average rainfall of that year, the increase in discharge could be caused by, for example, the possibility of heavy rains or showers in that year, thereby increasing the amount of discharge. Compared to the current period, the 20-year mean of the predicted discharge has decreased in the selected stations (Talar, Tajan, and Nekarood watersheds) in the future period for both scenarios. In the station considered for the Babolrood watershed, however, this value has increased in the RCP 2.6 scenario compared to the current period. In the Polsefid station of the Talar watershed, the simulated discharge under the RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios was equal to 6.18 and 6.12 m3/s, respectively, which shows a decrease compared to the observed discharge of 7.41 m3/s. In the Soleimantange station of the Tajan watershed, the predicted discharge under the RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios was equal to 7.33 and 7.29 m3/s, respectively, which has decreased compared to the observed discharge of 9.82 m3/s. In the Sefidchah station of the Nekarood watershed, the simulated discharge under the RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios was equal to 3.85 and 3.72 m3/s, which reveals a decline compared to the observed discharge of 4.10 m3/s. In the Babol station of the Babolrood watershed, however, the discharge under the RCP 2.6 scenario was predicted to be equal to 11.40 m3/s, which has increased compared to the discharge (11.34 m3/s) during the observation period. Under the RCP 8.5 scenario, it was simulated with a value of 11.22 m3/s, less than the observed discharge.

In general, the impact of climate change on water resources is one of the major challenges facing water resources planners and can have serious consequences for ecosystems and communities. Based on the findings of the research and the importance of climate change effects on the hydrological conditions of the watersheds in the study area, it is necessary to apply appropriate policies for the sustainable management of water resources.

The green brand is an environmental label that shows that the product is somehow related to environmental protection and sustainable business practices and adheres to two basic principles in its development goals, environmental protection and sustainable business. The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors influencing the formation of the green brand for sports tourism in Kish Island.

This research is a kind of descriptive-analytical research, of an applied type. The statistical population is 550 people and the statistical sample is 225 people using Morgan's table, which is available to the questions of two standard questionnaires of brand value and tourism destination (Mahmoudi, 2015 and Dastjardi, 2015) answered. Structural equations and LISREL8 software were used to investigate the relationships between research variables.

The results of factor loadings and path coefficients and significant coefficients showed that the destination brand awareness component has the ability to predict sports tourism in Kish tourism destination. The destination brand image component has the ability to predict sports tourism in Kish tourism destination. The perceived quality component of the destination brand has the ability to predict sports tourism in the tourist destination of Kish. The component of the perceived value of the destination brand has the ability to predict sports tourism in the tourist destination of Kish. All components of Sabz brand equity can predict sports tourism in Kish tourism destination. (Chi-Square=9126.43, df=923, P-value=0.00000, RMSEA=0.060).

From the point of view of sports tourists, Kish Island has a high potential for green branding, and this indicates that the management and planning of sports tourism development in this island should take steps to strengthen the variables discussed in this research.

In the quantitative model development of the Nexus chain within the boundaries of irrigation networks, the role of social parameters is as much important as technical parameters if it is not higher. The social parameter’s role is essential in the explanation, definition, and description of the governing equations. The social parameters explain many systemic archetypes and become the balancing or reinforcing factor of some system loops. Of course, the main goal of extension programs is not limited to agricultural development; Rather, it aims to solve the three basic problems of third world rural communities, i.e. weak production, lack of equality in income distribution and lack of participation of villagers in social activities, so as to pave the way to achieve sustainable rural development in all its dimensions and elements. Nevertheless, although sometimes agricultural education and extension programs are considered ineffective and undesirable; But it cannot be ignored in the present and future development of rural areas.

Agricultural education and extension factors are the parameters that affect technical parameters in several aspects. These factors affect the cultivation pattern, method of water use, amount of required water, and irrigation management. The conceptual and quantitative model of the Nexus chain in the boundaries of the Qazvin irrigation network is developed. In addition to several technical relevant parameters in the Nexus chain, the agriculture extension is considered as well. The effects of agriculture extension parameters were investigated on the three integrated systemic archetypes defined in the model (a subsystem of "limit to growth" of agricultural expansion, "shifting the burden" of groundwater resources problem and "fixes that backfire" of development of arranged delivery).

• According to the extraction of the available historical education data in the last twenty years from the sites affiliated with the Ministry of Agriculture, the equations in the three subsystems were calculated by multivariable linear regression and curve regression.
The model was run for the years 2005 to 2016. Verification and validation tests were performed for the model and its results were interpreted for the Nexus index. It should be noted that all the input data in the model were entered into the model in a standardized way and the results between zero to one were calculated in a dimensionless manner. Nexus index is a linear combination of 8 partial indices in Qazvin irrigation network: water productivity in food, surface productivity in food, energy efficiency in food, economic productivity of food, economic productivity of water, economic productivity of energy, food production index in the network relative to the province and the index of the amount of water delivered to the water demanded. Because each part of the training was effective in a different variable; Therefore, the amount of changes in that variable was observed and their changes were recorded, and finally, in loading the model during the years of implementation of the model, the amount of the Nexus index, which was a combination of all three trainings; It was observed that they are shown in the diagrams of figures 6 to 8. and figure 9 shows changes on Nexus index in modelling years.
• The model was set for the coming years (by 2031). For this purpose, all inputs of the model were calibrated until the aforementioned year. By implementing the model, it is possible to monitor the effects of training on key indicators and finally the nexus index and study their effectiveness. Diagrams 9 to 11 show the impact of the continuation of the current trend in the farmers' training system on the vital parameters of the Nexus chain in Qazvin irrigation network. Also, the diagram in Figure 12 shows the effect of the downward trend in the education system on the trend of the Nexus index. It should be noted that the water productivity index reflects the training parameter in the direction of reviving water resources, and the index of the ratio of delivered water to the requested water reflects the network's utility index, which itself reflects the adjustment of the water demand from the network and ultimately reflects water storage in Qazvin network, and finally, the index of the ratio of agricultural products produced in the network to its similar amount in the province reflects the training parameter in line with the method and pattern of cultivation in the irrigation network.
The existing relationships in these interactions as well as the amount of their variations in the differential equations of each subsystem indicate the effectiveness of the agricultural extension activities on the subsystems. According to the developed regression equations and considering the effect of balancing extension parameters, it is expected that the increasing extensional activities as a policy lever will stop or at least balance the decreasing utility and weakening performance of the irrigation system.

Professors are considered a very crucial factor in educating students. Identifying the criteria of a competent professor and trying to evaluate and apply them in teaching the professors will enhance the learning process. The purpose of this study was to survey the characteristics of a competent professor from the viewpoint of students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. This research was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The research population included students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. The sample size was 250 and the stratified random sampling method was used. The data collection tool was a questionnaire and its validity and reliability were confirmed in previous studies. In this questionnaire, 4 domains of science education, teaching method, individual character, and ability to communicate were measured. Data were analyzed by descriptive (mean, standard deviation, frequency percentage) and analytical (independent t-test and one-way ANOVA) statistics in SPSS. The most important characteristics of a competent professor from the student's point of view were mastery in teaching (4.9 ± 0.41), and spontaneous expression (4.78 ± 0.46), respectively. On the other hand, solidarity and assertiveness (3.58±1.02), as well as teaching experience (3.9 ± 1.01), were among the characteristics that students scored the least. The teaching method was the most important feature of a competent professor from the viewpoint of the students. Universities must consider these features in retaining professors or they may prepare them for a better education via teaching methods as well as effective communication workshops.

The involvement of many factors in a complex model such as the improvement of irrigation networks and their complex interactive relationship on the performance of the water, food and energy system (Nexus) in the long term makes the use of the system dynamics approach inevitable. The aforementioned approach in addition to being holistic, explains the system simulation realistically. The present research modelled the dynamics governing structural and non-structural actions for rehabilitation of irrigation networks to improve the utility of the network, and by supplying the Nexus index, using the strategy of systemic thinking. For this purpose, subsystems of "water productivity improvement", "definition of network utility index" and "description of Nexus in networks" were compiled and conceptualized using system dynamics tools based on the years 2006 to 2016. A quantitative model was developed and validated in 2016-2023 based on the developed conceptual model. According to the results of the research, the use of structural and non-structural solutions had the greatest effectiveness in the Nexus index and the network utility index, compared to the use of each of the solutions separately; thus, for the scenarios of increasing 25, 50 and 75% of structural and non-structural solutions together, the amount of Nexus index improved by 17.37, 23.83 and 26.89%, respectively.

Rice is one of the most important agricultural products in the world. Rice cultivation in Iran has great economic and social importance. Mazandaran province is one of the most important rice production centers in Iran, accounting for 44% of the Iran's rice production. Due to the high consumption of water in the agricultural sector, the optimal use of water resources in agriculture is necessary.The water required by rice is directly related to evapotranspiration. The most reliable method of calculating evapotranspiration is using a lysimeter. The purpose of this experiment is to calculate the evapotranspiration of different varieties of rice using mini-lysimeters and to introduce the best variety for cultivation.

The experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications and eleven treatments, at Rice Research Institute of Iran (Amol) during the 2020. The treatments included different rice varieties in 11 levels T1: AR2, T2: AR6, T3: AHS, T4: DAH, T5: 1117, T6: 952, T7: 956, T8: E104, T9: S715, T10: Tarom, and T11: Shiroodi. Mini lysimeters with open bottom and closed bottom had a diameter of 60 cm and a height of 50 cm. Field soil was sampled from 0 to 30 cm depth and studied in the laboratory. The date of transplanting was similar in all rice cultivars The planting density of seedlings was 20×20 cm and 7 seedlings were placed in lysimeter. The lysimeters were placed 6 cm above the ground in the soil. The seeds were planted in a treasury and the seedlings were placed in the lysimeter after 30-35 days (after 3-4 leaves and height 25-20 cm). Water management in lysimeters was in the form of flooding (5 cm). Finally, variance analysis of the obtained data was done using SAS software and the mean of the treatments were compared through the least significant difference (LSD) test at 5% probability level.

The results showed that different varieties and lines of rice was effective on infiltration, evapotranspiration, yield, water consumption and were statistically significant at 1% level of probablity. The highest and lowest evapotranspiration with averages of 4938.7 and 3747 m3/ha belonged to T9 and T5 treatments, respectively. The highest and lowest yields with averages of 7773.7 and 2938.1 kg/ha belonged to T8 and T6 treatments, respectively. The highest and lowest values of deep percolation were observed with averages of 303.3 and 185.3 mm in T9 and T5 treatments, respectively. The highest and lowest amount of applied water with averages of 9972 and 7600.3 m3/ha belonged to T9 and T5 treatments, respectively. The highest and lowest water productivity with averages of 0.98 and 0.3 kg/m3 were related to T8 and T9 treatments, respectively. The results showed that the length of the plant growth period was different in the tested cultivars and lines and it was effective on the amount of water consumption..

Finally, in the normal conditions of the region, line E104 is introduced as the best treatment due to the production of maximum grain yield, while in water shortage conditions, the line 1117 is recommended for planting due to less water consumption.

Introduction Tourism has become one of the growing sectors in the world today and its effect goes far beyond the economic and business aspects. With the ever-increasing demand for travel and the tourism industry becoming one of the largest industries in the world, every country needs to strive for social economic development and infrastructure growth to attract potential tourists. In this regard, the expansion of communication techniques along with the transfer of medical knowledge has led to the emergence of a new form of tourism called health tourism. In other words, the combination of medicine and tourism is considered a new form of tourism today [1]. Familiarity with medical medicine and the transfer of medical knowledge from different regions of the world to each other has led to the emergence of a branch of the tourism industry called health tourism. Factors such as changes in consumer values, structural changes, aging of the population, and the requirements of the health service system can be considered as the main factors of the emergence of health tourism. Among the most important factors affecting the development of the health tourism industry, we can mention social security, having international standards in medical centers, issuing treatment visas, developing public infrastructure strategy, human resource development strategy, information and marketing system development strategy, and product development strategy [21]. Therefore, considering the importance of marketing in tourism, especially health tourism, no research shows a scientific model in this field. Based on this, the main problem of the current research is to investigate the impact of marketing on the development of health tourism and to present a marketing model for the development of health tourism in Tehran.Materials and MethodsIn this research, the marketing model of health tourism development in Tehran has been presented. According to the purpose, the research method is applied and in terms of approach, it is exploratory and explanatory, and the research method is also qualitative. The statistical population of the research includes experts in the tourism and health industry. Due to the qualitative nature of the research, first pluralism was used in library resources. For this purpose, domestic and foreign article databases and human databases were used to obtain resources, and then the interview method was used to collect data. For this reason, the purposeful snowball sampling method was used. Thus, first, an interview was conducted with people who had the necessary expertise in the field of the research subject, and at the end, they were asked to introduce others who could help the researcher in the research. For this purpose, by referring to a number of tourism and health industry experts, the prototype was selected and semi-structured interviews were conducted with them. At this stage, by asking the interview questions and taking into account the expertise of the people, the interview space was initiated and promoted. Accordingly, in this research, data collection was carried out until the theoretical saturation of information on the subject and where the new data collected did not differ from the previously collected data. Finally, 12 people were selected as research samples in this phase in the qualitative section. The interview was conducted face-to-face, without bias, and mainly at the workplace of the participants, alone and using their voice recordings (with coordination).FindingsIn the current research, the steps of foundation’s data theory is in 4 steps: studying and collecting primary data; conducting semi-structured interviews with tourism and health industry experts; coding data to obtain concepts, components, and dimensions; and finally, identifying new components and establishing relationships between components and dimensions. Based on this, three types of coding (open, central,and selective) were done. Next, after open coding, 160 concepts, totaling 760 words, were extracted from the data. After open coding, axial coding was done and research categories (components) were determined. Based on this, 22 components were determined in the form of 7 dimensions. After extracting the components, in the selective coding stage, the components were categorized in the form of themes (dimensions). After open coding, axial coding is done. Categories (components) can be obtained through axial coding. After determining the dimensions, components, and concepts, to determine the relationships between the identified components and dimensions, the framework prescribed by the Foundation Data Theory was applied for modeling.ConclusionThe development of health tourism infrastructure in the tourism industry will be extremely vital and sensitive in this era and will create a new direction and perspective in the development of research in the field of the tourism industry. The tourism industry, like other industries, must accept the requirement that it must adapt its business to the required infrastructural transformations and carefully monitor the future prospects of this field to be able to meet the needs of the market according to the new conditions. In the qualitative part, the results showed that the health tourism model has 5 causal, contextual, interventional, strategy, and consequences components. By analyzing and interpreting the conducted interviews, a set of mixed elements of marketing were also identified as causal factors that affect the central factor which is the intention of health tourism. Therefore, it can be claimed that the first factor that affects the intention of health tourism and causes the behavioral control of tourists is the mixed elements of marketing like medical services (product), treatment cost (price), location, promotion (promotion), preventive processes, and natural factors.The central action of the research was the intention of health tourism. Therefore, during the analysis of the conducted interviews, tourism intention was determined as the basis of attracting health tourists to tourist destinations, especially in Tehran. In most of the interviews conducted, the interviewees emphasized that the attraction of health tourists requires the intention of tourism. In other words, tourists’ learning and their evaluation of travel and destination conditions have led to acceptance and belief in travel, internal motivation, and accurate choice of tourist destination, which further compels tourists to plan for travel, use opportunities and resources, coordinate with travel agents prepare tickets, hotel reservations, and travel plans. Environmental and organizational factors have been the intervening factors of the current research model. The analysis of conducted interviews showed that environmental factors including political security factors, economic factors, and cultural factors of tourism are among the most important intervening factors that can influence the attraction of health tourists in tourism destinations. The results showed that the political and security factors of the region, especially the tourist destinations, which are heavily affected by terrorist acts, kidnapping of tourists, regional wars, internal and regional disturbances, and the conditions of sanctions, cause political instability and security threats. This issue affects the economic recession, currency fluctuations, unemployment rate, excessive price growth, and hinders the attraction of tourists. The improvement of infrastructure has been one of the underlying factors of the present research model and has a significant effect on the attraction of health tourists. To attract health tourists effectively, a suitable platform should be adopted. The results of this research showed that the infrastructure provides a platform for attracting health tourists in Tehran and the destinations should use these criteria to improve empowerment, especially in the human and environmental fields, and adopt a targeted strategy according to their strengths and weaknesses. The results also showed that the development of infrastructure including transportation systems, accommodation and health services, hospitality services (food and restaurants), and information and communication systems are effective in attracting health tourists to Tehran. Attracting health tourists has been the strategic factor of the current research model. The analysis of the conducted interviews showed that the attraction of health tourists through the satisfaction of therapeutic travel, revisiting if needed, and introducing the tourist destination to friends and acquaintances with similar intentions, causes economic, cultural, social, political, and environmental development in tourism destinations. Therefore, the tourism industry as the largest social mobility has numerous cultural, economic, and political consequences.

Background and Objectives This study compared conventional dose fractionation and hypofractionation in breast cancer radiotherapy to optimize treatment planning using different physical indices Subjects and Methods In this retrospective study, the treatment plans of 30 patients eligible for radiotherapy for left-sided breast cancer were investigated. Patients were treated with a conventional dose- interval regimen and three hypofractionated regimens. Dosimetry indexes such as the homogeneity index, conformity index, and mean dose to the left breast, lung, and heart were extracted from the dose-volume histogram and compared with each other to study the four different treatment regimens. Results According to the data obtained, the mean dose to the left breast (PTV), heart and ipsilateral lung was significantly reduced in hypofractionation methods compared to conventional regimen. The homogeneity and the conformity index values showed no significant difference in any of the treatment regimens. The dose received showed no difference in lung volume. For heart, the volume of 38 and 43% of the prescribed dose were significantly higher in the conventional method than in the three hypofractionation regimens. Conclusion Hypofraction treatment regimens with fewer treatment fraction and a dose per fraction greater than 2Gy compared to conventional dose fractionation led to a dose reduction for the heart and the same side of the lung.

The water scarcity issue in Iran has transformed into a complex challenge, necessitating innovative solutions for its resolution. However, no solution, even with innovation, can be guaranteed as absolute. Hence, collaboration among institutions and stakeholders in prioritizing and devising effective solutions becomes a pathway to getting closer to addressing the issue. This research examines collaborative governance as a solution for the water problem in Iran. The main objective of this paper is to identify components and develop a comprehensive framework for collaborative water governance in Iran. From a framework development perspective, this research is considered foundational, but due to its practical problem-solving contributions, it also falls into the category of applied research. To achieve this goal, a descriptive research approach was employed, involving interviews with 18 water governance experts. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The subject scope of this study encompasses an examination of collaborative water governance from context to outcomes, with a temporal scope covering the literature on water governance in Iran over the past two decades. The main components identified include “context”, “drivers”, “principled engagement”, “shared motivations”, “capacity for joint action”, “tensions”, and “outputs”, with 32 sub-components extracted. Ultimately, this study indicates that collaborative governance must consider these components to facilitate the achievement of sustainable water resource goals through effective engagement and the cultivation of shared collaboration incentives.

In this paper, river regime equations through developing of unit stream power equation and based on data of babolrood River were derived. For this purpose, with the review of previous research, the principles and concepts of regime and hydraulic geometry of the river is mentioned. then, methods and out-comes of former researchers are classified. On the next step, based on dimensional analysis, unit stream power as a function of river flow parameters including suspended sediment load and specific gravity of particles is developed. Using the unit stream power equation and babolrood River' data, regime equations are derived for these rivers. Finally, the results derived from regime equations are compared with the field data and regime equations of the other researchers. A good agreement was observed between field data and values resulted from developed regime equations in this research.

The main purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual model for integrated management of irrigation network based on water, food and energy linkage (Nexus). This requires identifying the main concerns related to irrigation networks, introducing and reflecting important decision variables and interactions between them, which explains the dynamics of water, food and energy chains within the boundaries a unit (irrigation network) of a catchment. This approach has received less attention in the management of irrigation networks, which is expected to solve some of the problems of irrigation network management. The method used in this research is based on a review of the Nexus chain management literature, the concepts of sustainability and security of water, food and energy resources in irrigation networks, and a practical approach to system dynamics. The major part of the research relied on field activities, including inspection to irrigation networks and interviews with provincial experts, specialists and technicians, Agricultural water users. Important variables affecting the integrated management of irrigation networks, which have been used in designing the framework, analyzing and determining behavioral patterns, were identified.

The eight main concerns of irrigation networks as important mechanisms of system dynamics for both levels (network management and field management) were identified as follows:- Subsystem of water resource limitation in the domain of an irrigation network that affects the growth of the most important economic loop in the region (Limit to growth Archetype). The combined subsystem in the face of the weakness of the equity index in the network (the success to the successful archetype in obtaining more water resources, the shifting the burden archetype in providing the water needs of the downstream farmers and the escalation archetype in the increase in the amount of water needed as a result of changes in the cultivation pattern in general Agriculture of the region). The set of personal and managerial actions in the face of the shortage of water volume available in the network resulting from the adoption of decisions without long-term consequences (combined archetypes of fixes that backfire in meeting water needs from groundwater resources, allocation of more water resources to meet network obligations and changes in the cultivation pattern to obtain more yields).The set of individual decisions of farmers and the symptomatic solutions of managers in the face of unsupplied water demand in the agricultural sector (a combination archetypes of fixes that backfire for unauthorized access to groundwater resources and the archetype of shifting the burden in the face of network managers with the problem of illegal harvesting activities by providing a solution for choking wells).Product performance subsystem (problem of using agricultural inputs) (combined archetypes of fixes that backfire in farmers' use of agricultural inputs and the its consequences on land salinity, as well as increasing the farmed area to achieve more yield).The subsystem of facing the most important problem of the agricultural sector (water productivity in agriculture), (the archetype of shifting the burden in dealing network officials with improving water productivity through improving network efficiencyversus the fundamental solution of improving water productivity at the agricultural block level and archetype of fixes that backfire of the development of the arrangement delivery plan with the tools of educating to farmers in front of the long-term side effects of more management of water delivered to farmers). The subsystem of noticeable decrease in the utility of the network (the archetype of eroding goals in accordance with the pressures on the network managers and ultimately the downgrading of the initial goals of the irrigation network plan, which requires a review of the structural infrastructure and managerial empowerment in the irrigation network). The explanation subsystem of the Nexus index as the main combined index from the point of view of water, food and energy (providing a fundamental solution to improve the utility versus increasing the farmed area as an ineffective symptomatic solution in this field).

According to the main concerns, behavioral patterns were explained and identified based on the decision mechanisms of water users and network managers, in the short and long term, and their side effects. Six system archetypes were identified that represent the dynamics of the irrigation network and predict the future utility of the network based on the water, food and energy chain (Nexus). These archetypes include: "Limit to Growth", "Fixes that Backfire", "Success to the Successful", "Escalation", "Eroding goals" and "Shifting the Burden".

Three strategies for controlling the above mechanisms as regional Solution (local strategies) are proposed as follows: a- Water Distribution Improvement Schemes, b- Determining the Crop pattern and Irrigation density in proportion to the network capacity and c- Groundwater Extraction Control. As a result of this research, a conceptual model has been developed whose main achievement is to recommend the modification of the existing process of distribution schemes along with the modification of the crop pattern in accordance with the primary design and the water need of farmers.

The theory of speech act, one of the components of applied linguistics, entered the field of applied linguistics with the slogan of the activism of linguistic parts of discourse. According to Austin, speaking in a specific language brings regular action in a specific context, so that changes in the behavior and thoughts of language users are manifested after verbal communication. In this sense, the application of this theory in the field of discourse phenomena caused by linguistic communication leads to a deeper and more accurate understanding of texts, especially religious texts. This research has analyzed the theology discourse of Imam Riḍā (as) with descriptive and analytical method and with the approach of language usage based on John Searle's model in discourse act. Therefore, it first mentioned the definitions of the discourse act theory with the opinions of Austin and Searle, and then it analyzed the parts of Imam's (as) speeches about Theology. The results of this research show that Imam Riḍā (as) paid attention to the choice of speech structure and parts of speech, the choice of propositions and the use of words and phrases to the listener's conditions in his discourse on theology which plays an important role in the direction of speech acts. On the other hand, the act of expressive speech has the highest frequency among other speech acts such as persuasive and emotional. This shows that Imam Riḍā (as) found his listeners uninformed and tried to make them aware in the form of interpretation and explanation. However, the implicit verb in the speech of declarative actions also brings a kind of persuasion to the audience.

Manning's coefficient is one of the main factors that lead to energy loss in channels and rivers which have a very important role in water level in cross-sections of rivers. There are several methods that suggested by various researchers for estimating Manning's coefficients which are mostly based on experimental tests. In river hydraulic, flow resistance or Manning's coefficient is changing because of bed mobility. In this case, a flow resistance formula cannot be used directly without any information about changes of flow resistance coefficient, in different situations of flow and sediment processes. Babolroud- River of mazandaran selected for this study. So, results of various empirical methods obtained to find out this coefficient using field survey and characterization of rivers such as cross-sections, soil materials of river bed and banks, then results compared with observed and simulated data of river flow. According to the obtained results, koven's method, which has the lowest relative error percentages of 6.17% and 3.46%, and also the lowest root mean square error of 2.7 and 3.2, respectively, in Pashakola and Quran Talar hydrometric stations, is suggested as the best method for estimating Manning's coefficient in this river. After kowen's method, Jarrett's method with relative error percentage of 10.11% and 5.41%, and also the root mean square error of 4.5 and 4.5, respectively, is chosen as the second method for determining Manning's coefficient in Pashakola and Quran Talar hydrometric stations.

In Isfahan province, 27 out of 35 plains are prohibited. Southern Mahyar Plain - Asman Plain is one of these plains as a part of Gavkhouni drainage basin. According to studies, indiscriminate extraction of underground water is the main cause of land subsidence in this region. Since participatory management is one of the basic strategies of sustainable management of water resources, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of the variables of awareness, sensitivity and social capital on the willingness to participate in the preservation of underground water in this plain. The research is quantitative in nature and practical in purpose. The statistical population of the research is 357 people who are actual users of agricultural wells in Mahyar Plain. The sample size of the study is 206 people who were randomly selected from five regions of Mohammad Abad, Nasr Abad, Porzan, Middle Jarqouye and Upper Jarqouye. Questionnaire was the main tool of data collection. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by using experts' opinions and its reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. According to the results, there is a negative relationship between sensitivity and willingness to participate, and positive and significant relationship between social capital and willingness to participate. According to the results, suggestions have been made in order to improve the participation of stakeholders in the participatory management of underground water resources.

A comprehensive understanding of the governance mechanisms in relation to the environment and sustainable management of natural resources at the state level can provide a practical platform for improving governance in the long-term development of countries, especially developing countries where natural resources and the human environment are at risk due to unsustainable development. In this article, after defining the basic concepts related to governance based on the governance triangle and the relation among state, market, and civil society and its evolutionary process at the national and international level, the historical trend of governance in Iran is reviewed in relation to the environment and sustainable development. Since every governance system uses certain instruments to implement its policies for the purpose of individual or social changes, the 4 main categories of governance instruments considered as legal (regulatory), economic (incentive), communication (awareness), and infrastructural are the basis for examining the position of the environment in Iran's governance mechanisms to systematically analyze the relationship between governance and environmental protection.Through reviewing the governance instruments in Iran based on a literature review of related articles and national reports, the issue of the environment has been adequately considered only in the legal section, but these laws and policies have not been adequately supported by other governance instruments for being reasonably implemented. Even though other instruments, specifically economic and infrastructure instruments, are being used in favor of environmental destruction, given the escalating crises, including climate change and natural disasters, posing significant threats to societies both nationally and globally, it becomes imperative to reevaluate the role of the environment within Iran's governance tools. In light of these challenges, there is a compelling need to develop a new governance framework that inherently acknowledges environmental considerations across all its facets.