علی شمس

Climate change and lowering of the water level of Lake Urmia by having a negative impact on agriculture and livelihoods of rural households in the Urmia Lake Basin can cause changes in the livelihood resilience level of rural households. Considering that geographical factors are an important factor in livelihood resilience, the present study has compared the livelihood resilience of rural households in the Urmia Lake Basin in terms of location of villages. To investigate the status of resilience, the indexing method has been used, which in the present study has three sub-indices: buffer capacity, self-organization and learning capacity. The research tool for data collection was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by the opinions of faculty members of Zanjan University and Urmia University. Alpha Cronbach's coefficient was used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was rural households in Urmia Lake basin in two provinces of East and West Azerbaijan. The results showed that the average resilience was 0.44, which indicated moderate resilience. The mean values of self-organization, learning capacity and buffer capacity were 0.55, 0.37 and 0.46, respectively. The results of mean comparison tests showed that the mean resilience in the two provinces of East and West Azerbaijan had a significant difference (t=2/50, p=0/013) and East Azerbaijan province was more resilient. Also, the average indicators and components of buffer capacity (t=3/86, p=0/000), natural, economic and social capital were significantly different and were higher in West Azerbaijan. The mean components of self-organization (t=2/98, p=0/003), learning capacity (t=4/12, p=0/000), debt trust, job exchange, commitment to learning, planning, experimentation, participation in access to information and feedback mechanism were significantly higher in East Azerbaijan. The average resilience of rural households in the Urmia Lake Basin in coastal and non-coastal villages was not significantly different (t=1/486, p=0/138) from each other, but the average buffer capacity (t=3/563, p=0/000), social capital, natural capital and knowledge of opportunities and threats were significantly higher in coastal villages. The mean indicators of self-reliance, local laws and customs and network were significantly higher in non-coastal villages.

Wolf (Canis lupus), Persian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) co-occur in a human-dominated landscape across the Alborz Mountains in Iran. Understanding how people perceive risks associated with negative interactions with these large carnivores can contribute to promoting greater coexistence, which not only human interests are met but also species’ persistence is ensured. We used semi-structured interviews and exploratory questionnaire surveys to assess local knowledge, perceptions, and experience of two groups of village residents in Qazvin Province in north-central Iran (198 respondents from 153 villages). The sampling method and target group had an impact on the results. Most (80%, n= 66) local informants consisting of livestock herders and farmers living inside two protected areas considered the wolf to be the main threat to their livelihood. However, 74% (n= 86) of village council members from all over the Qazvin Province considered free-ranging domestic dogs (C. familiaris) as the main concern in their villages. Respondents’ experience and perceptions of risks associated with the three large carnivore species varied considerably among species and between protected and unprotected areas. We revealed significant differences in large carnivore damage claims between the two groups of respondents. The highest probability of damage claims was estimated for respondents living inside protected areas, which was attributed to wolves (median and 95% Bayesian credible interval = 0.94, 0.83 - 0.99) and, to a lesser extent, leopards (0.11, 0.01 - 0.26). In conservation social research, combining multiple sampling methods to engage with different target groups within a community can help build the scientific knowledge required to improve conservation outcomes.

School teachers play a crucial role in shaping and enhancing students' attitudes and knowledge, ultimately fostering appropriate environmental behaviors. To fulfill this role effectively, teachers themselves must possess certain characteristics. Therefore, this study was conducted with the objective of assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and analysis of environmental behaviors among teachers. The statistical population comprised all teachers from the first secondary schools in districts 1 and 2 of Zanjan, a city in west of Iran (N = 849). A sample of 265 teachers was selected using the Krejcie and Morgan sampling table and a multi-stage random sampling method. The research instrument was a questionnaire developed by the researcher, validated by a panel of experts. A preliminary study, along with the calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient exceeding 0.7 for composite indices, confirmed the reliability of the questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software. The findings indicated that the majority of teachers exhibit a high level of knowledge, positive attitudes, and responsible environmental behaviors, as well as strong moral and mental norms and perceived behavioral control. However, the average scores for environmental education and the utilization of environmental information resources were found to be moderate. Correlation coefficients revealed that variables such as age, number of household members, educational degree, teaching experience, use of information resources, environmental knowledge and attitudes, moral and mental norms, environmental responsibility, perceived behavioral control, and environmental education are positively and significantly related to environmental behaviors. Regression analysis further demonstrated that the combined influence of information resource use, moral norms, and environmental responsibility accounts for 81% of the variance in environmental behavior.

The most basic condition in prophecy and community leadership, The infallibility of leaders and chosen ones is divine. Infallibility, which means immunity from sin, deviation and error, has levels that can be divided into two main parts: Infallibility in expressing and legislating rulings (legislative infallibility) and infallibility in individual and social speech and actions that do not have a legislative or expressive aspect (extra-legislative infallibility). Each of these two sections also has several levels. Islamic scholars agree on the infallibility of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) from any sin, mistake and forgetfulness within the scope of legislating divine decrees, receiving and communicating revelation, and believing in it. However, there are differences of opinion regarding the extra-legal infallibility of the Prophet (PBUH), the scope of this infallibility, its dimensions and scope. And some of them consider some of these cases as part of this infallibility, and some of them consider them to be contrary to it. The majority of Sunni thinkers limit the Prophet's infallibility to major sins and consider minor sins to be out of this scope. Therefore, the Prophet's words and actions in social issues and government positions, including judgment and arbitration, are not considered safe from mistakes. The documentation of these religions is their narrative, which is related to the judgment of the Prophet and the existence of suspicion of error and mistakes on his part. The present article, with analytical-descriptive-applicative method, has analyzed and probed the prophet's extra-legislative infallibility in social issues and government positions and put the doubt of the prophet's unfair judgment in the evaluation process. The findings indicate that there are strong intellectual and narrative reasons for the Prophet's infallibility in social and governmental issues And the speech of some Islamic thinkers on the Prophet's apology for wrong judgment is an extravagant speech and far from the dignity of the Prophet and against the tone and context of the verses

The current study was conducted through an exploratory mixed method with the aim of creating a questionnaire regarding the reasons for choosing the field of agricultural engineering. The statistical population of the qualitative research involved studies related to the choice of majors as well as undergraduate students of agricultural faculties. 91 studies were selected by the enumeration method and through purposeful snowball sampling 12 students were recruited based on the theoretical saturation index. The qualitative data were extracted through interviews and processed and analyzed using the qualitative content analysis method. Out of the given population, 382 people including undergraduate students of the agricultural faculties were also selected using stratified random sampling representing statistical population sample. The quantitative data were driven through the implementation of a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis using SMART PLS3. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated and confirmed by piloting. On the other hand, factor loading and the divergent validity test, and the reliability of the questionnaire was also evaluated and confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test and composite reliability method, respectively. And finally, an 84-item questionnaire was obtained containing six factors related to major (the strongest relationship with the main structure), individual, organizational, economic, and social factors, and family status (the weakest relationship with the main structure). Each factor i.e. major, individual, organizational, economic, social, and family status included 10, 26, 8, 9, 26, and 5 items respectively.

Improved living standards and balanced cultural, economic, and social development are guaranteed by sustainable employment for the community members. Therefore, the system of technical and vocational education, which is responsible for preparing skilled and effective human resources, should be continually assessed. The goal of present research was to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) associated with Iran's formal secondary technical and vocational agricultural education and offer strategies for achieving a desirable agricultural secondary education. To fulfill this aim, a SWOT analysis was used to collect and analyze the data. The first step involved identifying the educational system's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. In the second step, some strategies were presented based on those findings. The findings of strategic analysis of the SWOT model indicated the strengths (with a score of 6.52), weaknesses (with a score of 4.80), opportunities (with a score of 7.04), and threats (with a score of 6.88) for the country's secondary agricultural education. Based on the results, it was recommended that the adoption and implementation of aggressive strategies has to be given the highest priority by the policy-makers if they are going to build a desirable secondary agriculture education system. Planning and decision-making should take into account potential strategies such as legislation and the implementation of supporting laws, the allocation of financial and natural resources to graduates, and management and integrated specialized supervision over the operational processes of secondary technical and vocational agricultural schools.

The aim of agricultural higher education majors is to educate skilled and specialized human resources in order to work in the fields of production, research, education, dissemination, and extension of knowledge and technology in agriculture and rural sectors. The goal of training human resources in this field is that these graduates can meet scientifically the needs of the agriculture sector by applying their knowledge and learnings. In recent years, due to the decrease in the enrollment of students in these majors, the identification of factors related to the choice of agricultural majors by students has been questioned. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of learning experiences in choosing agricultural engineering majors. The research was done in the framework of qualitative approach and using deductive content analysis method. The data collection tool was an open- ended questionnaire with unstructured interviews. In order to carry out the research, interviews were conducted with 12 undergraduate students of agricultural majors of different universities. The results were coded by content analysis technique. The findings indicated that associative learning experiences (hearing about the majors and observing agricultural activities) and instrumental learning (positive consequences of the experience) play an important role in choosing the agricultural engineering majors. It should also be mentioned that the contribution of associative learning was greater among different influencing factors.

Biosecurity is a key factor in the economic productivity of rural family poultry units, as an effective component of rural household livelihoods; As well as the control and transmission of common diseases between humans and animals or the spread of other infectious agents. Knowledge is one of the most important factors in observing biosecurity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biosecurity level of rural family poultry units in Maragheh Township and the factors related to it. The research paradigm was a mixed method. The statistical population of the study consisted of local poultry farmers (rural households) in Maragheh villages. Data were gathered through interviews, observation, and a valid questionnaire from 224 rural women. These women were selected with a multi-stage randomized sampling method. Samples of the qualitative part were selected and studied by purposeful sampling and snowball. The results showed that 78.1 percent of units had a low level of biosecurity. The knowledge of 80.8 percent of rural women regarding poultry was medium. Most owners did not use vaccines and veterinary services. The birds’ cages were not disinfected or cleaned. Knowledge and education about poultry production had a positive significant correlation with the biosecurity level of units but owners’ age and yearly income had a negative correlation with the biosecurity level. The weak status of biosecurity is partly due to the owners’ low poultry production knowledge and partly due to the open space living place of the units. The reasons and motivations to observe each of the biosecurity principles were studied qualitatively.

Urban Development requires financing by urban management. Due to the inability to provide capital for urban projects, there is a growing need for private sector investment and the use of banks and institutions in many cities around the world to develop infrastructure. The purpose of this study, in terms of the nature of the application and the target is descriptive, review and prioritize internal and external factors affecting investment and the participation of the private sector in the development of a case in the city of Shiraz. The statistical population of this research included all experts in urban planning and university professors who have specialized studies in the field of urban development, urban housing, and in regional planning. Using the randomly available sampling 30 experts were selected and questioned. A data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that included a list of opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses (59 items). Validity of the questionnaire (formal validity) was verified by the university professors and experts and the reliability of the tool was determined by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient equal to 0.796, which is indicative of the coherence and reliability of the data. In this study, a combination analysis (ANP) was used and SPSS, EXCEL and Super Decision software were used to analyze the information. The results showed that the most suitable strategies for the Attracting Private Sector Involvement in Shiraz Urban Development were strategies WO (0.285), WT (0.246), ST (0.125), and SO (0.122).

The statistics of recent years indicate a decrease in the desire of students to continue their education in secondary agricultural fields and also the lack of finding suitable jobs by the graduates of vocational agricultural schools in the agricultural sector. Knowing the current state of the secondary agricultural system is a prerequisite for any policy and planning in this field, and this research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the state of the agricultural education system at the secondary level. The statistical population included 1000 teachers and managers in 107 vocational agricultural schools, as well as technical and vocational education experts under the Ministry of Education in the whole country. In this qualitative data-based research (Grounded Theory), using the purposeful sampling method (snowball), the process of selecting and studying the studied samples continued until reaching theoretical saturation, and finally 68 people from 22 provinces of the country were selected as a sample. To verify the reliability of the data, careful note-taking was used during data collection, and the important things were recorded and noted during the interview by the researchers. Repetition of contents and concepts by experts indicated the appropriate reliability of the collected data. The results showed that during the data analysis process, 246 concepts were identified in the open coding stage, which were located around 52 axes; The core categories were also categorized into 12 broad and optional categories that include all the components of the secondary education system.

Head and Neck cancers remain a significant problem due to their high morbidity and mortality and in most cases, require regional lymph nodes radiotherapy treatment. This work aims to evaluate and compare two methods of Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy (3D-CRT) and Helical Tomotherapy (HT) based on treatment planning and selection of the most appropriate method to reduce side effects.

In this study, 20 patients with head and neck cancers were considered for treatment in the radiotherapy department of Seyed Alshohada Hospital, Isfahan, Iran. Two methods of HT and 3D-CRT were done using a 6 MeV photon energy apparatus and specific treatment planning algorithms. The dose-volume distribution curve (DVH), the dosimetric variables of the target organ, the radiation delivery efficiency, and the organs at risk were determined and results were compared with each other.

In HT the dose received by %95 planning target volume (PTV) and value doses of %2 and %98 showed significant improvement over 3D-CRT. For all studied organs at risk (OARs), the decrease in Dmax of HT was significant compared to 3-DCRT.

Helical tomotherapy enhances the target volume coverage and offers a good dose distribution. HT compared to 3D-CRT is a desirable method in treating head and neck cancer patients with the involvement of regional lymph nodes.

Throughout history, humans have always taken the environment has changed and it meets your needs. Environmental protection a national effort that requires the participation of all people. Many believe that environmental problems are rooted in social beliefs about the environment.

This descriptive -correlational research was conducted to investigate Effective factors on environment attitude of rural people in Marivan Township. The statistical population consisted all rural households in Marivan Township (N=11228) which using Cochran sampling formula and by using randomized multi-stage sampling method 250 of them were selected and studied. Social capital, attitude and knowledge toward environment were measured by a composite index in Likert-scale type. The validity of research tool was verified by the opinion of some experts in the related field and by conducting a pilot study and calculating alpha Cronbach coefficient higher than 0.7 its’ reliability were obtained.  Statistical analysis methods consisted correlational coefficients and regression analysis. 

Analysis showed that majority of respondents (90.7 percent) had positive favorable attitude toward environment.  The majority of respondents (85.2 percent) had high level of environment knowledge. Multiple regressions analysis showed that four variables named as Knowledge, social participation, social trust and the extent of information using related with environment were explained 41 percent of rural people attitude toward environment.

Their attitude is one of the topics of sustainability and environmental protection. Due to the favorable attitude of the villagers and their high knowledge is suggested that meetings of public officials with more active participation of the villagers holding.

Drought as a natural shock can potentially reduce the livelihood and well-being of rural households and encourage them to migrate from the Villages. The possible drought of Lake Urmia along with the drought will intensify the phenomenon of migration of villagers. Having a correct understanding and insight of this issue will play an important role in policy making. This descriptive and correlational study was conducted to design a model of effective factors in the migration intention of farmers in the Urmia Lake Basin. The statistical population was all rural households in East and West Azerbaijan provinces, 495 of which were selected and studied by multi-stage random sampling. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts of Zanjan University and Urmia Lake Studies Research Institute and its reliability was obtained by conducting a pretest and calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient greater than 0.7 for composite indices. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the tendency of men to work migration is the most important factor in the tendency of households to migrate. Having a house in the city, understanding the risk of the lake drying up on family life, share of income from the agricultural sector were other factors affecting household migration. Understanding the risk of lake drying on rural life, the percentage of income from agriculture, the amount of social capital, attitudes toward drought and its management were also factors influencing men's willingness to migrate. Given the important role of earning income and employment of men in the family, proper government policy in creating employment for villagers and starting non-agricultural businesses have an important role in preventing the migration of villagers in the region.

Due to the positive relationship between proper consumption and the human psyche, in terms of the prevailing culture in the Islamic system, both criminal and non-criminal prevention of consumerism and some of its examples such as extravagance and waste can be an effective and prominent obstacle to the emergence of waste and waste. Be considered a community. Therefore, to deal with this phenomenon, despite the need to identify theoretical foundations in the framework of criminal policy prevention approaches in Iran and Islam, it will not be useful, but should change the way of consumption culture, to interpret the legal rules in various dimensions. Hence, the legislature has tried to prevent sporadic regulations by adopting scattered regulations on some instances of consumerism, but due to its unstructured approach to this phenomenon, unfortunately, it has not succeeded. Of course, in the meantime, it should be acknowledged that not only the legal regulations of the Al-Khattab chapter are not about the anomalies that have arisen, but also from an administrative and operational point of view, it seems that the cultural structure of society should be changed to achieve optimal consumption and saving resources.

Establishing legal rules against consumerism is an effective mechanism after culturalization and long-term strategic measures. Of course, the legislator seeks to establish legal norms, especially criminal ones, to turn them into norms established in the social system.

The tourism industry, with its own characteristics, is a dynamic industry with a bright future. Investing in this industry could play an important role in increasing national income while being free from adverse environmental consequences. Due to the increasing importance of tourism, it is necessary to analyze its impact on other dimensions. Possessing special potentials, the Yazd city is highly affected by different economic, social, environmental, and physical aspects of the tourism industry. As the Yazd province enjoys the required capacities for performing activities such as climbing, visiting the sand dunes and sand flows, hiking in the slopes of Shirkouh, etc., effective steps can be taken for improving tourist attractions through accurate and well-reflected planning. Therefore, this study sought to identify relevant factors, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats involved in developing sustainable tourism, elaborating on an appropriate model for realizing this goal and analyzing a community-based tourism capacity building in Yazd. The required data for this "descriptive-analytical" study were collected from library studies, relevant documents, and the questionnaire administered on 50 experts and staff members of active tourism NGOs, which were analyzed and weighted using the SWOT-AHP integrated model. The investigated indices included attracting public participation (public mobilization) with a total average of 4/4, facilitating (offering information), institutionalizing and empowering local groups with a total average of 4/3, enhancing collective partnership system with a total average of 4/2, identifying entrepreneurship and job opportunities, and local needs analysis and its update, indicating that tourism NGOs possess high capacities for implementing community-based tourism in Yazd.