علی صبوری

Considering important roles of advertisement in food choices, especially for children and adolescents, valid tools are needed to assess changes in the content of advertisements. The purpose of the present study was to prepare standard protocols for assessing the content of food advertisements of televisions, radios, billboards and school surroundings in Iran.

Standardization was carried out by adjusting and localizing International Network for Food and Obesity/non-communicable Diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS) protocol in five stages. After translating protocols of each section and using opinions and suggestions of experts about the protocols, variables of each protocol were reviewed, revised and sometimes changed. Then, face and content validities of all four protocols were assessed using experts' opinions. Data from two studies (content analysis of media food advertisements and surrounding environment of Shiraz schools in 2020 and 2021, respectively) were coded using modified protocols. Then, reliability of the protocols was checked by assessing the coefficient of agreements between the researchers.

The final items for assessing the content of food advertisements in three mass media and school surroundings were achieved in the form of four separate protocols. Reliabilities for all four protocols were acceptable (for the media and school surroundings more than 90 and 89%, respectively).

In the current study, several standard protocols for assessing the content of food advertisements in mass media and school surroundings have been presented for the first time. The protocols can be provided to produce reliable, uniform and usable information at the national and international levels.

In order to investigate the quantitative and qualitative response of three sesame cultivars (Sesamum indicum L.) to different irrigation and fertilizer treatments, an experiment was conducted in the research farm of Karaj Seed and Plant Breeding Institute during 2016 and 2017. The experiment was performed as split-factorial plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation treatments at two levels including low irrigation regime (irrigation after 80% of usable soil moisture) and full irrigation (irrigation after 40% of usable soil moisture) in main and factorial plots with different amounts of nitrogen (0, 60 and 120 kg N ha-1) and sesame cultivars (Oltan, Dashtestan 2 and Naz single-branched) were placed in subplots. The results showed that in full irrigation conditions, application of 120 kg N ha-1 increased sesame seed yield by 83% compared to non-application. In contrast, this increase in yield in response to the application of nitrogen in low irrigation treatment was 40%. In general, the results showed that in full irrigation treatment, the use of nitrogen fertilizer for all three cultivars can be justified. Maximum grain yield was obtained in Oltan (1106 kg ha-1), Dashtestan 2 (1012 kg ha-1) and Naz single-branched (634 kg ha-1) cultivars with 115, 117 and 100 kg N ha-1, respectively. In contrast, in conditions of low irrigation, in none of the cultivars, grain yield higher than 500 kg N ha-1 was not achieved even with high amounts of nitrogen (60 and 120 kg N ha-1).