علی کرم طاهریان قلندر

One of the influential issues in the administration of society and government in Iran during the Islamic era is the competition between the members of the court and the military emirs. During the Mongol period, simultaneous with the arrival of the Mongol emirs in Iran, this competition led to the wider dimensions. The Mongol rulers, who needed the military aristocracy to survive, also needed the experience and knowledge of bureaucrats due to the requirements of statecraft. This issue led to a complex situation in the relations between these two groups and their political acts. It also has been the focus of the local historians of the Ilkhanid period. The present article attempts to examine this issue by taking advantage of the descriptive-analytical approach. According to the findings of this study, the local historians of Ilkhanid period have narrated the confrontation between these two groups by addressing  the issues such as the violence and severity of the swordsmen, the rivalry and jealousy of officials towards each other, the mismanagement and sometimes inefficiency of bureaucrats, as well as the influence of both groups in relation with the succession.

The Umayyads were considered one of the influential clans in Mecca, which increased their power day by day due to the weakness of Bani Hashem, and in a wide-ranging process and by implementing various policies, they were able to become the main power in the year 41 AH. become the Islamic world. The present research aims to answer this question by descriptive-analytical method and also by using the main sources, what were the grounds and causes of Umayyad influence and gaining power in the history of Islam? The findings of the research show that the Umayyad party was influential in the course of the Saqifa Bani Saadeh, falsifying facts, deception, greed, opportunism, putting pressure on Bani Hashem and lobbying during the period of the first three caliphs, Hudah and They gained political power through trickery in the case of arbitration and then martyrdom of Imam Ali (a.s.). At the same time, the change in the spiritual and cultural condition of the Islamic society after the death of the Prophet (PBUH) and the departure of the people from true Islam and the acceptance of fake hadiths prepared the social and cultural grounds for the Umayyad party to gain power.

The convergence of community and government along with the economic prosperity of Kerman in Qarakhitai era (619-703) provided the ground for the cultural development along with the attention of government towards the literate historians such as Nasser al- Din Monshi (730 A.H) and Tarikhshahi (698 A.H). The aforementioned historians completed the trend of local historiography in this region through the further consideration of Iranian political culture as well as the replication of political elements on Iranian governing. The present writing investigates the cultural viewpoints of two nominated historians concerning the society and government relations to answer the question on the elements reflecting the political culture of Iranshahr in the works of local historians in Qarakhitai era. Accordingly, it is concluded that part of identifiable elements in the works of these two historians including the Iranian identity, the social and political order, the necessity of the presence of governor and a favorable governing have been actually the representation of cultural elements derived from the Iranian Political Culture and the replication of their concepts.