فهرست مطالب علی کشاورز

The health of milk and its products is of great importance due to its high nutritional value. This nutrient medium is contaminated by microbial agents. Brucellosis is considered one of the most important zoonotic diseases and is endemic in the Middle East countries and has been reported in human and livestock populations in different parts of Iran. Brucellosis is an infectious bacterial disease caused by a microorganism of the genus Brucella and transmitted through unpasteurized milk and dairy products. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of contamination of milk and traditional dairy products with Brucella bacteria by PCR method, Mamasani district, Fars province, south of Iran.

In the present cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in 2021, 200 samples of traditional dairy products including 50 samples of raw milk, 50 samples of yogurt, 50 samples of cheese and 50 samples of butter from livestock farms in rural areas and inner-city shops of Mamasani district were collected and transferred to the microbiology laboratory. In order to identify the possible type of Brucella bacteria in the samples, the culture medium containing the supplement was used to prevent the growth of other pathogens. DNA of samples was extracted by DNp kit. In order to optimize the PCR test, the DNA sample was extracted from the standard strain of bacteria by boiling method and (cat: DN 811530) DNG. In each reaction, template DNA, primers (Bru and Low Bru Up), magnesium chloride, dNT and Taq DNA polymerase enzyme were used according to the instructions. The second step reaction was optimized with the same values. In the second step, instead of template DNA, the product of the first round was used. Second stage primers include Bru Up, Bru In primers. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software and chi-square statistical test.

The results of the present study indicated that 1.86%, 2.8%, 0.3% and 0% of raw milk, cheese, yogurt and butter samples were infected with Brucella melitensis bacteria, respectively. The optimized PCR test had a very high specificity, as a result it did not react with any of the studied DNAs except Brucella DNA.

Although contact with animals and products infected with Brucella bacteria are known as the most important factors of brucellosis, but then again the climatic conditions and the type of animal farming and the eating behavior of the people in the way of using animal products as well as the pathogen species in each geographical area are the factors that determine the pattern of the disease. It displays the incidence of disease in different societies. The obtained results indicated that despite the measures taken to prevent Brucellosis disease, there was still a possibility of contamination of dairy products with Brucella bacteria.

In the realm of financial transactions, the customary exchange of money serves as the foundation, aiming to satisfy the needs and requirements of each party involved. In this context, the mastery of rights by both buyers and sellers becomes imperative. However, situations may arise where, before the property is handed over to the buyer, it is destroyed due to unforeseeable events beyond the seller's control. In such cases, the transaction deviates from the parties' intentions and customary practices. If, during this transaction, the seller has already received payment, Article 387 of the Civil Code mandates the return of the funds to the buyer. This reimbursement is contingent on the non-transfer of the property that was originally part of the sale. Moreover, the goods being traded might possess inherent interests separate from the primary property, complicating the status of these additional interests. Article 387 of the Civil Code only addresses the seller's obligation to refund the transaction funds to the buyer, revolving around the concept of the "destruction of the object of sale before delivery." Nevertheless, this legal provision does not explicitly delineate the consequences of such annulment. As a result, a degree of ambiguity emerges when dealing with this scenario. Jurists, recognizing this gap in the law, have delved into this issue, seeking clarity and resolution. This matter has spurred extensive debates in both Imamiyyah and Sunni jurisprudence, leading to varying interpretations. Some scholars, in their attempt to explain the effects of annulment, have created an alternative rule known as "advantages and interests of an object follows the risk." This rule aims to mitigate the ambiguity surrounding the annulment of pledge agreements. Additionally, some scholars have posited that property ownership temporarily reverts to the seller, highlighting that during this brief period, the seller is obligated to refund the transaction amount. However, all these perspectives converge on the idea that the property ultimately belongs to the buyer, with the benefits and interests inextricably tied to the buyer's claim. This viewpoint contradicts the Shariah rule of "advantages and interests of an object follows the risk," a principle upheld by the Prophet of Islam, which places the responsibility for benefits and interests on both the buyer and the seller. It is important to note that the rule of "advantages and interests of an object follows the risk" is divinely ordained, whereas the rule of the "destruction of the object of sale before delivery" stems from scholarly interpretation. This stark contrast highlights a fundamental conflict in unassigned law: the ownership status of benefits. The preference for the sharia rule of "advantages and interests of an object follows the risk" over the rule of "destruction of the object of sale before delivery" dictates that the benefits continue to belong to the seller, aligned with the remaining property's ownership status. Furthermore, the acceptance of the rule of "advantages and interests of an object follows the risk" in relation to "commandite" has been acknowledged in civil law through extensive jurisprudential studies. Consequently, it has been established that adhering to the benefits guaranteed to each party in a properly executed agreement, where both parties maintain control over the property involved, is considered legally valid and representative. In conclusion, this research underscores the necessity of upholding the benefits guaranteed by the law, as clarified in articles 387 and 558 of the Civil Code. It establishes that the determination of benefits for each party in a contract hinges on the guarantee bestowed upon them, as defined by the explicit language of the law and jurisprudence. This theory posits that one benefits from the guarantee and bears the responsibility for any loss incurred in connection with the property. This novel theory, developed through extensive analysis of the Civil Code's articles, provides a unique perspective that has not been explored in previous legal studies.

The role of the judge's written decisions in Islamic jurisprudence is a complex and nuanced aspect that has found its way into legal discourse in Iran. This paper delves into the intricacies of this subject, focusing on the implications of the judge's writing concerning the delegation of judicial representation and the execution of court judgments within the framework of the Islamic legal system and the specific judicial practices in Iran. While the content of the judge's writing is rooted in legal sources, the extent to which the legislator has considered its relevance in the refinement of laws related to judicial representation and judgment execution remains a matter of debate.

Research QuestionThe central inquiry of this study revolves around the role and acceptance of the judge's writing in Islamic jurisprudence, with a particular emphasis on its application in the delegation of judicial representation and the execution of court judgments. The overarching question seeks to understand the compatibility of current legal provisions with the fundamental principles of Islamic jurisprudence regarding the judge's written decisions. Additionally, the study explores the divergent views on this matter among Sunni and Shia scholars and aims to uncover the common ground that unifies their perspectives.

Research HypothesisBuilding upon existing legal scholarship and the intersection of Islamic jurisprudence and the Iranian judicial system, this study posits that the judge's writing serves as a foundational element for the delegation of judicial representation and the execution of court judgments. The hypothesis suggests that despite the differences between Sunni and Shia perspectives, a unified understanding can be achieved through careful consideration and modification of legal provisions. It anticipates that the judge's writing, when properly contextualized within the principles of Islamic jurisprudence, can provide a robust basis for legal procedures related to judicial representation and judgment execution.

Methodology & Framework, if Applicable:

This research adopts a doctrinal and critical approach to analyze the judicial procedures in Iran, focusing on the judge writing and its implications for the delegation of judicial representation and judgment execution. Drawing from extensive legal literature, including the opinions of Sunni and Shia scholars, the study also examines the relevant laws of Iran, such as Article 290 of the Civil Procedure Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Articles 119 and 484 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Islamic Republic of Iran. This examination involves a comprehensive review of legal sources, library resources, and judicial practices in Iran.
     The framework of this study encompasses a thorough exploration of the doctrinal foundations of the judge's writing, considering its reception within the broader context of Islamic jurisprudence. The critical analysis extends to the current legal provisions in Iran, evaluating their alignment with the principles derived from the judge's writing. By adopting a comparative approach, the study seeks to clarify the divergences in views and propose a unified perspective that reconciles the practical aspects of the Iranian legal system with the principles of Islamic jurisprudence.
     This research aspires to contribute valuable insights into the multifaceted relationship between the judge's writing, the delegation of judicial representation, and the execution of court judgments, providing a nuanced understanding for both scholars and legislators, ultimately guiding potential legal refinements in this domain.

The findings of this study, rooted in Islamic jurisprudence, reveal that providing testimony regarding a prior testimony is permissible under certain conditions within the context of the judge writing. However, the significance lies in the consensus among Shia scholars, indicating that the testimony of two individuals on a written judgment by a judge, verbally elaborated by the judge, holds evidentiary weight. This is due to the stabilizing nature of subsequent testimony over the initial one. Contemporary practices ensure the authenticity of the judge's writing through measures such as guaranteeing the non-distortion of its content or the judge's intent in executing representation. From a legal standpoint, compliance with the judge's representation request is considered obligatory upon the receiving judge.
     As elucidated, the statements of legal scholars accept the judge's writing, whether it be an explicit declaration by the judge or his physical presence while verbally endorsing the written document, but subject to the condition of the second judges’ sufficient knowledge. The analysis of the judge's writing revealed its applicability in both scenarios, aligning with the essence of the discussed principles. In essence, the purpose behind the judge writing is the execution of the judgment and the request made by the issuing judge, exercising control and authority over the involved parties.

In conclusion, the research provides a comprehensive understanding of the judge's writing and its implications for judicial representation and the execution of court judgments in the Islamic legal context. Drawing from Islamic jurisprudence and the Iranian legal system, the study navigates through the intricacies of the judge's writing, revealing its multifaceted role in legal proceedings.
     From a legal perspective, the study suggests two primary objectives. Firstly, it advocates for the codification of regulations in conformity with the nature of the judge's writing in the existing legal frameworks, emphasizing unity of approach. Secondly, the study seeks to address the identified gaps in the current literature on this subject, enriching the scholarly discourse within this domain.
     By aligning with the two stated objectives and harmonizing them with the analyses presented in this research, the final recommendation calls for the amendment or removal of the conclusive clause in Article 290 of the Civil Procedure Code. The requirement for certainty on the part of the representative in verifying the accuracy of the report by the receiving representative contradicts the legal and Sharia purpose of the provision. Additionally, the study clarifies that the judge's writing is not applicable to the execution of Hudud punishments, and current practices fall under the realm of executing the judge's judgment in the same judicial jurisdiction.
     The study hopes that the insights provided will guide legislators and scholars in refining legal provisions related to the judge's writing, judicial representation, and judgment execution. The highlighted issues underscore the need for a nuanced and contextually aligned legal approach, ensuring the compatibility of the legal framework with the principles derived from the judge's writing within the Islamic legal tradition.

Electronic bill of lading has a special place in commercial law today. On the one hand, in parallel with the observance of business principles, including the principle of the speed of business affairs, its electronification is also inevitable and requires the application of rules and regulations to stabilise and validate them. On the other hand, because the judicial validation of this crucial electronic document is ambiguous, it is necessary to use the international rules and the laws of leading countries to regulate the governing rules for this document. Therefore, in the analysis of Iran's laws in this regard with the descriptive and analytical method, the criteria of UNCITRAL rules and combined with those laws of the United States as a leading country in registering the rules of electronification of commercial documents, the international achievements of validation and verification of the confirmation and assignment of this document to the obligee And the issuer of the electronic bill is introduced. This way, electronic signature stabilisation criteria and public assurance methods, a judicial act, can be selected as a criterion and presented as a problem. Investigations showed that the rules of UNCITRAL are closer to the rules of justice in this regard, and some of the rules of the law of Utah in the United States regarding electronic bills of lading are different from what is the public and private link of judicial validation of other electronic evidence.

In this research, a thermodynamic model has been developed to simulate the effects of fouling and erosion of the compressor blades of a V94.2 gas turbine. The novel approach of this study involves considering the influence of ambient temperature and humidity on the performance of a faulty turbine as well as using the turbine control system under full load conditions, referred to as Outlet Temperature Control (OTC). In this approach, maintaining a corrected turbine outlet temperature is employed to keep the turbine inlet temperature within a safe range for the blades. This model has been validated using real-world data of a gas turbine. The results demonstrate that by adjusting the OTC control setpoint and taking into account the turbine inlet temperature, a portion of the performance losses can be compensated for. The findings indicate that compressor fouling has a greater impact on parameters such as power output, turbine inlet temperature, and gas turbine efficiency compared to blade erosion. Furthermore, deviation from healthy performance varies with environmental conditions. The results also show that by increasing the control setpoint of a degraded turbine by 6 degrees, considering ambient temperature, power can be increased by 1%, and turbine inlet temperature can be increased by 0.8%.

Transactions during mortal disease, whether he dies or not, has been a controversial topic among jurists, as well as a popular theory among Shi'a and Sunnis. On the other hand, in the Civil Code of Iran, illness is not one of the reasons for dispossession in Article 1207, but regarding the divorce and marriage of a sick person, it is mentioned in Articles 944 and 945 of the said law. Therefore, the search for the criteria included in the mentioned materials and the assessment of the patient's charitable and loving actions related to death it is necessary that the history of dispute in it goes back to the long life of Islamic jurisprudence. Therefore, according to Article 167 of the Constitution and Article 3 of the Civil Procedure Law, it is necessary to analyze the jurisprudential descriptions of the issue and search in the wise statements of the jurists in order to resolve the ambiguity and brevity of the mentioned laws. According to this approach, the criteria mentioned for marriage and divorce are different from the criteria for other financial possessions of the patient connected with death. This difference also has reverse effects; including the evidence of the claimant and the denier in the assumptions of Articles 944 and 945 of the Civil Code. And their variability in other acts of charity and love of the patient is related to death. In comparing the issue with Sunni jurisprudence, in addition to stating the criteria in line with the previous theory of Shafi'i and Hanbali jurisprudence, the reputation of the issue in Sunni jurisprudence, which believes in the method of unity of ways with extra will, has been investigated in a comparative manner. Therefore, among the mentioned opinions, the criterion of not harming the owners of the rights, in other cases of marriage and divorce, is introduced with the mentioned description of the criterion of influence of the owner's monarchy; However, in this case, the claimant and the denier are the opposite, contrary to the appearance of the patient's actions; And it is measured by proving the poverty of the heirs.

The development of electronic technology has led to the growth of economic and social relations in the context of electronic exchanges.Along with these Developments, the issue of ownership and validation of electronic documents and evidence has become more complex; therefore, it may not be possible to update the rules in each case of the Advent of a technology. Therefore, standardization for the attribution and accuracy of electronic evidence can provide the flexibility to update it. This issue needs to be met to assess the validity of electronic evidence. In Iranian law, the e-commerce law and the cybercrime law sporadically refer to some of these criteria, which include secure methods and safe methods as part of them. But what has been neglected is two issues: the separation of the authenticity of the document by the judiciary as a general procedure for proving security and authentication by an IT specialist as specialized procedures. It is noteworthy Assessing specialized procedures of proof by methods of assessing the method can be a step to improve the knowledge of the judge by the judicial authority by training and qualifying. With the research that was done, the use of the Lorraine standard and the examples of Article 901 of the Federal Evidence Law for the validity of general methods of proof and the use of the Daubert standard and the examples of Article 902 of the said law for measuring expert and self-help methods are introduced. On the other hand, due to the lack of separation of general and specific criteria in the Iranian Electronic Commerce Law, the defect of paragraph 2 of Article 2 governing paragraph 4 of paragraph H of the said Article and the need to separate it as an innovative research achievement to advance the knowledge of the judge is effective.

"Public performance" is a right to a part of property which is the creative product of the thought and skill of a performing artist and fashion designer. The issue of recognizing the right of public performance of a work concerning literary and artistic works, due to the increasing development of the examples of the right of performance, and its connection with authenticity regarding the field of copyright in the scope of intellectual property, has caused a lack of coherence of subjective protection of the rights related to it. In this way, it may not be possible to pass a law, in parallel with the emergence of each model or example, regarding the right of performance in its attachment.Therefore, it is necessary to provide criteria for recognition of these rights and provide them with appropriate protection.Therefore, by analyzing the descriptions found in the draft of the Intellectual Property Protection Bill and the Iranian Protection of Authors and Composers Act and comparing them with those we encounter in international instruments and the examples of the right of performance in leading countries in this field, the appropriate methods for recognition and protection of public right of performance are introduced.In the application of this analytical and descriptive methods, it is clear that in regard to the right to perform a work in the Comprehensive Intellectual Property Bill, certain points remain unclear or are expressed in a biased manner.For example, Article 101 has protected a stipulation regarding granting more rights to the performer, and while it gives a supportive aspect to the principle regarding requirement of a stipulation and agreement, it does not say anything about applying a more limited period for the performance in question or removing the performer's name in the works that can be performed. Thus, the status of these two issues remained unclear and calls for further clarification by the legislator.

There is a common belief that besides the Quran, the prophet of Islam had the mission of delivering a second revelation collection i.e., tradition/Hadith. In other words, there are two types of revelation; one is the recited (al-Matlow) revelation that is the Quran, and the other is the non-recited (Ghayr al-Matlow) revelation which is "the tradition/ Hadith." The exact study of this theory in the course of the Islamic evolution shows that its basis goes back to Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi'I and he can be considered the creator of the theory of 'Dual Revelation' in Islam. This theory was initially put forward in support of the sect of the traditionists, but gradually with their increasing dominance, it became an undeniable fact. In this article, the formation of this theory has historically been analyzed. The findings show that this theory is only a reinterpretation and has been proposed following the reconstruction of the past and in a context of the sectarian competition, to gain authority.

Hearsay evidence, including alternatives to evidence of substantiation and and from the background of legal testimony, which the provisions of 1320 of the Civil Code and 231 of the Civil Procedure Law are subject to acceptance. In the legal system of Iran, following the jurisprudence and signification of the words of the jurists, the following arguments were fixed but due to the plurality of expression in this field, it is essential to explain and respond to these issues. The authenticity of in Shi''''a and Sunni jurisprudence also indicates its development. In Sunni jurisprudence, the development of hearsay evidence is martyred. In Shiite and Sunni jurisprudence, the only difference is the acceptance of the hearsay evidence, the precaution and attention to the religious provisions that it is not acceptable , Which is mentioned in Sunni jurisprudence And only in al-Maliki''''s jurisprudence is the authenticity of hearsay evidence in your everyday affairs. Hence, the development of more than a tradition for hearsay evidence which is not accepted in Islamic law.Also in the context of the restricted of Hearsay evidence, the criterion in Sunni jurisprudence is the torment of presence But in Shi''''a jurisprudence it is a hardship to testify. The specific approach of this study is to examine the proper criteria for the hearsay evidence and to circumvent legal liability in accepting hearsay evidence as one of the alternative evidence of substantiation.

The General Legal Department of the Judiciary has been asked about the number and differences of witnesses in hearsay evidence as well as their gender.  In the advisory theory No. 1750/93/7 - 20/10/2014, the proposed answer has created the suspicion that the witnesses are different and the replacement of the mediating witness regarding their number.The answers to the questions mentioned in jurisprudence are discussed by jurists who have tried to provide answers by analyzing the nature of hearsay. Due to the lack of an explicit legal text in this regard and the ambiguity of the legislative language in Articles 188 and Note 1, 189 and 199 of the Islamic Penal Code and Article 231 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the task of seeking the true purpose of the legislator following Article 167 of the Law There is a basic.By analyzing the descriptions mentioned in Islamic jurisprudence, the hesitation of the jurists' words and the disobedience of the work to the basis became more apparent. Therefore, considering the reputation of thework mentioned in jurisprudence about the need for two people to hearsay, it is believed that a method should be chosen so that it can be consistent with the work.Therefore, among the mentioned principles, the positive nature of hearsay evidence leads us to the goal.

The appearance of the legislator's speech in Article 189 of the Islamic Penal Code regarding the non-proof of punishment for attributing adultery to someone with secondary testimony (hearsay evidence) is in conflict with the basis mentioned in Article 255 of the Islamic Penal Code and has created suspicion of non-proof of punishment for attributing adultery to someone with secondary testimony. This is while the fundamental conflict between the mentioned laws and the absoluteness of Article 231 of the Code of Civil Procedure along with what is Shiite and Sunni jurisprudence, including the necessity of proving claims, preventing the closure of rulings, preferring the aspect of human rights and also, the similarity of the appearance of Article 231 with Article 153 of the former Penal Code has been precaution in a descriptive-analytical manner. The approach of jurisprudential and legal principles leads us to the effect of hearsay evidence and proving punishment for attributing adultery to someone with it along with extinguishing the prescribed punishment, which is the preferred theory of this research. Therefore, amendment of Articles 255 and 189 BC is proposed.

According to the appearance of legal and jurisprudential writings, the discussion of the conflict of testimonies, with a distinction between after the issuance of the sentence and before it, has been discussed in general. However, according to the depth of the word of Islamic jurisprudence, the conflict, in addition to the above-mentioned division, also includes the conflict due to the immorality of the witnesses in the secondary testimony (hearsay evidence). However, Article 1319 of the Civil Code considers both of the above assumptions to be subject to the same sentence, and the order in which such testimony does not affect the application has caused doubts. The presumption issued by Article 167 of the Constitution and Article 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure has made reference to (jurisprudence) as the source of laws inevitable. With the studies carried out in the analytical application of Shiite and Sunni jurisprudence, the channels for discovering the immorality of intuition and referring them to the case that is not the case of immorality of the intuition were separated; In the first case, the violation of the verdict issued with the criteria of paragraphs 5 and 6 of the Code of Civil Procedure and the beautiful narration, and in the second case, Article 1319 of the Civil Code should be considered in the premise before the verdict and after the verdict of the client Considered the guarantor of property.

One of the most important and essential parts in the set of water transfer structures is settling basin in water transfer networks. Settling basins are among the essential structures that are constructed to separate sediments along the inflow, after the reservoir and at the beginning of water transfer canals. Since the presence of excess sediments is especially harmful for agriculture and aquaculture and reduces the efficiency of related productivity, the importance of these structures increases.

In the present study, the effect of placing a wall perpendicular to the flow path in the settling basin on the sediment trapping efficiency, in both walled and plain modes (without wall or control), was investigated. For this purpose, 5 physical models of sediment basins in simple (without wall or control) and walled, with height ratios of 1/3 and 1/2 to the height of the sediment basin, and with three and five walls of the compressed plastic material were made. Experiments were conducted by entering sediment particles with diameter less than 0.1mm and constant mass of 2.8kg into the rectangular concrete canal in the hydraulics laboratory of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University. After ending of each experiment on models the deposited sediments were collected, dried and finally weighed. In these experiments, the number and height of walls placed in the settling basin changed and their effect on the efficiency of trapping was investigated. At the end, the results of the experiments were verified using a numerical model using FLUENT software and a statistical test using SPSS software.

Experimental results showed that the presence of walls in the flow path in the settling basin significantly increased the sediment trapping rate. Increasing the number of walls from three to five, in the ratios of heights 1/3 and 1/2 to the settling basin wall, causes an increase of 5.9 and 7.65 percent on sediment trapping efficiency, respectively. The results of this study also showed that the simultaneous effect of both height parameters and the number of walls caused a 10 to 27% increase in sediment trapping efficiency. Statistical results showed a significant difference between the presence and absence of a wall on the efficiency of trapping. The results of numerical simulation also show the effect of the presence of walls on changing the flow pattern and show that increasing the number of walls has increased the amount of sediment in the settling basin.

In general, it can be concluded that the use of the wall in the passage of the stream containing sediment from the settling basin, reduces the turbulence of the inlet flow and reduces the flow velocity in the basin. It can be stated that increasing the length of the flow path and spreading the incoming sediments across the pond increases the amount of settling and trapping efficiency.

This study aimed to investigate the changes of serum zinc in term neonates who need major operation. In this study, 59 neonates who need major operation were studied. All patients underwent major surgical with high stress. The metabolic response to surgery was studied by measuring the serum zinc before and after surgery (24 hours and at discharge time postoperatively). The "repeated measure" analysis was used to test changes of plasma values of zinc over time.  The plasma values of zinc was 89.78±14.50 µg/dl after surgery, 74.95±15.86 µg/dl in 24 hours after surgery and 93.78±14.53 µg/dl at discharge. The plasma values of zinc decreased immediately after surgery that this decline continued until the first 24 hours of operation. Serum zinc concentration decreased significantly at 24 hours at discharge. No significant differences were found between the two sex groups. According to the results of this study, zinc levels in term neonates who need major operation were decreased temporary but later returned to normal. It seems that in these patients there is no need for supplementation of zinc during two weeks after operation.

The condition of guaranteeing profit in Mudaraba (commandite) contract and company is one of the conditions that banks and credit institutions today have resorted to in order to earn profit in the form of facilities and try to display these conditions as Islamic in any way. This is while in the substantive laws in Article 558 and Article 575 of the Civil Law, it is explicitly stated that the nature of these conditions are not according to the requirements of the substance of the contract. In this regard, jurisprudence has a clearer expression than the law, and with the difference between Shiites and Hanafis in this field, the researchers have done this study to find correct opinion and reality. Article 575 of the Civil Code proposes the condition of higher profit in return for an action as an exception to the nature of partnership, which according to the jurisprudential assertions in Shia and Hanafi, such an exception is not accepted, and the condition of higher profit in exchange for more guarantee is proposed. In the case of mudaraba, it is also a condition of the guarantee sought by the legislator, which has led to misconceptions about Article 558 of the Civil Code among jurists, and the last part of the above-mentioned article is contrary to certain jurisprudential rules. Therefore, Shi'ah and Hanafi jurisprudence and Hanafi law (Articles 1426-1428 of Majallah al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah[1]) in thisregard are deeper and closer to justice, while unfortunately the Iranian legislature has not acted in this regard, and thus the modification of the above materials is absolutely necessary.

Obesity is a mild systemic inflammation that to assess obesity, various parameters such as body mass index(BMI), waist circumference, neck and fat mass index are used, and to assess metabolic and cardiovascular diseases different blood factors such as triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) are used. The main goal of this study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of body composition measurement to predict the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases in obese and overweight women. This study was conducted on 305 obese and overweight women. In this cross-sectional study, blood sample was received. The body composition was measured by the body composition analyzer. The usual food intake was obtained by using food frequency questionnaire. The results of this study showed that between BMI, neck and waist circumference with risk factors of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases including TG, LDL, hs-CRP and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) have a significant relationship (p <0.05). Also, the largest surface under the rock curve belonged to the neck circumference association with HOMA-IR (A = 0.76). There is a significant relationship between body composition measurement to predict the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases in obese and overweight women. The most sensitivity and specificity was the prediction of the risk factors of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases related to the neck circumference, fat mass index and fat mass

Boiling heat transfer always has been proposed as a solution for enhancing heat transfer between the fluid and solid surfaces. Subcooled flow boiling is one of the mechanisms that occur in Internal Combustion Engine water jacket in which high amounts of heat is transferred. In this research, it has been tried to simulate subcooled flow boiling in a geometry similar to coolant channel inside the internal combustion engine using commercial software. The geometry, based on experimental studies, was considered as a channel with a rectangular cross-section and a hot spot on the channel lower surface, this geometry is the innovative part of this study. The models required for simulating the subcooled flow boiling were extracted from literature and implemented in the commercial software. The obtained results, after validation, applied in the final geometry. The results showed that with increasing the velocity, roughness effects are reduced, and numerical values get close to the experimental values. Also, with the surface temperature passing through the saturation temperature, the heat transfer rate was significantly increased by this mechanism.

Paying attention to the concept of conscientiousness in organizations, in fact, there is an ethical and human look to the subject of work and organization, because ethics in professional behaviour leads to an obligation to perform the assigned tasks in the best form and without external control, and subsequently to improve the results of work, the main objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between organizational social capital and work conscience among employees.The statistical population of the research includes all the employees of the Bank of Residential of Tehran city .Based on the Cochran formula, 368 people were selected by cluster sampling The research design is applied in terms of its purpose and in terms of the nature and method of descriptive survey. The data gathering tool was a researcher questionnaire. The validity of the content verification tool was performed. Reliability of the questionnaire was determined by Cronbach's alpha. The findings showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between the various dimensions of social capital organization, namely: cognition (r= 0.44), communication (r= 0.42), and structural (r= 0.35), with the conscience of the employees of the bank, Therefore, all research hypotheses are confirmed. Based on regression results, multiple correlations of predictive variables with relatively high conscientiousness (r = 0.60). Also, three dimensions of social capital have been able to affect (0.36) of variables that change the work conscience (R2 = 0.36).

The aim of this paper is to decrease the energy consumption in a residential building and provide thermal comfort by using hybrid system instead of the conventional method (convection heating method). In this system، the temperature of the room is kept around 10 by convection system and then is raised to the thermal comfort by radiant heater. Thermal comfort is affected by temperature، relative humidity and velocity of the air flow. These parameters can be controlled by changing surface and temperature of the heater، position and velocity of the inlet and outlet، and type of the materials. In this simulation a 3D model of a virtual standing thermal manikin with real dimensions is considered. The continuity، momentum، energy، species equations for turbulent flow and physiological equation for thermal comfort are numerically solved for heat، moisture and flow field. The obtained numerical results have a good agreement with the experimental results reported in the literature. The velocity، temperature and the relative humidity contribution around the manikin is more uniform in the hybrid system. The velocity that is needed to provide the thermal comfort is also equal to 0. 2 m/s in this system. This reduction of the velocity causes the heat transfer losses and energy consumption to around 25% and 19%، respectively. Also، the energy consumption decreases equal to %8 due to thermal resistance variation in the walls.