علی گل محمدی

Diabetes Mellitus is a group of complex, multi-system metabolic disorders that alter many functions of the immune system and are associated with delayed recovery and a reduced immune response. Apical periodontitis is the inflammation and destruction of the periodontium in the apical region of the root, originating from the pulp, and as a result, an inflammatory response creates a radiolucent area at the root apex. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the presence of pulp and periapical lesions and controlled type 2 diabetes in the radiographic images of patients.

In this cross-sectional study, 45 patients were included in the case group (patients with controlled diabetes) and 45 in the control group (healthy individuals). Periapical and endodontic status was evaluated based on examinations using panoramic and periapical images. In the dental examinations (excluding third molars), the following were recorded for each patient: the number of teeth in the mouth, the number and location of teeth without root canal treatment with a periapical lesion, the number and location of teeth with root canal treatment, and the number and location of teeth with root canal treatment with a periapical lesion. The periodontal condition was assessed using the periapical index (PAI), with scores greater than 3 considered indicative of periapical pathology. For inferential analysis, chi-square tests and independent t-tests were used.

Among the 90 participants, 53 were women and 37 were men. The average age of the participants was 43.6 years, and the average age was higher in the diabetic group. In total, 52.2% of patients had periapical lesions and 63.3% had pulpal lesions, with these two lesions being significantly more common in diabetic individuals(P<0.05). Among all patients, there was a significant relationship between gender and periapical lesions (P=0.022), with women having a higher prevalence of these lesions. In non-diabetic individuals, unlike diabetic individuals, the relationship between gender and periapical lesions was significant, with women having more lesions(P=0.03). Across all patients, there was a significant relationship between age and periapical lesions (P=0.001), with the average age being higher in patients with periapical lesions. In diabetic individuals, unlike non-diabetic individuals, no significant relationship was observed between these two variables (P=0.828).

The study results demonstrated a significant relationship between the prevalence of pulp and periapical lesions and factors such as sex, age, and type 2 diabetes. The findings revealed that the prevalence of pulp and periapical lesions is higher in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to those without diabetes. The likelihood of developing these lesions increases with age and is generally higher in women. Additionally, no correlation was found between the prevalence of pulp and periapical lesions in men without type 2 diabetes and increasing age in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

The formation of dual and eclectic cultural patterns consisting of indigenous and Western elements was the consequence of Qajar and Meiji societies’ confrontation with Western civilization in the nineteenth century. Based on their perception of the modern individual’s characteristics, the elite of these societies tried to present civilized behavior in the public sphere by displaying the symbols of the new civilization in everyday life. The dominance of self-control in the public sphere with the formation of absolute states in the West and the enclosure of natural and emotional behaviors in private sphere was what Elias meant by individual rationalization in contemporary Western societies. Regarding the importance of historical experiences, it is tried here to answer the question what was the elite’s solution of the conflict between the inseparable rational and emotional aspects of the individual in these societies? It is a question along an old and important question of the causes of failure and success of Iran and Japan in the modernization process. It was attempted to analyze the historical data and measurement indexes such as clothing, housing and etiquette in the elite life by applying Elias’s theory and comparative-historical method to explain their seeking refuge in the private sphere as a possible solution to relieve pressures.

The confrontation with Western civilization united Japanese Asianists and Muslim nationalists a century ago. The global recognition of Japan as a great power paved the way for its advancement in the Eurasian region in the name of Pan-Asianism ideology, the realization of a united Asia, and the liberation of Muslims from Western colonialism. Due to some limitations, Japanese government had to establish informal and secret relations with Muslim nationalist activists of the Russian and Chinese empires’ colonies. By relying solely on military power, the sphere of influence expansion in the vast geopolitical area of ​​Eurasia against these two great powers was impossible.To this end, Japan sought to establish a unified Asia by emphasizing identity, cultural, linguistic, and racial commonalities by adopting a Pan-Asian policy as the ideology of expansionist wars. In order to establish and expand the sphere of influence in the Eurasian region, the Empire of Japan tried to exert control there by virtue of soft power and cultural activities through highlighting common feelings, emotions and narratives and receiving recognition among the people, especially the Muslims of this region. Perceiving the distinct culture, race and language of the inhabitants of this region, Japanese tried to exclude the two main neighboring powers from interfering in this sphere of influence by identity demarcating. Regarding the hypothesis, the Constructivism theory which deals with spiritual and normative elements was applied to examine the correctness or incorrectness of such a hypothesis.

The global burden of cancer continues to increase largely because of the aging and growth of the world population alongside an increasing adoption of cancer-causing behaviors, particularly smoking and various environmental factors. A variety of cancers data in special geographic areas can help define medical programs for treatment and screening of high-risk groups. Since cancer types has not been reported within districts and neighbourhoods of Tehran city so far, this study could be considered as the first in this respect, which defines cancer epidemiology in the catchment area, and on the other hand, paves the provision of equitable services patient who need these facilities.

This is the cross sectional study that shows cancer distribution patern. Incident cases from Tehran residents covered by the Iran University of Medical Sciences were obtained, which included almost 55% of the total cancer incidence in Tehran in 2007. Districts covered by the university were located in west and southwest of Tehran including districts 2,5,6,9,18,21, and 22 cases of other districts refered to Iran university that identified incidence cancer but results must interpreted with caution since those resident districts have not been covered population data were obtained from theprevious census in 2006. Age and sex standard rate were calculated based on Iranian standard population. Cancers distribution maps were developed using available adresses, indicating districts and neighbourhoods in GIS. Common cancers diffrence within covered districts was tested by Fisher exact test.

Cancer incidence in specified districts of Tehran was 72.822 in 100000 population, where district 6 had the highest incidence (ASR=90.552) followed by district 2 (ASR=71.503) and the least incidence was in district 18 (ASR=34.991). This diffrence was significant within districts by Fisher exact test. The highest ASRs in women was 87.517 in districts 6 and 2 (71.621) and in male respectivly 94.683 and 70.919. Highest incidence within neighbourhoods were Abasabad, Qaemmaqam and Gand in males and Ddaneshgah, Arjantin and Shiraz in females. High cancers ASR consisted of breast (9.018), colorectal (4.94), prostate (4.174), stomach (3.711) and skin (3.522).

More cancer aggregation, which was observed in districts 2 and 6 within the university catchment area and districts 1 and 3 out of this territory, warrants more researches to investigate what factors in the specified districts and neighbourhoods has led to this condition.

There is a close link between «time» and «changes». Thus، two simultaneous events may undergo different processes due to different historical and cultural circumstances. The development process in Japan and Iran is one example. The two countries'' confrontation with the west in 19th century is generally considered to be the beginning of their development and modernization. But Japan actually entered this phase after a relatively short period of a decade from the time it accepted the Tariff Trade conditions in 1858، the presence of the U. S. navy and until the establishment of a modern state following the return of Meiji (1868). A survey of the chronicles and other literature that illustrate the conditions of Qajar era sheds light over the social behavior of the time and the absence of the vital elements necessary for development، thought this kind of behavior may be rooted in more distant past. It could be concluded that despite the start of transition from a traditional society to the modern time as a result of confrontation with the west، success in treading this path was mostly due to the existing circumstances that had paved the way for this strenuous goal. The institutionalization of such traits as accountability for the assumed duties and the assigned social roles in a country like Japan، facilitated the move forward in the path of modernization.

However outbreaks of cholera are not very common in central area of Iran، in 2008 district health authority reported a cluster of diarrhea cases. We investigated this cluster to identify the etiological agent، source of transmission and propose control measures.

We defined a case of diarrhea as occurrence of > or =3 loose/watery stools a day among the residents of Karaj. Fifty four (54) cases were identified in health care centers and 106 healthy individuals as control. We conducted a gender- and age-matched case-control study to identify risk factors.

Vibrio cholerae El Tor O1 Inaba was isolated from all cases rectal swabs. during cholera epidemic outbreak in 2007، 54 cases of stool-culture were vibrio cholera، serotype Inaba positive. Using industrial-ice and fruits and vegetables were significantly associated with the illness (OR 4. 4 and 3. 3 respectively).

This outbreak was due to a contaminated industrial-ice and contaminated vegetables and fruits and V. cholera 01 Inaba was possibly the causative organism. Therefore more prevention program and observation methods should be considered.