علیرضا مکبریان

Observance of National Building Codes in design, calculation, implementation, operation, repair, and maintenance of architectural buildings to ensure the minimum level of safety, comfort, health, proper utilization, and economic efficiency of the individual and society is essential. After graduating, architecture students must follow building codes in their professional work. To ensure their competence, they need to be familiar with these codes and their application in the university.This study aims to investigate the importance and ways of teaching National Building Codes (NBCs) in the undergraduate program of architectural engineering in Iranian universities. The study uses a qualitative research method and semi-structured interview tools. The statistical population of the study is derived from Targeted Sampling from architects with the following characteristics: 1) Having experience in the profession of architecture continuously, 2) having experience in architecture academic education continuously, and 3) having a grade in the Construction Engineering Organization and mastery of National Building Codes (NBCs).The results of this study show that the current method of teaching architecture based on the approved program of the University of Tehran, which is implemented in most universities in the country, is not effective in teaching NBCs and needs to be revised. Although the proposed method of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in direct teaching NBCs as a separate course can be considered as an effective step in filling the gap between the profession and university education, but indirect teaching NBCs during theoretical and practical courses should also be considered. To achieve this, it is necessary to revise the course topics and emphasize the teaching of topics related to that course.Due to time limitations in presenting the proposed two-unit course, it is only possible to give a brief introduction of NBCs' topic. Although the proposed course emphasizes teaching 10 of the 22 topics, the results of this study suggest that general familiarity with all topics is required.This study also reveals that some architecture teachers impede the entry of NBCs into university education. Some issues such as revising the curriculum of architecture, requiring the passing of national regulations in all universities in the country, planning to reform and change the architectural education at the Ministry of Science Research and Technology, more emphasis on technical aspects of architecture, and preparing students to enter the professional work can solve some of the problems.The results of this study show that the lack of attention to the teaching of NBCs during various courses, low level of teachers' interest in teaching topics and insufficient emphasis on the observance of NBCs in student projects, are among the main defects of teaching NBCs in Iranian universities.According to the teaching of NBCs in some Iranian universities following the curriculum approved by the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, it is suggested that after a few courses, some research have evaluated it from the perspective of teachers, students, and graduates based on the qualitative method to provide the necessary conditions for revising this curriculum in the future.

This paper examines the level of attention to water sensitive urban design approach in Iran, leading to two questions: a) What are the objectives of WSUD? b) To what extent is attention paid to the objectives of WSUD in teaching landscape architecture and urban design fields? The research methodology of this research is combined (qualitative-quantitative). In the first step of the research, the qualitative strategy and content analysis method were used to extract the main and secondary objectives of WSUD from resources. Then, the extracted objectives were examined as measured components, based on the opinions of the panel of experts. In the second step, in order to evaluate the level of attention to the objectives of WSUD in the academic education in landscape architecture and urban design fields, the opinions of academicians in landscape architecture and urban design were collected. In the third step of the research, Shannon quantitative entropy strategy was used to analyze the answers to the questionnaires. Shannon entropy is one of the quantitative methods based on multi-criteria decision making and has an important role in information theory for data processing in content analysis. The analysis of the answers to the questionnaires using Entropy Method shows that among the five main components of WSUD, in urban design and landscape architecture education, the performance component is much more important than other components and the two components of water amenity and water supply are in second rank, water quality is in third place and water quantity is in the fourth position. Among the 20 sub-components, the weight of 14 components (equivalent to 70% of the components) is the same and insignificant, which shows that little attention is paid to them in the process of landscape architecture and urban design education in Iran. The results indicate that the components with quantitative nature have a low position in landscape architecture and urban design education, while many of the qualitative components had attained higher weight than the quantitative components. This shows that the education of landscape architecture and urban design in Iran, especially in water field, is mainly based on theoretical concepts and qualitative issues, and is not successful in preparing graduates of these fields to face the challenges in real projects. To close this gap, it is recommended to review the course descriptions of these two fields and determine how to enhance the knowledge of the teachers about the importance of water for further studies.