غلامرضا ملکشاهی

Coastal tourism is one of the important motivating factors in tourism, and the development programs of most areas that have beaches are considered an important factor in achieving sustainable development. This will be realized if planners and managers at all levels and all forms of tourism do not consider one-dimensional development and pay attention to all stakeholders. A subject that has received less attention in most development programs. The present study aims to analyze the stakeholders' perception of tourism in the coastal city of Babolsar for the purpose of sustainable urban development. The research method is descriptive-analytical in terms of applied purpose and research methodology. The statistical population consists of four categories of beneficiaries including tourists, citizens, economic activists and experts (managers), and the sample size among the first three groups is 383 people using Cochran's formula and 20 people among the experts group were selected in an available manner. In order to analyze the data, spss software and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to check the normality of the data, and one-sample t-test was used to analyze the data. The results showed that in terms of the level of perception of the stakeholders regarding the effects of tourism on the sustainable development of Babolsar city, tourists with a score of 3.41, citizens with a score of 3.63, economic activists with a score of 3.1, and experts and managers with a score of 3.27 and in total with a level of They are average. And according to them, there is a significant difference between the perceptions of stakeholders regarding the effects of tourism on the sustainability of economic, social-cultural, physical-infrastructural, management-institutional and environmental indicators.

One of the ways to achieve sustainable development, especially for border cities that are far from political and administrative centers and central cities, is to develop the tourism industry with an emphasis on domestic potentials and capabilities. Therefore, the present study seeks to identify the tourism capabilities in the coastal and border areas of Babolsar, Royan and Noor in Mazandaran province. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population is a group of experts who were selected by available means of 20 people in all three cities. Using the opinions of this group, first the tourism capabilities were identified and then the importance of each of them in achieving sustainable development was obtained using the Savara method. The results showed that the border cities under study, despite the major challenges in the field of sustainable tourism development, but also have many capabilities that in this study in five categories of economic, socio-cultural, environmental, Physical and institutional-managerial have been identified. By weighting them, economic capabilities with a weight of 0.2619 have the highest weight in achieving sustainable development of the region. Environmental capabilities with a weight of 0.2183 and physical capabilities with a final weight of 0.84 and socio-cultural capabilities with a weight of 1804.4 and finally institutional-managerial capabilities with a weight of 0.1409 The sequence in the next steps is the priority of influencing the sustainable development of the studied areas. The general results of the research show that coastal and border cities have a high potential in the field of tourism and ecotourism due to their strategic location and high natural attractions, which can be achieved with proper investment and planning. Used for sustainable tourism development

The study of the roles and functions of cities and their developments is an important question in modern geographic studies. The unbalanced spatial distribution of populations, irregular migration to metropolises and imbalances in the distribution of economic opportunities between regions have led to focus on the idea of ​​medium-sized cities as one of the most effective approaches to planning of the territory. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to study the performance of the city of Nasimshahr as an intermediary city in the spatial development structure of Tehran province. The research method is "descriptive-analytical" and the data collection method is based on both library and field methods. Quantitative methods and models have been used to study the role of the city. Economic models show that the city's share of industrial employment is above average in terms of industrial employment. The structural change index shows that the changes in Nasimshahr were greater than those in Tehran province. The results of the share change model show that the service sector has grown faster than the province. Considering the spatial structure, whatever the role of the city, the spatial imbalance in the urban network of the province is obvious. Demographic models show that Nasimshahr has great elasticity to attract the overwhelming population of the province. Therefore, given its strengths and possibilities, it can play a key role in regional leveling as a service and industrial center in the southwest of the province.

Tourism has significant implications for sustainability. Tourism can make full use of tourism resources in different regions to adjust and optimize industrial structures, expand the agricultural industrial chain, develop tourism services, promote non-agricultural employment, increase farmers' incomes and create a better economic base for construction. Thus, tourism has become a strong pillar for sustainable development in developed and emerging countries. Coastal cities can play an effective role in the development of these areas, and consequently, in the development and growth of the national economy by proper and appropriate planning and identification of capabilities in coastal tourism. Given the unemployment that exists among the various strata of these cities and the main features of job creation in tourism, which includes a wide range of forces, both in terms of education, is an issue that along with effects in this industry, cannot be ignored. Because, tourism as an intelligent and humane element and as important inputs of an urban system can have positive effects in spatial-spatial dimensions and pave the way for sustainable urban development for the studied cities. On the other hand, the lack of careful planning by city managers in the field of tourism to achieve sustainable development in these coastal cities will create problems for both tourists and current and future citizens. Considering that the coastal cities under study are among the tourist cities of the province and the country, and also have the ability to achieve sustainable tourism development, the study of the role that tourism can play in these cities in the field of sustainable development is a significant issue.

This research is an applied research in terms of nature, and in terms of data analysis method, it is a descriptive-correlational and causal-relationship that has been evaluated using field and survey methods and a questionnaire. The statistical population of the group of experts including professors and experts and the sample size was determined based on the available method of 20 people. The research tool of the questionnaire and its validity has been done formally by a group of experts who have studied in this field so far and its reliability with Cronbach's alpha test and coefficient of 0.890 indicates the acceptable reliability of the questionnaire for research. Pls software has been used to analyze the data.

According to the designed model, institutional-managerial indicators have an impact on economic, social-cultural, physical and environmental indicators, and economic indicators have a direct impact on the environment and socio-cultural and physical indicators on the environment. These relationships have been examined internally and indirectly on the main variable, namely sustainable development. Finally, all five indicators studied in the study were directly evaluated on sustainable development, which showed that the managerial-institutional index with a path coefficient of 0.803 plays the most important role in sustainable development. Then the economic index with a coefficient of 0.776 and socio-cultural index with a coefficient of 0.734 and physical and environmental indicators each with coefficients of 0.665 and 0.514, respectively, have the greatest impact on achieving sustainable tourism development. They will have a beach. It should be noted that all relationships and path coefficients, both endogenously and exogenously, have positive and directional effects and the intensity of relationships are evaluated as very high and significant. These indicators are good predictors for the sustainable development of coastal tourism. Due to environmental issues and problems due to the arrival of tourists and the resulting pollution, the environmental behavior of citizens is almost necessary.

According to these results, the main duties of the government are to support and develop maritime activities at the technological, environmental and social levels to meet the needs of the tourist community, make full use of the region's coastal potential and diverse water resources and their basic infrastructure, as well as the establishment of maritime and river transport networks and tourism in many areas. However, tourism and economic potential have not been fully utilized. After the managerial-institutional variable, the economic index and the socio-cultural index have the highest score in the role of coastal tourism on sustainable development. After that, the impact of the physical index and finally the environmental index is in the last rank in terms of impact on sustainable development. According to the analysis of the indicators of this study, it can be said that tourism is the main engine of development for this region and accelerates its sustainable development because, economically, it has a positive effect on income growth, job opportunities and job creation. Gross income and production will increase the motivation of investors to invest in the region. Socially, it causes interaction between residents and tourism, preserving the customs and culture of the region, getting acquainted with other cultures, increasing the presence of women in society, and so on. Physically, it will provide the development of infrastructure, the development of accommodation and catering facilities, the beautification of the environment, the inclusion of recreational and beach uses in plans and planning, and so on. But from the environmental point of view, it causes adverse effects on the cleanliness and cleanliness of the beaches, a negative role on the waste disposal system and increasing pollution and destruction of ecosystems, reducing animal species and changing land uses, and reducing agricultural lands, etc. This will harm the environment of the beaches.

Today, achieving sustainable development and proper and sustainable construction density in the cities to improve the quality of life and improve the urban environment is considered as a necessity of urban development. The increasing urban population growth, resource constraints and the rational efficiency of existing facilities increase the importance of paying attention to the density of urban areas. Since demographic and construction densification is one of the most important means of urban planning in order to balance and create order in a complex urban system. Accordingly, the need for a deep and deep view of the topic of urban density and its effects on other urban phenomena is felt more than ever.The present research is analytical-descriptive. In order to collect information for the study of construction density, statistical blocks of 2011 were used. 384 questionnaires were also used to assess the sustainability of urban neighborhoods. In this study, various statistical methods including Kruskal Wallis and binomial test were used. The results of the research showed that there is a significant difference between the groups of construction density and the level of neighborhood stability in the cities of Babolsar is not equal in terms of density. In fact, it can be stated that there is a significant difference between neighborhoods with different construction densities in terms of physical, environmental and economic sustainability. Neighborhoods with average building density in terms of physical, environmental and economic sustainability are better than low-density (construction) and high-density (construction) neighboroods. However, in terms of socio-cultural sustainability between neighborhoods with different construction densities, there is no significant difference and the situation of this aspect of sustainability is not related to the density of construction in the neighborhoods. In general, Babolsar is not in a good position in terms of sustainability.

Responsible tourism is a type of tourism that aims to create good tourism opportunities through optimal use of holidays, improved quality of life for residents, socio-economic benefits and the protection of natural resources. This concept has emerged, having identified its importance to create and enhance business opportunities in the tourism sector. This article focuses on the attitudes of consumers of tourism products towards sustainable tourism in Three tourist destinations of northern Iran (Babolsar, Lahijan and Sareyn(. First, the typology of all types of tourists was carried out using Cohen's institutional model and its adaptations for Iran and tourists have been divided into three institutional, semi-institutional and non-institutional groups. Then, their level of responsibility in daily consumption, towards the community and the environment was evaluated. A sample of 386 people was selected using the Cochran formula. For data analysis, factor analysis and ANOVA testing were used. The results of the research show that, Institutional tourists, have the greatest sense of responsibility towards local communities and the environment. The semi-institutional group, is below 3. And the third group, non-institutional tourists, has little respect for the rights of local communities and the environment.

The inappropriate placement of certain industrial, production and service activities in urban spaces has negative effects on the physical and psychological well-being of citizens as well as on the urban landscape. The purpose of this article is to study the existing situation and to measure citizens' attitudes about the effects of workshops and industrial occupations on Gorgan entrances (east, west and north entrances), and inspired by the theoretical foundations of research and its adaptation with case study, was done in four dimensions: environmental, physical, cityscape, and traffic. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the data collection is done by conducting field research, conducting surveys and using tools such as observation and questionnaire. The statistical sample includes 384 residents of these entries, which were chosen by the method stratified sample. The data was analyzed by the SPSS software using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk test for normalization. Then, a non-parametric binomial test was used to analyze the abnormal data. The results show that, in terms of citizens, workshops and industrial uses based on the east and west entrances, they have adverse effects on the environmental status of these entries, while northern entry has relatively minor adverse effects. With regard to physical effects, Results at both east and west entry show relatively high impact, but in the case of the northern entrance, the difference between the mean and the cutoff point = 3 is not significant. In terms of impact on traffic and landscape, the east and west entry have a relatively large impact, while they have little impact on the northern entry. This ratio seems logical since the number of workshops and industries in the northern entrance is negligible compared to other entries. The results were compared with the results of previous external and internal research related to this study, the results showed that policymakers ignored the importance and value of natural resources and the environment in past planning, and that many industries were designed and operated independently of environmental considerations. Unplanned locations of industries and workshops, and without taking into account the zoning and land use rules, one of the fundamental problems of the cities studied. The results of this research confirm similar problems at the entrance of the city of Gorgan.

Generally speaking, although citizens’ participation in the urban management has received increasing credit and attention since the 20th century, it is mainly a modern phenomenon. This study primarily aims to examine the key determinants associated with citizens’ participation in urban management. The results of this study are based on a survey that has been conducted in Amol City that includes a sample of 352 individuals. The results of this analysis show that the participation rate of the citizens in the urban management is below the medium level. Further, only the rate of social participation is fairly high, whereas the other aspects of participation including political, intellectual, financial and physical participations are below the medium level. Moreover, the results of logistic regression analyses show that citizens’ participation in the urban management is significantly associated with four key determinants: associative membership, knowledge, powerlessness, and socio-economic status.

Spatial problems, expansion of marginalization, and the formation of worn out tissues, and the lack of balance in the different services of urban districts, and neighborhood of incompatible land use, is the result of the uncontrolled expansion of cities. This will increase transportation costs, infrastructure costs and per capita cost of services in the city. Pay attention to the principles of infill development in areas with capacity in the city, such as: worn, eroded, marginal, exhausted and inefficient urban fabric in addition to the priority areas, can be considered as one of the main strategies to achieve smart urban growth, to prevent and treat these problems. Ahwaz as a capital of the province, the existence of different industries to provide jobs, and diversity in delivering a variety of services, since the imposed war, it is a place of attraction of the migrant populations of the surrounding towns and villages. This led to the formation of spatial problems, as well as the uneven spread of the city and the emergence of a phenomenon known as sprawl in urban areas. The zone 2 of Ahwaz has the largest capacity of Infill Development. The purpose of this document is to identify the capacity of infill development in this zone and to prioritize them. In this research, firstly, the infill development in the three main domains (worn out tissues, wasteland, and incompatible land use) was studied in zone 2 of Ahwaz. Next, to evaluate the infill development capabilities in constructed textures, Indicators of accessibility, physical and social, and to measure the infill development capacity in constructed textures, the DEMATEL technique and fuzzy method was used in the ArcGIS software. The results show that there are about 1720 hectares of wasteland, 114 hectares of military land and 1.5 hectares of ruined land in this zone. Regarding the fabrics built, according to a hierarchical map divided into 5 categories, the first priority is 58 hectares, the second is 354 hectares, the third is 174 hectares, the fourth is 115 hectares and the fifth is 40 hectares, are class's from 1 to 5. The districts of Kian Abad, Seyed Khalaf, Amaniye, East Kianpars and west Kianpars are ranked in the first and second priorities.

The change in urban systems is a continuous process that simultaneously occurs at different levels of space. This article aims to study the evolution of the urban system of Mazandaran province in the last 60 years. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the statistical basis of the data is the results of general population censuses and housing. In this research, Excel data was categorized by demographic data of urban areas and using the rank-size models, the class-adjusted minimum and the pulling coefficient of the urban system of Mazandaran province were analyzed. With Gis, maps of the spatial distribution of urban population were also drawn. The results show that urbanization in Mazandaran is moving along with the whole country, but its acceleration is slower than that of the country. In this period, the number of cities increased 6 times, urban population 12 times, and urbanization increased to 42.2 percent. According to the model, the size of the real and desirable population of cities is seen to be increasing as a surplus population, and as the tendency to balance is evident at high levels of the hierarchical system, there is no such improvement at the lower levels. In the corrected rule of Storges, the degree of difference between classes is increased to 5.6 times, and the number of classes to 10 metropolitan areas has increased, and there is a significant difference between the number of cities and their population in the last floor of this model, which indicates the imbalance and disruption of the situation The hierarchy of the urban system. The results of the model of pulling coefficient show that the small towns and villages in recent decades have been low and negative growth, whose declining role has caused a serious risk of balance in the Mazandaran city system.

Satisfaction with the residential environment is an important factor for attaining life satisfaction. One of the most important measures of the Iranian state is the provision of housing for low and middle income classes in cities through the Mehr Housing Project. It seems that the policy behind this project paid particular attention to quantitative aspects of housing rather than its social and economic characteristics. The Mehr Housing Project is the biggest national housing plan which needs to be studied in terms of its outcomes due to its broad and new character in Iran. The present research aims to investigate and compare the satisfaction level of the residents of the state-initiated andself-owned Mehr houses in Amol.

 The research methodology was based on descriptive and analytical approaches and the required data was collected via field survey and secondary documents. The number of samples was determined using Cochran formula to be 253. Due to data abnormality, nonparametric tests were applied to analyze the residents’ satisfaction. Also, the binomial test was used to investigate and identify the satisfaction level with both state-initiated and self-owned Mehr houses. The Mann-Whitney U test was applied to compare the satisfaction level between state-initiated and self-owned Mehr housing project. Finally, Friedman’s test was used to rank the satisfaction level of residents. Amol state Mehr housing, with 546 households, is located in Hezarsangar Avenue, Amol, Iran.These complexes were constructed by 4 different cooperative companies. In addition, there are 3 other self-owned Mehr housing complexes, includeing the Paniz complex with 64 units and Pahlevanzadeh complex with 64 units, both located on the Taaleb-e Amoli avenue, and Royal-Roz complex with 182 units located on the Mirzahashem-e Amoli boulevard. The socio-economic condition, landscape and access in the self-owned Mehr housing is better than that in the state Mehr hosing.Cochran’s method was used to determine the sample size. Eventually, 253 households(153 households from the state Mehr hosing and 100 households from self-owned Mehr housing)were interviewed. Due to data abnormality, nonparametric tests were used to analyze the residents’ satisfaction. The applied methods include the binomial, Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests.

In this article, we tried to evaluate the objective and subjective factors that affect residents’ satisfaction with the state and self-owned Mehr hosing. The results show that the satisfaction level is low in all the housing components, the minimum satisfaction level being associated with the facilities, visibility and landscape. In Mehrself-owned housing, a dissatisfaction is observed with the components of facilities, visibility and landscape. As for the other components, given that the significance level was 0.05, the satisfaction or dissatisfaction level with any of the components was not significant. However, the degree of satisfaction with Mehr self-owned housing is relatively higher than that of the state.According to the results, Mehr housing complexes do not meet the expectations of residents. It can thus be argued that certain quantitative aspects along with the apperance of the houses have been prioritized in planning the construction and implementation of the Mehr housing project. The results are consistent with previous research results for mostcomponents. As a result, neglecting the quality, needs and satisfaction of residents has led to dissatisfaction with Mehr housing project. Therefore, managers and planners need to review the objectives and receive feedback from residents.
 

 
In providing housing for low-income groups, quality improvement, particularly in the area of the quality of physical space, the provision of educational, health and commercial services, the provision of sports equipment, playgrounds and greenery, the reinforcement of public transport and landscaping are necessary and effective on the satisfaction of residents. It is thus suggested to develop some strategies to achieve the above objectives for the Mehr housing complexes in Amol.
The culture-led urban regeneration and cultural tourism are two sides of a coin in the renovation of valuable urban areas. The first is a comprehensive process for saving the deteriorated urban areas of the city from the destruction of physic and activity, and the latter is the most effective way of promoting people’s participation, culture and art and mobilizing social and cultural forces for old urban areas.  Culture-led urban regeneration is one of the most recent approaches to sustainable urban regeneration, which, after many years of experience, has proved its legitimacy not only as a theoretical approach, but also as a practical strategy for the modernization and improvement of the old neighborhoods. The contribution of the cultural and human heritage of valuable neighbors to the process of regeneration can be realized because the local economy and related businesses would be supported through tourism development and tourists’ interest in such neighborhoods. Therefore, the culture-led urban regeneration through tourism development can be considered as one of the most promising solutions for the sustainable regeneration of old towns.When tourism is considered as way of rehabilitation of the underlying culture, culture-based tourism is clearly intended. Cultural tourism is defined as a type of tourism whose main purpose is to spread the horizons of knowledge through the discovery of artistic heritage or architecture of a land. This article investigates the interaction of the two in the framework of strategic planning of cultural tourism development in the old fabric of Rasht, which covers the Zahedan and Sagharisazan neighborhoods. The research method is descriptive-analytic, using a combination of qualitative and quantitative tools, including a questionnaire, for data collection. The internal and external factors are evaluated through a panel of 30 local experts, including experts from the Municipality and Cultural Heritage and Tourism Department. The sampling method was snowball sampling due to the uncertainty of the population.The results show that, despite having its own cultural resources, the old fabric of Rasht has not been able to use local resources due to the weakness of the cultural tourism infrastructure and the lack of creativity in the use of art and culture in the process of culture-led urban regeneration.Prioritized strategies, executive policies and action plans were developed for mobilizing cultural and artistic sources in developing cultural tourism while actively protecting cultural heritage and identity simultaneously. Creating new and different tourist attractions through reviving ritual traditions, improving historic buildings by planning attractive activities for tourists and pedestrinization of Bazar-Khahar-e- Imam –Zarjub are among the most prioritized strategies designed for cultural-led urban regeneration through urban tourism in the old fabric of Rasht. Besides, the results of this article show that the plan for tourism development in the Iranian historical neighborhoods should be a long-term plan that prioritizes the provision of infrastructure and changes in short-term views towards urban management

Fair distribution of urban services and facilities is one of the important subjects in urban studies. Geographically, social justice of city corresponds with the fair distribution of amenities and resources among the different regions and equal access of all citizens to them which is one of the urban planning objectives. Clearly, unequal distribution leads to social crises and complicated spatial problems. The main objective of the research is to investigate the distribution of urban services in different neighborhoods of Saqqez regarding the social justice. The methodology of the research is based on descriptive - analytical approaches by using three different models of Location Quotient (L.Q), standardized score coefficient and VIKOR to prioritize and rank the distribution of facilities in the neighborhoods of the city. Kapland model was used to integrate three models for further validity of the obtained data.Also thematic maps are presented using Excel and ArcGIS. The results showed a considerable gap among the neighborhoods regarding to the distribution of urban services as more than 50 percent of the neighborhoods have negative standardized mean. According to the L.Q there is not coincident between population and service distribution. Neighborhood 1 had the highest level of urban services. So it seems that local urban authorities should reduce the level of inequity among the neighborhood by devising policies based on the principles of social justice.

Considering the even distribution of population is one of the criteria for urban sustainable development. Therefore the distribution of urban services should be in such a way that establishes social and spatial equity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of Spatial Autocorrelation in analyzing spatial distribution of urban public services. The scope of the study is Saghez town of Kurdestan province. Obtaining this purpose, while introducing and evaluating the efficiency of Spatial Autocorrelation Model, Moran Index, and general index of G with the help of geographic information system (Arc GIS) and Geodata software by which analyzing urban services distribution be provided in unified, the researcher surveys the spatial analysis and distribution and access to ten kinds of public services which has been distributed in Saghez areas. Analyzing integrated access of Saghez services indicates Moran coefficient (16%), showing that the growth model in Saghez is close to the distributed model. But according to the general index of G, services users show a low clustering. Accordingly bivariate Moran coefficient is -%26(Moran I= -%26). Bivariate Moran model indicates no meaningful relationship between population density and users distribution.

Evidences indicate that small urban centers with balanced and coordinated development corresponded with their environment; while reducing socio-economic differences within regions lead to realization of sustainable development. Given the importance of these small new founded towns; the main purpose of the paper is to investigate the role of these centers in urban sustainable development and their impact on the recruitment of population and development of socio-economic indicators for urban households by comparing the level of resident satisfaction in post change era from village to town. The methodology of the research is based on analytical and descriptive approaches which was accompanied a field work to complete the given questionnaires. The data were processed and analyzed using SPSS. The results revealed that there is a significant satisfaction among the citizens regarding to the new established facilities. Also the research findings show that transformation of village into city created job opportunities and improved the social components of people knowledge about their urban rights. Almost all of the statistical tests of the research confirmed that the level of quality of life has promoted by formation of the town. It can be concluded that the experience of rural places change into urban centers provides a better condition and opportunity for such settlements without leading to rural-urban migration.
The results revealed that there is a significant satisfaction among the citizens regarding to the new established facilities. Also the research findings show that transformation of village into city created job opportunities and improved the social components of people knowledge about their urban rights. Almost all of the statistical tests of the research confirmed that the level of quality of life has promoted by formation of the town. It can be concluded that the experience of rural places change into urban centers provides a better condition and opportunity for such settlements without leading to rural-urban migration.

One of the unstable areas of urban development, particulary in developing countries, is formation of informal settlement in urban areas and its suburbs.While these settlements considered as basic elements of disorder for certain parts of the city, they cause social, economical and cultural losses to the hole body of the city. Right now informal settlement of Gonbad Kavous include Afghan Abad, Seid Abad, Badaljeh and Chai Bouii that intensified spatial inequalities in the city.This study was done to evaluate the role of informal settlements in urban fragmentation of Gonbad's spatial struture. The methodology used a combination of analytical methods-descriptive and statistical to analize the survey data and to make them closer to the research objectives. For data analysis and draw maps and graphs SPSS Excel, and GIS used.Finding showed that most land areas in question have no official municipality document that permits to make such a buildings. However these settlements use muniapal services and facilities like other parts of the city and continue to grow in the city but their turbulant and chaotic aspects, irregular network of passages and the lack of standards for spatial distribution, impose considerable social and economic problems to urban fragmentation of Gonbad Kavous.

Ecotourism is one of the most important economic activity in today's world it is. Because a significant portion of the population trends of international tourists to ecotourism and promoting environmental appreciation And enhance the conservation of natural resources globally, Ecotourism is growing in value every day. Second home in rural areas is one of the segments of tourism industry which can play an important role in the diversity of national and local economy by principle planning and identifying its threats and advantages. The rural collection of Chelove in Amol Township is an untouched area of the province which now the mushroom growth of second homes created intensive changes in the recent decade. This study aims to investigate the economic and environmental impact of second home in rural area of Chelove. The methodology of the research is based on the descriptive-analytical methods. The data were processed via SPSS and also different statistical models were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that growth of second homes however had positive economic impact in the area but created different negative environmental effects such as destruction of natural landscapes, and intensive land use changes of orchards.

Cities are live organism which experience growth and decline in the course of time. If negative factors disrupt the order and spatial organization of urban places, the process of decline would accelerate. So, the old and ancient cities of Iran which present unique character and are valuable entities from history are exposed to erosion and decay. Babol as one of the old cities in the northern part of the country is encountered with decay and urban erosion. This study aims to investigate old physical structure of the city by concentrating on the descriptive and analytical methodology which employed SWOT technique to identify different negative and positive factors to present a strategic planning for urban renovation and rehabilitation. The results revealed that the old part of the city suffers from some the deficiencies of urban infrastructure and the texture needs urgent measure to be revitalized.

City entrance elements as one of the most important parts of physical and spatial structure of the city, in spite of having physical, functional and aesthetic importance, with locating heterogeneous and incompatible functions has changed to a detached, without identity and confused structure. So that the entrance space of the most cities of Iran had faced with high decrease of functional and physical quality and this has seriously damaged the identity and landscape of cities. The aim of this paper is to study the physical and functional quality of Babolsar city entrance elements as a tourist and academic city.For this purpose, descriptive and analytical method based on the relevant criteria and indices have been used. The set of the research criteria would be in the field of various functions, components and elements of the main crossing, civil information, physical quality and façade of the adjacent buildings. The results show that the physical and functional quality of the area under study is at a low level based on the research indices and will damage if no attention is paid to the identity and appearance of the city.

There is a specific relationship between Islam and urban life. Dissemination of Islam is represented by the development and progress of urban life. Islamic history began with the foundation and establishment of different kinds of cities. Religious places are regarded as fundamental elements of Islamic cities and Islamic culture. The present article studies the transitional phases from a classical model of Islamic city to an entirely different model. The classical model represents a city in which there is a central place for political and religious congregations (masjed-e-jame) and in which the Islamic government supports justice and denounces all forms of cultural and social discrimination. The latter is an expression of a city which enjoys different religious places and a palace which is the central part of the city government and in which the relations between political and religious figures are cut off.