فاطمه اروجی

For the Iranians, the Qajar period coincided with the familiarization and confrontation with modern Western concepts such as freedom. Iranian newspapers published outside Iran in the pre-constitutional period were one of the ways of familiarizing Iranians with this concept. Soraya newspaper, which was published in Cairo, Egypt, is one of these newspapers, which was published by Mirza Ali Mohammad Khan Kashani. Considering the significance of the concept of freedom, particularly in the years preceding the constitutional revolution in Iran, it is important to understand the history of theoretical discussions about the concept of freedom  in the Iranian press and how it is reflected in Soraya. Accordingly, this article examines how the newspaper understands of the concept of freedom and its relevance to Western freedom. The article also attempts to answer the question with a descriptive-explanatory method in order to show to what extent freedom considered by Soraya corresponds to the freedom in the West during this historical period. The research findings reflect that although the freedom used in the West was approved by the newspaper, in some cases we have seen the reduction of this concept in Soraya.

In the history of Iran, Afsharid's dynasty is among the ones which didn't last long, but is has attracted the attention of many researchers due to its founder's unprecedented measures. The writing and compilation of various written works including books, paupers and so on by domestic and foreign writers indicate the special significance of this period during the contemporary history of Iran. people such as Lawrence Lockhart has compared Nader with great men like Napoleon and others in the field of military genius and political talents and have considered him as being superior to them, and professors such as dr.Abdolhadi Haeri has introduced him as the pioneer in the theory of Islamic unity and the unity of Islamic world what has not been dealt with and even the minimum of it's different dimensions has not been studied is the study of the root and causes of his various and sometimes contradictory religious inclinations which have come from his fragmental stand during the period. In the present article, the exiting probabilities have been studied.

Shiraz for a period of fifty years were a period of development and prosperity by selecting the center of dynasty Buwayhids. After the death of Azad aldvlh and there is also Conflict over the the succession problem ownership of Kingdom, fields degeneration and distress and decline of Shiraz was prepared. The law lack of acceptance of for electing a replacement led to to each of rulers at the beginning of his reign with the claims or encounter pretenders. A long period of insecurity and instabilityparticularly in Fars and Shiraz came into existence.Not only the possibility to engage in construction activities due to the insecurity and continuing conflicts was not possiblebut also the city was looted and was destroyed many buildings and neighborhoods by hostile forces. Besides the basic needs of the urban network supplier was damaged as well as the slump acceleration the decline in the trading due to the insecurity and changing trading routes and natural disasters, which reduces the income became trade. Ultimately Seljuks attacks the urban of life for a long time to decline. In the present research effort is to effective factors in the process of stagnation and decline of of Shiraz during Buyid relying on library studies and with the descriptive method analytical and the historical approach to explain

The gradual spread of Islam in the third century onward the Muslims formed majority population. Based on various sources, have lived peacefully and integration in Fars the Zoroastrian many Muslim residents of without a special distinguish. The peaceful relationship between along with integration between the two parties formed due, fields, and elements of some of factors. The Buyids politics of tolerance and maintaining the rights to along with the Zoroastrian and countered with Extremist groups. The last few opportunities for presence Zoroastrians in social arena providing. The governmentapproach to was reinforced respect the rights of religious orders well as dhimmis and the similarities in practices and ideas. But of Islam did not change much of Iranian culture and inherited and sustaining both groups had a common culture. They are a community, and this was due to the integration both sides. In this query we try to factors affecting the integration of the two groups in The Buyids era on library studies and a descriptive method an analysis and historical Clarifying the our approaches.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is one the oldest known medicinal plants, which is naturally andcommercially grown in Iran and many parts of the world. In this study, the genetic variation of 17 Iranianfennel ecotypes were investigated by ISSR molecular marker. The ISSR markers produced a total of 51genomic DNA segments, of which 45 bands were polymorphic. The mean polymorphism per primer, meanPolymorphic Index Content (PIC), and Marker Index (MI) were 9, 0.478 and 5.92, respectively. Thedendrogram was constructed using UPGMA method and Jaccard’s similarity matrix. The ecotypes weregrouped under three main groups. The 2D and 3D PCoA analysis confirmed the results of the cluster analysis.The results indicated that the studied ecotypes had meaningful genetic diversity, and the genetic groupingusing ISSR markers was correlated with the geographical distribution of the genotypes. This study couldimprove the knowledge about the Iranian fennel genetic pool, and contribute to breeding and germplasmprotection programs of medicinal plants.

Buwayhid government provided opportunities for the activities of all social classes such as the followers of the other major Devine religions scattering in most parts of Iran in three geographical areas which were different from the organization of the court and the government and in an atmosphere of tolerance. Buwayhid Rulers supported the religious minorities, especially the elite ones and hired them based on their expertise and efficiency in various social-political sectors as well as in the executive positions in the court and the government. Most of the Christians were engaged in academic activities like the scribes and medicine, Jews were involved in business and currency exchange, Zoroastrians were mostly engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry and Sabeans were involved in the academic and practical professions. Despite the contribution of the religious minorities in various fields and the rulers’ attempt to uphold their rights, in some cases, the rights of minorities were violated in different forms of looting, confiscation of property and destruction of their houses and shops. Consequently like the other eras, they were gradually marginalized and deprived of social and political privileges due to some reasons. Based on what was mentioned earlier, the reactions and attitudes of the religious minorities towards Buwayhid tolerance needed to be investigated. The present study implements a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the social roles of the religious minorities in this era.

GhazanKhan and the Mongols residing in Iran when the accepted Islam a new problem happened and That was the position of the Abbasid Caliph and the relationship mutual. Accept the spiritual excellence Khalifa was seriously in conflict with the views of Mongol and the equal with Mamluk excellence. Aylkhan wanted to preserve the Muslim، does not Require approval by Caliph. Then a tendency increased the Shiism. Era Ghazan Khan is important in orientation of Shiism and the base recognized of Shiism At the time of Safavid. Non from the his favorite trend personal and Mughal cultures political incentives had an impact. Effective ideas of of the Muslim majority in the Caliphate In Aylkhan orientation. in the Egypt Mamluk revived Caliphate Who affected on the relationship with the Ilkhanids. This on approach was effective the Ghazan Khan political and religious. Ghazan desire to Shi''ism gained and the used to solve the problem from political jurisprudence.

Nomadic tribes has always played a major role in the developments in Iran, and has a role on the policy and governance both directly and indirectly. Each tribe as a separate political and cultural unit has always been the pursuit of power. Nomadic tribes were in the struggle for power in a fight with two regional power (rival neighboring and non-neighboring tribe) and trans-regional (Central) which were in changing on their own position. In the mean time, Azerbaijan has been considered as one of the tribes attraction centers and regions. At the end of the first middle of the 12th century AH, the various tribes such as Afshar, Shaghaghi and Shahsavan and Kurds Blbas, Zrza’, Mokri and Hakkari had regional power. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between tribes and central power and their role in ability for gaining the power of central power, and also to explain the relations of tribes with each other.This study has been done based on documentary method and by using library references and based on existing documents. The obtained results show that there were internal differences within groups and coalitions and alliances among the tribes and these differences lead to more weakness of tribes against the Central Powers and the acceptance of the status from them. Yet the tribes didnt get a constant approach against the Central Powers and always had to manage the several turned political powers.

Attempts to gain security, as an important need of man throughout history, have always dealt with different types of defense equipment. The defensive measures taken with the aim of guaranteeing independence, maintaining territorial integrity, and protecting people against any invasion of the enemy, are whether military or civilian, respectively known as active and passive defense today. The passive defense measures, which are considered as important elements in providing security of cities, do not deal with direct use of weapons; but they include predicted and preventing measures in order to stand against the enemy without any fight or military involvement. On one hand, it imposes high costs on the enemy, and on the other hand, it improves the defensive power of domestic forces. Given the strategic position of Transoxiana and the fact that for centuries, this area was faced with numerous attacks—especially from Turks— it was essential to observe the principles of passive defense in its urban structure through development of municipal border fortifications. Bokhara and Samarkand, as the most important cities in the area, had passive defense elements such as the arks, city walls, ramparts, battlements, gates, etc. The present paper aims to study the passive defense structure during the early Islamic period.

The purpose of this paper is to study the role of religious minorities in economic life. Therefore, in the present paper We concentration some parts of it and picture the partnership and share of religious minorities like Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians and Sabyy in economic activities of this era in the terms of business, land lording, industry and professional workshop. The data collected in this study through a library based description and analysis. The findings are based on data derived from different sources. Result show that the economic activities of non-Muslims religious minorities didnt kept the same and each of them was active in different fields associating with historical and social circumstances. The Jews and Christians were mostly resident of cities, and participated in some fields such as business, exchange, State Tax, financial audit related to trade of government sector. The Zoroastrian as survivors of religious community of Iran participated in economic of properties and land lording. The Sabayyan were employed in jobs such as industry, crafts and fine art like jewels and silver ornaments of men and women, and also in metallurgy and enameling, and they were somehow carriers and developers of such industries and arts in the Islamic community.