فاطمه اعرجی

The colonial powers defined, defined, and narrated the nature of the colonial countries, that is, “the other,” according to their cognitive system and in service of their colonial goals. The novel "Shouq Al-Darwish" narrates how the colonizer rose to be the final giver of meanings, purposes, and legitimacy, and this resulted in falsifying the historical path of the indigenous groups. The novel was full of religious symbols that fit the historical background of the events, a struggle between the Islamic Mahdist trend and the Orthodox Christian trend in Sudan. In this research, we aim, with a descriptive-analytical approach, to identify how the novel provides an insightful reading of part of the history of the Mahdist Revolution, through which the balance of central hegemony is tipped in favor of reality, in light of the colonial attempts that rendered the indigenous peoples inert and referred to only as categories that must be erased. Its cultures. The conditions of the colonial countries were represented in vague, primitive images, separating them from their culture and making them imagine that breaking with it would lead them to modernity. This novel describes how the East lived under the preoccupation of anxiety, fragility, and confusion regarding its authorities, as it had no choice but to follow the Western other, especially in the main character, “Bakhit Mendil,” as he found himself in specific frameworks that did not allow him global integration and did not allow him to develop his own identity. Among the mechanisms that the novel came up with to present this image is to represent the religious-historical interrelationship from an important angle. This is because history is described as a final, fixed substance that cannot be touched upon. However, the novel, as a text based on imagination, made history the subject of questioning and cast a shadow of doubt on the history that The "Mahdist Revolution" was described as a bloody and subversive movement

Nizar Qabbani (1923-1998 AD) is considered one of the most famous and popular contemporary Arab poets in the 20th century, who seriously turned to political and stability poetry after the defeat of the Arabs in June 1967. The ode "Rasheel and Sisters" is one of the prominent odes of Nizar Qabbani, which was written after the bombing of Qana by Israel in 1996, and the symbolic appeal of various religious, historical, mythological and literary figures has given a special effect to this ode. Undoubtedly, the cultural, political and social conditions of the Arab world and the various intellectual and cultural springs that the poet used and the dynamic mind and vision of her critic were effective in calling these characters. This symbolic presence sometimes includes religious figures such as Christ, Imam Ali (a.s.) and Imam Hussein (a.s.), and sometimes it includes Arab and non-Arab mythological figures such as Don Quixote, Antart, etc. With the symbolic use of these characters and their hidden and obvious existential meanings in a positive and sometimes transformed and negative way, Nizar tried to express his attitudes, messages, pains, experiences and criticisms on his enemies and the Arab society in a literary format. convey to the audience.

The semiotic space is distinguished in a certain period and formed through the cultural signs that are sent by the sender of message. Culture absorbs what is compatible with it in the course of its tremendous influence on the external environment, and then it may change texts that it could not resolve. The study of the semiotic space of the Qur’an includes the vision of the holy book. The Qur’an extracts the prior cultural structures from its historical or psychological context and characteristics and establishes new cultural systems without ignoring or separating these historical and cultural cognitive systems. This process is accomplished only through continuous semiotic breakthroughs. In fact, instead of the external space invading the internal space, it is the holy book that obliterates the unorganized and uncultured space that was already established in the semiotic memory of the society. On a higher level than the myth and legend that the polytheists demanded in Surah Isra, the Qur'an begins to establish knowledge in the framework of "miracles" in order to re-establish a view completely opposite to the mythological tendency of the infidels. This article, with a descriptive-analytical approach, and in accordance with the semiotic-cultural vision of the Tartu School, wants to study the revolution brought about by the Qur’an on both the practical and theoretical levels. In the meantime, the existence of a mythical hero who is capable of doing extraordinary things was erased from the cultural memory by the Holy Qur'an, and prophecy clearly took on a human form and took on a new form in a context full of challenges. Finally, by transforming the concept of the legendary hero, the Holy Qur'an established and re-established the rules of the miracle of prophecy.

The text of the Qur'an is a system of signs with a specific structure that was revealed in any case at a certain point in time. The sign processes that take place in any particular period have exposed the reception of this text to many challenges. Meanwhile, the term "Sadra al-Muntaha" in Surah AL-Najm is a unique Qur'anic term that has been used throughout history as a structured term by scholars in various fields. Most commentators often seek to explain the ascension of the Prophet. Had a transient payment to Sadra al-Muntaha in the form of the farthest point of paradise, while it seems that he was following the process of raising awareness of Muslims about this Qur'anic composition, which today's meaning of "the highest degree of nearness to God" can be understood and received. It seems unlikely that the Qur'an in dialog with the polytheists had such a complex meaning of Islamic culture. In this study, by descriptive-analytical method, first the use of Sedra al-Muntaha in Surah An-Najm is examined, then a review of its earlier interpretations is made, and then an attempt is made to metamorphose its signs according to Explain Lutman's approach to cultural semiotics. Lutman emphasizes the dynamic mechanism of production and metamorphosis of a sign from a cultural perspective. One of the main results of the present study is to explain that the Qur'an, through its semantic diversity, is completely open to the future and at a level beyond semantic diversity, is equipped with a normative force that has the power to construct signs of categories and interpretations

The translation process is one of the most active stages in the production and payment of cultural goods, which today actively plays a role in shaping the literary taste of the audience. The translated text will be sent to the publishing market primarily due to cultural situations. Probably in some areas, translation is faced with the pressure of homogeneous approaches that are quite implicit and creepy, which, with scales and criteria, determine the framework of the "appropriate" literary work. Macro systems, value institutions, protocols, and literary-cultural awards all form an important part of the hypertext context and the process of selecting and translating the text. Therefore, it is important to know how a translation can regulate the entry and exit of cultural goods. Meanwhile, the Booker Prize ceremony of the Arabic novel is influenced by the valuable institutions that have significantly controlled the Arabic novel publishing market for many years by their own criteria. On the other hand, the market for translating Arabic narrative texts in Iran has also been affected by this trend. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method to explain the role of institutions in the two areas of selection, consumption, and its consequences in constructing a pattern of cultural consumption and audience taste in the translation publishing market, based on Pierre Bourdieu's field theory. One of the results of this study is that the consumption pattern of Arabic narrative texts in Iran, with the Booker Prize in the Arab world, has become a meaningful and action-oriented model, and the field capital by mastering the habits, the translation norm of narrative texts has influenced Arabic in Iran, so much so that the role of the translator has become truly inferior, especially since with the rise of the patronage institution, the efficiency of translators has declined significantly compared to previous periods.

.Any text without an interpretive reading that shows the hidden meanings is a passive reaction. Using interpretive reading and a descriptive-analytical method, this study interprets the poems of Ali Jafar al-Alaq. The study mainly aims to get to a proper understanding of the poet's poetry and his ode “The Song of Lost Homeland”. Having a historical attitude, this ode analyzes the situation in the Arab countries and using artistic images, depicts the wounds of his land from the Andalus time to the present. In addition to the truth, the poet pays special attention to the innovative aspect of the language of poetry and, using a metaphoric language, paradox, synesthesia, and foreignization, strengthens the semantic and aesthetic burden of the poem. This ode is of important mythological and religious heritage and the poet use it to objectify the meanings and references of the poem. Moreover, different forms of music play an interpretive role in the ode. Using parallel forms in rhymes the poet tries to create beautiful structures. A connection between the references of title of the poem and the main body of the ode shows that using an intertextual title, the poet gives the readership all the meanings and content of the poem and reminds the betrayal and destruction of his home land.

Need is an impulsive force creating motivation for a person to develop a certain behavior and achieve a goal. A person is normally aware of the motivations directing him/her to learn a second language. Language learning is a cognitive process involving internal processing of information. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the need to belong to a social group is one of the basic psychological needs of individuals. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of social community members, attitudes and orientations of a cultural society on language learning. In this study, cultural motivation and the need to be accepted by the target group was considered to be the fundamental factor for language learning. Using Bruner’s approach, the study sought to answer the extent to which learners’ sense of belonging and cultural-acquisition motivation can increase the level of language learning among ILI (Iran language learning institute). Bruner believes that learning is a discovery process through active search and the more a learner knows about the target culture, the more sense of belonging about target culture is created and higher level of abilities will be developed to learn a second language. Sample of this study included Iran language learning institute (ILI) students at advanced level of proficiency. Through purposeful sampling method, 30 students were selected for data collection. Results indicated that the motivation circle will be complete and meaningful if a person finds himself in a proper condition to learn about the culture and feels the sense of belonging. Results of this study showed that an unpredictable atmosphere for learners that their language learning motivation does not fall in Maslow’s pyramid. In general, being deprived from the target community and sense of belonging and believing that learning Arabic can fulfil a tangible need play a significant role in learning this language.

Narration is a cultural product that means in the frame of relation. Narration is a conversational phenomenon that has not any existence outside conversational and relational framework. 'sāq al-bāmbo' (The Bamboo Stalk) is represented in a cultural atmosphere accompanied with considerable capacity of expansion for this novel to be a convincing literary creation. In such a way that it can courageously manifests all inconsistencies and disintegrations of different individuals of every society. This novel could depict multiplicity by pushing aside barriers, while it talks of a variant cultural space that the consciousness of new novelists are off springs of that space. This novel concerns of escaping from monologue and provides a text in which voices and dimensions are plural. Meanwhile, the open end of the novel, plurality of voices and diversity of viewpoints, are all preparations for the main character of the novel. A personage who spoke of his wandering and parallels himself to bamboo tree. The novel is interesting because it formed in a cultural-combinatory arena to announce explosion of inconsistencies that are the main characteristics of its connotation; specially, we see that this novel ridicules mono-dimensionalism. The narration of the novel in a protesting combination wants to remove those magnifications that drown people's voices and kills every chance of growth. So, this article tries to deal with the forbidden angles entered this novel, so that we realize how a novel aims at old traditions in Arabic societies. This article, relies on dialogism, follows this aim that how representations of hybridity manifest themselves in the main personage of the novel.

Cultural identity might be revealed in group features of human beings sharing many relationships like common history, social and religious descriptions. All cultures represent their identity through different tools and means. It is the representation that gives to any group a picture of itself and others. This process is so important that there a term associated with it, "narrative identity". In this respect, the postcolonial literature portrays the continuous relationship between the colonialist and the colonialized a relation based on submission and subjugation. This situation requires the removal and suppression of the identity, intentionally or unintentionally. The Arab writers who suffered this period creatively and aesthetically reacted to it. They tried through writing, thinking and imagination, to portray different faces of this experience in all its cruelty. These pictures have sought to separate the present identities from the past and be involved in a global race based on cultural competitions beyond, say, military and economic competitions. The novel Chicago by Ala al Aswani employs the phenomena of exile and diaspora, which the characters of the novel have lived or observed, as the embodiment of many of the postcolonial experiences. This novel narrate the moral contrasts between the western and eastern identities. That is, it describes the process through which the slave-master relationship takes shape—how an independent agent becomes a passive entity.

 “Bothayna Alesaa” has focus on the male domination in her novels and this domination manifested itself in the novel ”I grew up and forget to forget” that portrayed in various shaped embody rebellion and submission together with the central character of this novel. The novel written with poetic language and direct narrative style attempts to contact what hurts female accurately, and at the same time it came from conception through representation narrative that male dominance is a complex network of semantic rhetoric can not be reduced in the specific framework. This reading relied on the "Michel Foucault" French philosopher system which helped us to open up to the text and access to its keys. He has left the language as a system of signs and entered the field to another world language as a means of communication expresses itself in discourse. And he confirms that the process of granting meaning to the hands of the discourse and of domination through strategies, it is what creates reality and continuity. The marginal female in this Construction put her in the position of many manifestations of a unique long subject for the man. What we have done is to look at the text in order to detect novelist ways that give a curtain of mystery to the discourse and assume the version made of the female is the truth as prescribed who make her fights sometimes succumb and embrace it at other times.

Existentialism school is a movement for protest and objection against systems and idealistic rules which tends to dominating the human beings. This movement was exceeded from the mere philosophical concept and take his place in art and literature.the " star of August" the novel of Son’oallah Ibrahim, by this point of view, try to search new humanities which tend to consider the human and his existence content the novel is seprated the human essence from his existence It belive in human selection, human authority and human absolute freedom and these issues make the protagonist of the novel to feel in fear,worry and sadness The writer of this novel who saw himself the amazments and sorrows of mere affilication and wisdom and scater of human's essentials, try to create a novel that shows the human subjectivity and activity although it don’t show the mere and pure identity of the main character of the novel or his apparently power.