فهرست مطالب فاطمه رجایی

The specific characteristics of legal entities, including commercial companies, have made them distinct from natural persons and their capacity deffers from natural persons. Determining the scope of a commercial company's is important because it determine the company capacity and scope of the company rights and duties and the powers of its members (general assemblies, board of directors, etc). There are two views on this issue in the Iranian legal system; some limit the company's capacity to its scope, but others do not consider the scope of the company to be a limiting factor of the company's capacity and believe that the company has a general capacity. This paper firstly studies the company's capacity in Iranian regulations and then, compare it with the Egypt and Lebanon regulations, and finally concludes that in these countries, companies have a full capacity and their capacity did not limit to the scope of the company.

The rule "the subject of every field of knowledge is that whose essential properties are discussed in that field" is stated by logicians in logic and discussed in more detail in the discussion of the subject of a field of knowledge and its essential properties, and finally it is used in other fields, such as philosophy and medicine. The question is whether this rule embraces all fields, including the principles of jurisprudence. What is certain is that with the expansion of disciplines, there have emerged branches of knowledge that are not included in the scope of this rule because they discuss topics that are -logically speaking- beyond the essential properties of the subject of that branch. One of these disciplines is the principles of jurisprudence. According to this rule, the scholars of this filed hold mixed opinions in determining its subject and have presented different ideas such as: considering the unity of issues based on the unity of the goal, denying that the issues are the essential properties of the subject, and offering a new reading of the essential properties. In this article, we are going to explain the origin of this confusion of opinions and we argue that ignoring the scope of this rule and other discussions related to this rule in logic, has doubled the effort of the experts of the principles of jurisprudence in justifying their opinion.

A real person and a legal person have the same rights and duties and have the same Competency. Their difference is exceptional. The exception mentioned in the law is the inherent rights and duties of humans. However, there are examples such as right of pre- emption and executorship, which is a source of dispute due to the existence of companies' competence, and it is not possible to express an opinion whether it is specific to a natural person or a legal entity. Considering that these two legal institutions are related to the Competency, so this article first examines the Competency of the companies, then the position of these two legal institutions in relation to the companies. Since the comparative study between legal systems leads to a better understanding of their strengths and weaknesses, the present article, with a descriptive, comparative analytical method and in a library method, examines and adapted the works of commercial companies' Competency according to the commercial law of Iran, Egypt and Lebanon. Finally, according to the commercial law articles of these countries, it was concluded that commercial companies have the authority to accept probate in the law of Iran, Egypt and Lebanon, although it must be accepted by a representative from the company. Regarding the right of pre- emption, since the commercial law of Egypt and Lebanon is derived from the French commercial law on the one hand, and on the other hand, it is based on Sunni jurisprudence, and the conditions for the creation of the right of pre- emption are different between Sunnis and Shiites, they do not grant the right of pre- emption to companies. But partners are given such a right.

Ticks, as external parasites, biological carriers and reservoirs of various diseases, play a role in the transmission of various disease agents to humans and animals. The aim of the present study was to identify hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in the southern villages of Ahvaz-Khorramshahr road in southwest Iran.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study which was conducted in 5 selected southern villages of the Ahvaz-Khorramshahr road in the summer and autumn of 2019, 156 heads of livestock were investigated, ticks in the two seasons of summer and autumn from different parts of the body of cattle, sheep and goats. were collected and identified according to Chegini's diagnostic key. The sample collection method was manual, the collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tests and Vines analysis.

In the present study, 156 animals were examined and 234 ticks were caught. A total of 3 species of ticks from 2 genera (Ripcephalus, Hyaloma) were identified. In total, Hyaluma marginatum was the most common species and Rhipicephalus sanguinus was the least abundant. The abundance of Rhipicephalus sanguinus was 16.4%, Hyaluma anatolicum was 36.2% and Hyaluma marginatum was 47.4% in this area. The highest abundance of Hyaloma marginatum and Ripicephalus sanguinus ticks was observed in Umm al-Tir village with 56% and 29%, respectively. The highest abundance of Hyaluma anatolicum species was observed in Krishan village with 50%. Tick infestation was observed in 6% of cattle, 13% of sheep and 10% of goats. The frequency of tick infection based on the body regions in cattle was in the head and neck (59%), under the tail and around the anus (27%), groin (14%), which statistically indicated a significant difference (02.02). p = 0).

The distribution of the collected ticks revealed that the studied areas were suitable for the activity of ticks due to the weather conditions, so health planners need to consider the possibility of the spread of tick-borne diseases in these areas.

Urban development and increasing economic activities lead to the disintegration of the integrity of protected areas and threaten their biodiversity. this study was conducted in Angoran protected area of Zanjan province to identify the spatial pattern of threats to biodiversity and the impact of development on the integrity of protected areas. In this regard, evaluation criteria of biodiversity threats were defined in four components, which are structural, non-biological, combined threats and the risk of units being isolated. In the structural dimension, the fractal coefficient, shape coefficient and the average slope were considered. In the combined dimension, the habitat was evaluated using the artificial neural network method. In terms of the risk of units being isolated, the nearest neighbor index was used. After preparing the mentioned maps, weighting of criteria was done. In final, biodiversity threats evaluation was done by three methods weighted linear combination, ordered weighted average and Boolean. The results showed that according to the weighted linear combination method 15995 hectares of the studied area are in the range of very high risk. This value was for the ordered weighted average method 11634 hectares and for the Boolean method 17347 hectares. In general, the Boolean method has estimated the amount of high and very high-risk areas more than the other two methods.

Domestic violence against women, as a social issue, has always been considered in different societies. Many researches have been conducted on domestic violence all over the world. There are different kinds of knowledge from which domestic violence can be considered. Psychology, sociology, criminology and pathology are some of these sciences. Researchers have recognized it as a serious social problem and issue. This phenomenon has adverse effects on the health of the body and mind of women and consequently the health of the family and society. According to Quran, men and women are equal in terms of human status and dignity. According to the religion of Islam and the Quran, gender is not a criterion of superiority of one over the other.  Considering the role and position of women in the family, there is more attention and investigation on the phenomenon of domestic violence. In this research, the issue of husband violence against the wife has been tried to be investigated from a jurisprudential and legal point of view. In addition, some questions about the permissibility of such violence in Islam are examined and some important doubts in this field are answered. In addition, the Iranian legislator's view on the issue of violence is examined and finally, solutions to stopping of this phenomenon are presented. Also, in this research, it is emphasized that the speedy approval of laws that lead to the violation of women's rights is part of the emphasis of the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. The method of this research is descriptive. We have used qualitative content analysis. According to Imamy jurisprudence, all types of violence against women, especially from the husband, are forbidden. There are some doubts about this issue but all of them can be answered by using jurisprudential sources. In addition, there are cases in Islam that show Islam's serious opposition to violence against women. For example, Islam has condemned the ugly customs such as Waad, Ilaa, Zehar and Erth al-Nisaa, and Islam has forbidden to harm a believer. Also in Iranian law, there are two views in opposition with violence: 1. The common point of view is guidance with an emphasis on compromise, mediation and counseling; 2. The criminalization of domestic violence, which is reflected in the bill "preventing women's injuries and improving their security against misbehavior". Eventually husband's violence against wife is something that may be learned through the learning process in society. Therefore, cultural activities, education and training can be effective in preventing and reducing this phenomenon. Also, passing effective and efficient laws, such as criminalizing violence, supporting abused or homeless women, and passing the bill as soon as possible can greatly reduce the commission of this phenomenon in the society.

In the past decades, the frequency and occurrence of dangerous floods in Asia has increased and accounted for about 40% of the losses caused by natural disasters. Today, industrial units have become industrial complexes and towns and are expanding rapidly. In most of these areas, comprehensive and appropriate studies have not been done from the point of view of land use for locating the construction of industrial settlements, and therefore, environmental parameters such as proper distance from channels and waterways or other water sources such as wells, springs and respecting appropriate privacy from them not reviewedThe development of industrial areas in the bed and margins of flood plains, without recognizing and paying attention to the hydrological and dynamic conditions of rivers, increases the risk of flooding and damages to lives, finances and infrastructure. Thus, the prediction of possible floods in the management of flood areas to reduce the damage caused to urban and industrial areas, facilities under construction, farms and other existing uses around rivers and canals are of special importance because by they can obtain measures and solutions to contain the flood and minimize the damages caused by it. According to the capabilities of hydrological models and experimental methods, hydrological processes such as runoff can be simulated with minimal cost and minimal time. Knowledge of characteristics such as maximum flood discharge is necessary for the design of water structures, such as dams, spillways, bridges and underpasses in order to reduce possible damage and also to predict the time of peak discharge downstream in the discussion of flood warning, and knowledge of the flood situation can reduce casualties, protect buildings, lands and people, and reduce vulnerability to it. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive research in the field of estimating the possible flood entering the Alavija industrial town area (located in the flood path) in different ways and designing the water channel to manage the flood risk. For this purpose, in this research, the estimation of the maximum probable flood with return periods of 100 and 200 years was done using HEC-HMS software and other classical methods of estimating and designing the dimensions of the channel.

In the present project, the HEC-HMS model was used to simulate the hydrograph output from the basin in the period of 100 and 200 years of returns. In this research, using the HEC-HMS model, the SCS method was used to convert the rainfall-runoff relationship at the level of the watershed sub-basins, as well as the trending of the main waterways using the Muskingum Conge method in order to extract the flood hydrograph of the watershed. In addition to flow simulation in HEC-HMS, three experimental methods were used to calculate the peak flood discharge with a return period of 200 years, which include Fuller's, Krieger's and Frano-Rodier's methods. In the following, the proposed methods were used in the design of open channels, including the method of the best hydraulic cross section, the Hindustan method and the USBR method.

Hydrographs with a return period of 100 and 200 years are shown. From the beginning of rainfall to the peak time of the flood hydrograph in both cases, it is about 840 minutes, and 60 minutes from the beginning of rainfall, no runoff occurs, and the total rainfall occurred during this time. The onset of rainfall penetrates the surface of the basin. It also takes about 720 minutes from the moment of runoff to the peak of the hydrograph in both return periods. Also, from the moment of raining until the flood recedes, the volume of water is around 536,760 and 594,000 cubic meters. After calculating the maximum discharge by classical and HEC-HMS methods, these values were compared with the 200-year peak discharge. It can be seen that the Krieger method estimated the lowest flow rate and the HEC-HMS model estimated the highest flow rate. Fuller's method had the closest result to the model result. In this study, all three methods, the method of the best hydraulic cross section, the Hindustan method and the USBR method were used to calculate the trapezoidal channel. It should be noted that the heights have been calculated by considering the free height according to the Indian regulations, that for a discharge greater than 9 cubic meters per second, more than 0.9 should be added to the water depth. The highest height of the channel wall is 2.5 meters according to HEC-HMS results and the lowest wall height is 2.335 meters according to Krieger and Franco-Rodier methods. By changing the HEC-HMS method to the Fuller method, the biggest change in the wall height is related to the best hydraulic section method. This difference is about 5.6 percent. This difference in the case of the Krieger and Franco-Rodier method is also observed in the method of the best hydraulic section, and this difference in these cases is as much as 10%. Therefore, considering that the method of the best hydraulic section is most sensitive to the change of channel dimensions, especially the height of the channel, it should be given more attention by designers. In all flood estimation methods, it can be seen that the USBR method with a slope of 1:1 has the lowest wall height and the best hydraulic section method has the highest value. As the results showed, the height of the water channel wall is in the range of 2.3 to 2.96. Since the best hydraulic section is not necessarily the most economic section, therefore the final value of this height can be considered an average of the above methods, and here this value was chosen as 2.5 and related to the results of the HEC-HMS model. The lowest dewatering height is related to the USBR method with a 1:1 slope and the highest value is related to the best hydraulic section method.

With the increase of legal pluralism in the contemporary international system, the interference of the areas of investment and human rights has increased. Therefore, the balance of these two areas is essential and this is nothing but encouraging investment and creating a balance in the investment environment based on human rights standards, which over time has shown itself in the investment arbitration jurisprudence. Is. In this article, it is tried based on the analysis of opinions in this field while identifying the limitations; Let's examine the common models of human rights citation in investment arbitration. Therefore, it seems that the existing legal procedure is vague, insufficient, contradictory and new. Therefore, it is necessary to look at the half-full glass based on the boldness of the proposal and the reference to human rights, and it cannot be denied that in many cases, the courts have an inherent desire for one-sided and biased arbitration in favor of the investment treaty. Of course, in this regard, the courts are afraid of leaving the jurisdiction and abuse of the host governments, and in this regard, the role of the citation of human rights based on the basic principles of international law and the framework of the investment treaty is very key for interpretation. The necessity of human rights action and The lack of other options must be proven in the court so that the judges can justify the violation of obligations based on that action.

The warming of the earth also affects the condition of other parts of the climate system and causes the phenomenon of climate change. Global warming increases the moisture capacity of the air and decreases the relative humidity of the air. The most common method of simulating climate parameters is to use the output data of atmospheric general circulation models. When the results of the models are evaluated on a much smaller scale, significant differences are created. But how can these differences be eliminated and models can be chosen that can provide a suitable background for the future of climate change. In this research, these differences are investigated and the accuracy of the results of climate models in predicting the relative humidity of the air is investigated using the validation method. In this regard, the relative humidity data of Dasht Naz synoptic station in Neka city was used on a daily basis with a statistical length of 25 years (1990-2014). Next, the relative humidity parameter data of the closest cell to the synoptic station was downloaded from the data of general atmospheric circulation models, the sixth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, in the common period (1990-2014) and extracted in Arc GIS 10.8 software. According to the results, ACCESS-ESM1-5, CNRM-CM6-1, CanESM5, IPSL-CM6A-LR, GISS-E2-1-G and MIROC6 models showed the highest correlation with observational data, but Except for two ACCESS-ESM1-5 and CanESM5 models, the other mentioned models had a high bias compared to the observational data. Therefore, ACCESS-ESM1-5 and CanESM5_ESM models are recommended among climate models to predict relative humidity in the future in the Neka region.

In most cases, it is unilateral legal action and requires an essay, and in some cases it is also non -legal, but the payment is not a different issue with the subject of commitment and its receipt by the obligation, but a two -way legal act, requires two wills and in nature. It is a contract and it is possible to pay a new subject to the commitment and receive it, and is similar to objective contracts and can be achieved solely by paying a new subject (bills) without prior agreement. On the other hand, it is a subordinate contract because it arises as a result of the previous contract and commitment. Because as soon as it is coagulated, it is executed and terminated and does not make a commitment and, on the contrary, overthrows the commitment and cannot be terminated and the condition cannot be inserted in the same way. In this contract, the parties' agreement, the conclusion and implementation of the contract, the collapse of the commitment before its implementation, and the dedication of the commitment of the commitment will all be realized at one point. The intention and the satisfaction of the parties are part of its essential pillars. It has two works in such a way that it both causes the pledge and independently causes the commitment to fall. The validity of this legal act is obtained in accordance with the principle of the sovereignty of the will, Article 10 and 275 of the Civil Code. Regardless of whether the subject of the obligation is the property, the verb or the verb if the new subject is the property by submitting it, if the verb is done by doing it and if the verb is not done by not doing it (with the consent of the Daen), the researcher and owner owed Compared to the main subject of commitment. The best title for such a contract is "changing the subject of commitment". Unlike the conversion of commitment here, the commitment is not changed, but merely the subject of commitment changes, and there is no time gap between the collapse of the obligation and the creation of this legal act, and both will be realized at one point.

There is a connection and give-and-take between different sciences in different ways. In the same way, there is a close and wide-ranging relationship between the principles of jurisprudence on one side and logic and philosophy on the other. The knowledge of the principles of jurisprudence has been influenced by various logical and philosophical issues. In this article, the judgment of some commentators of Kifāya on the compatibility or non-compatibility of the view of Akhund Khurāsānī with the view of logicians and philosophers on the issue of “the predicate extracted from the subject itself” and “the predicate by way of adherence” has been specifically discussed. The authors maintain that Akhund’s view bears two interpretations, one is compatible with the view of philosophers and the other, which has a more subtle meaning, distances from philosophical view. For this purpose, we have tried to find the roots of the debate in logical texts, especially Ibn Sīnā, as the most prominent pioneer of the debate. Scrutiny and analysis of the concepts of “extracted” (khārij), “with the way of adherence” (bi al-ḍamīma) and “from its very essence” (min Ṣamīmih) has led to the point that if we are satisfied with his expressions in Kifāya, Akhund is in agreement with logicians and philosophers, and if the term “the predicate extracted from the subject self” in his words can concomitantly denote the concept of “from its very essence”, then it will be different from philosophers’ view.

Impact of climate change is one of the major human challenges in the third millennium, the main source of which is the increase in greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere. But how much of this gas will enter the Earth's atmosphere by human societies in the future, and consequently what will happen to the Earth's climate system, is not certain. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic review of climate change in the coming years with the aim of studying regional behaviors and predicting their effects is necessary to provide appropriate and appropriate solutions for decision makers to carry out reliable and coherent planning. Therefore, in order to predict the minimum and maximum temperatures and precipitation of Tajan watersheds in the period 2040-2014, first, the efficiency of 14 different models of general atmospheric circulation under two scenarios of 2.5 RCP and 8.5 RCP in 20 meteorological stations was evaluated and then the statistical downscaling of each model was performed by LARS model.

Data set of AOGCM models is accessible through the Data Distribution Center established by the IPCC in 1998. To access data related to the region in the base and future periods, by entering the spatial coordinates of the desired location as well as the required statistical length in the base period (1985-2005) and Future period (2014-2040) were obtained. The Characterize of these models are given in Table 1. Then, to evaluate the efficiency of the models in simulating the temperature and precipitation of the region, the monthly average of the base period from the output of the models was compared with the observed values and the future period. To create a climate change scenario in each AOGCM model, the values of "difference" for temperature and "ratio" for rainfall between the average year in future periods (2040-2014) and the base period (1985-2005) for each cell were obtained from the computational network. Then climate change scenarios in the future period (compared to the base period, separately for different AOGCM models were created under two emission scenarios RCP2.5 and RCP8.5. In this study, the WG-LARS model was used for Downscaling, which is able to produce a series of meteorological data with statistical characteristics similar to the climatic period, which consists of three main parts: calibration, evaluation and meteorological data.

In this research, out of 14 mentioned models, 6 models EC-EARTH, GISS-E2-R, MIROC-ESM, MIROC-ESM-CHEM, MPI-ESM-MR for temperature and 3 models EC-EARTH, GISS-E2 -R, MIROC-ESM was detected for suitable precipitation. The reason for the rejected models was due to the large changes in the monthly temperature of the future period compared to the base period. In all stations except Sari station, Pesharat and Dasht-e Naz, the minimum and maximum annual temperatures will increase in all models under both scenarios. The highest temperature increase is predicted for MIROC-ESM-CHEM model and the lowest temperature increase is predicted by GISS-E2 and EC-EARTH models. The highest annual minimum temperature increase of AOGCM models under scenario 2 was predicted to be 1.4 ° C and under scenario 8 was predicted to be 1.6 ° C at Burma and Sefidchah stations, respectively. The maximum maximum temperature increase under scenarios 8 and 2 will be in Peshart station (2.2 ° C) and Burma station (1.9 ° C), respectively. It is noteworthy that the temperature pattern changes under scenario 8 will be more intense in all stations (Figure 2).Also, due to the fact that the meteorological stations were located at different altitudes, the relationship between the rate of temperature changes and altitude difference was investigated, but no significant correlation was found. As the results show, among the meteorological stations under study, the minimum and maximum temperature changes under both scenarios will be more noticeable in Burma and Sefid Chah stations, which may be due to the geographical location of the stations. These two stations are located in the highland lands of watershed, in the easternmost part of Mazandaran province.The monthly comparison of the average temperature of the AOGCM models and the observational data, in all months, under scenario 2, except September (predicted by the GISS-E2 model) shows the temperature increase. In May, July, then in August and January, the highest temperature increase was observed, and the lowest temperature increase was observed in March, followed by February and September. Also, these comparisons under scenario 8 showed the highest temperature increase in May (2.6 ° C with MIROC-ESM model) and September (2.9 ° C with MIROC-ESM model) and the lowest The increase (0.1 ° C with the EC-EARTH model) will be in March (Figure 3).The results of seasonal precipitation of AOGCM models under both scenarios show that in spring, autumn and winter there will be a decrease in precipitation and in summer an increase in precipitation. Of course, the amount of change varies under each scenario. The highest percentage of rainfall decrease is 28% under scenario 2 in spring and 65% under scenario 8. On the other hand, the highest increase in rainfall in summer under scenarios 2 and 8 is projected at 50 and 7%, respectively. Also, the average annual rainfall under Scenario 8 in the three models EC-EARTH, GISS-E2 and MIROC-ESM for the next time period shows a decreasing trend. It is noteworthy that the precipitation pattern will also change under the effects of climate change, so that the maximum amount of precipitation has changed from winter and autumn to summer under scenarios 2 and 8 (Figure 4).

With the above analyzes, in general, it can be said that one of the most important changes in the Tajan watersheds is the change in the seasonal rainfall pattern and the increase in temperature in the warm seasons. These natural changes will also affect the river flow regime and peak discharge time, intensification of water cycle, change in precipitation characteristics, change in runoff amount and time, occurrence of drought, major floods and change in evapotranspiration rate. Also, Tajan watersheds as the agricultural center of the country are of great importance in the development of the country. Due to the fact that the reduction of river flow coincides with the period of plant growth and water needs of crops in the basin, it can reduce production in the agricultural sector of the basin. Therefore, the findings of this study affect the macro-planning related to the climate of the region, to estimate changes in surface and groundwater resources of the basin, changes in the performance of agricultural and rangeland products and the status of extreme climatic phenomena such as the number And the severity of flood and drought events and timely awareness will be very effective, as in recent years, due to lack of proper forecasting, or a reduction in the severity of natural disasters, we have witnessed an increase in the aforementioned events in the northern provinces of the country. Also, since the thermal regime plays a decisive role in the distribution of plants, the impact of definite changes in temperature, especially the warming of forest ecosystems, will cause changes in the composition of plant communities and their individual distribution. Usually, with increasing altitude every 100 meters, the temperature decreases by one degree Celsius; In particular, environmentally sensitive areas such as Dudangeh, Chahardangeh and Bola National Park are located in the study area, which shows the importance of natural habitats in the study area. Therefore, this research is the basis for many studies in various fields, including the consequences of climate change on water resources, water efficiency, crop yield, impact on irrigation networks, impact on the distribution of plant species in Hyrcanian forests, etc., which can be Manage and reduce climatic consequences to be useful.

The issue of soil contamination by waste chemicals has raised concerns about the environment. Among them, heavy metals are also known to be important in low concentrations due to their non-degradability and physiological effects on living organisms. In addition to natural processes, heavy metals can be used by human resources such as mining activities, landfilling of various wastes and wastes, use of sewage sludge in agricultural lands, waste leachate, excessive use of chemical fertilizers, fossil fuels and the like cause soil pollution. Heavy metals do not decompose in the environment, so they need to be removed from the environment. On the other hand, the exorbitant costs of physical and chemical methods have led to efforts to achieve cheaper methods. The use of conventional physical and chemical treatment methods is not economical and cost-effective in cases where the concentration of heavy metals is low, and may even lead to the production of secondary effluents, which in turn will lead to more treatment problems. Therefore, researchers have developed a new method using the potential of plants to eliminate soil pollution and preserve this national capital. Some plants, by developing special mechanisms, can accumulate heavy metals in high concentrations, which are called hyperaccumulation plants. The most characteristic disadvantages of this method are limited to sites with medium and low pollution, low biomass production, shallow roots, low biological access of metals in the soil, especially calcareous and young soils in arid and semi-arid regions, time consuming. These unavoidable constraints are forcing researchers to refine traditional approaches and apply new phytoremediation techniques to minimize the constraints and ensure widespread use of phytoremediation.Selecting suitable species for phytoremediation of heavy metals is one of the critical stages of phytoremediation. Another solution to overcome the problems mentioned in phytoremediation is to use heavy metal-resistant bacteria and plant growth stimulants to strengthen the root system, produce more biomass and increase the bioavailability of metals by plants. Therefore, the use of microbial inoculation will help plant species to effectively filter heavy metals from the soil.The application of phytoremediation technique has been less in our country so far and only in laboratories and experimentally and due to the ignorance and negligence of officials has never been used as an effective method in refining heavy metals in contaminated soils. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce and replace plants and apply new strategies based on the study of cooperation between plants - microbial communities, to be able to expand and localize modern phytoremediation, to reduce soil health risk and increase food security effectively and economically.To achieve the above goals, the following suggestions can be considered:1- Introducing suitable crops to replace cultivation in soils contaminated with heavy metals: Contamination of agricultural lands with heavy elements is a serious risk for the production of healthy crops in Iran and the world. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the contaminants in the soil by accumulating them in the roots of plants or depositing them in the root zone and transferring them to the food chain by using the bio-stabilization technique. Unlike other phytoremediation techniques, plant stabilization does not remove metal from the soil, but by stabilizing them by adsorption or deposition in the root zone, it reduces their risks to human health and the environment. Plants with high bio-concentration factor (BCF, the ratio of metal concentration in the root of the plant to its concentration in the soil) and low transfer factor (TF ratio of metal concentration in the stem to its concentration in the root) are suitable for plant stabilization. The absence of high concentrations of metals in the stem eliminates the need to discard harvested plants. In this project, sorghum, millet and flax species are proposed for cultivation in agricultural lands to reduce the burden of contamination in crops and food health for study.2- Introduction of herbaceous plants (forage) for stabilization of heavy metals in contaminated soilsConsumption of infected forage plants by livestock and domestic animals can be examined from two perspectives. First, the use of contaminated forage causes disturbances in livestock and domestic animals, such as reduced milk production and growth rate, reduced resistance to binaries and infections, and impaired reproduction. Second, by consuming animal products, pollutants will enter the human food cycle. Also, due to the multiplicity of pollution industries and ways of its transmission, currently the best way to reduce these risks is to take seriously how to feed and control the diet of livestock. Therefore, the use of specific plant species to immobilize contaminants in the soil, through surface adsorption and accumulation by the root, intra-root adsorption or deposition in the root zone and physical stabilization of soils or in other words plant stabilization is also necessary. Plant stabilization reduces the mobility of pollutants and prevents their transfer to groundwater and the atmosphere. Therefore, in this study, several types of forage plants that have economic aspects and good yield, including sainfoin (Onobrychis aucheri Boiss), Timothy (Phleum pratense), Lolium perenne, Lemon Grass Tall fescue, Dactylis glomerata, Agropyron desertorum, Agropyron desertorum in order to produce healthy forage and restore vegetation in pastures and animal health are recommended for research.3- Introducing ornamental overgrowth plants for refining soils contaminated with heavy metalsIn recent years, plant-based environmental treatment technology, or phytoremediation, has been widely pursued as an in-situ cost-effective strategy to clean metals from contaminated sites. In this project, plant extraction means using polluting plants to remove metals or organic pollutants from the soil by accumulating them in harvestable areas. Plant extraction involves planting the plant several times in contaminated soil to bring the metal concentration to an acceptable level. The following species are recommended for review: Parsley (Tagetes patula / erecta), Margaret (Chrysantemum maximum) Marigold (Calendula officinalis / alata), Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum), Gladiolus grandiflorus, Pelargonium graveos ).4- Investigation of bacteria resistant to heavy metals with plant growth stimulant properties with the aim of increasing the growth and production of plant biomass under conditions of metal stressUsing bacteria can be a simple and effective strategy to increase growth as well as bioremediation activity. Bacteria have different mechanisms for decontamination of contaminated environments through biosorption, bioaccumulation, sales, bio-mineralization and biotransformation. On the other hand, plant growth-promoting bacteria typically improve plant growth under stress. Some rhizosphere bacteria that directly and indirectly have beneficial effects on plants are called growth-promoting rhizosphere bacteria. These beneficial bacteria (PGPR) are also called product-enhancing bacteria. Growth-promoting rhizosphere bacteria can play a direct role in increasing plant growth and yield by using various mechanisms. Increased dissolution of insoluble nutrients such as phosphorus, production of ACC-deaminase, production of plant growth hormones such as auxin, nitrogen fixation and production of siderophore (from the point of view of increasing iron absorption) are the most important direct mechanisms. Indirectly, growth-promoting rhizosphere bacteria neutralize or modify the harmful effects of plant pathogens by using various antagonistic mechanisms, thereby increasing plant growth. Competition to absorb substances and occupy suitable sites for the activity of pathogens, production of antibiotics, production of siderophores (from the perspective of removing elements from the pathogens), lytic enzymes and production of hydrogen cyanide are the most important mechanisms used in this method.5- Study of bacteria capable of producing chelating compounds with the aim of increasing the efficiency of plant extraction by increasing the dissolution and absorption of metalsThe efficiency of plant extraction of metals from soils depends on the availability of metals to plants. The magnitude distribution of metals and the intensity of their bonding in the soil are influenced by metal species, age and soil properties. If the availability of metals for plant uptake is low, microorganisms can add chelating or acidifying agents to increase the availability of metals to the soil.6- Feasibility study of using bacteria to reduce the accumulation of heavy metals in crops grown in soils contaminated with heavy metals with the aim of reducing health risk and increasing food qualityRhizospheric and endophytic bacteria (with greater potency) in addition to modulating the harmful effects of biological and non-biological stresses (due to heavy metals, salinity, etc.) to the plant can reduce the absorption and accumulation of metals through various mechanisms They are also heavy in the plant (or in the aerial parts). In addition to reducing the destructive effects of heavy metal stresses on plants, heavy metal-resistant bacteria can reduce the availability of heavy metals to plants through various mechanisms in the soil. One of these mechanisms is the adsorption or bioaccumulation of heavy metals inside bacterial cells. At present, heavy metal bioabsorption techniques are recommended for the removal of heavy metals because they are more efficient, less costly, and more environmentally friendly. Root endophytic bacteria prevent their transfer to plant shoots (organs that can be harvested by humans or animals) by adsorption of heavy metals (adsorption of heavy metals on the bacterial cell wall), accumulation, complex formation, reduction and oxidation, etc. Finally, with this method in agricultural lands, the risks of these elements for human and animal health can be reduced.

Today, industrial units have become industrial complexes and towns and are expanding rapidly. In most of these areas, comprehensive and appropriate studies have not been conducted from the perspective of land use planning, therefore environmental parameters such as proper distance from aquifers or other water sources such as wells, springs and aqueducts and proper privacy have not been studied. Also, most of the wastewater of industrial will being injected directly into the ground through absorption wells without treatment, and consequently, it will pollute the groundwater sources. Therefore, knowing the status of groundwater vulnerability is one of the important principles in groundwater resource management. Vulnerability The possibility of groundwater pollution is a qualitative concept and cannot be measured and must be deduced from other information that can be measured. Various methods have been proposed for groundwater vulnerability. Overlap methods combine the parameters that control the movement of pollutants from the ground to the saturated area and determine an index called the vulnerability index in different parts of an area. One of the most widely used and well-known methods is the DRASTIC model overlap index (Rouhi et al., 2017). In Najafabad city, due to having an arid and semi-arid climate and providing most of the water needs from groundwater resources, attention to the vulnerability of groundwater resources is essential. On the other hand, in the study area, the presence of land uses such as Alavijeh city, Alavijeh industrial town and agricultural land use on the aquifer increases the probability of point and non-point source pollution entering the aquifer environment and its vulnerability. Therefore, in this study, the vulnerability of the aquifer was investigated using the correct model to be informed of its status, the necessary measures are taken.

 Scope of the study Alavijeh industrial town is located at km 70 of Isfahan-Alavijeh road and the closest residential area to this option is Alavijeh city, 2 km east of it (Figure 1). The existing Alavijeh industrial town with an area of 200 hectares, due to its location in Najafabad city, has greatly contributed to the economy of this city. DRASTIC model It is the numerical ranking model of the US Environmental Protection Agency and the American Water Wells Association to assess the strength of groundwater vulnerability. This model consists of seven measurable and effective hydrological characteristics in the transfer of pollution to groundwater, including groundwater depth, artificial recharge, aquifer, soil environment, slope, unsaturated zone constituents and electrical conductivity. These layers are provided in the GIS environment (Rahman et al., 2021). To determine the relative importance of each layer, according to the importance of the impact on the pollution of the groundwater system, a relative weight of 1-5 is considered. In this model, the ranks of each of the hydrological characteristics are assigned a rank based on their impact on vulnerability. At the end, seven prepared layers are stacked and the final layer of groundwater vulnerability is obtained.

 Assess the risk of aquifer vulnerability Alavijeh industrial town is located in the study area of Morchekhort and Zayandehrood grade 4 basin. The wells in the study area are of smallholder type and have been drilled mainly for agricultural purposes. Based on the analysis of groundwater level curves in the area, the maximum groundwater level is 2135 meters, which gradually decreases to the east of the groundwater level and reaches at least 1805 meters (average: 1971 meters). It is also the direction of groundwater flow in the region, from northwest to southeast. According to the Piscopo method, the artificial recharge index is ranked 3rd and 6th in the industrial town. The constituents of the aquifer environment have a score of 4 (sand particles with clay (50%) with conglomerate) and the unsaturated area has a score of 3 (sand, rubble and clay). Due to the granulation and characteristics of sediments between the surface and groundwater, the presence of fine-textured materials such as clay and loam reduces the ability to transfer contaminants from the soil surface to groundwater. Therefore, the probability of migration and transfer of pollutants in the area to groundwater has been moderate to low. On the other hand, due to the low slope of the area, the contact time of surface water and pollutants with the ground surface is increased and there is a greater chance of infiltration, which increases the vulnerability in the area. In general, the Drastic index is in the range of 23-230. In the study area, this index was obtained between 50-130.Aquifer vulnerability was divided into 2 zones of low and medium vulnerability. As shown in Figure 1, about 30% of Alavijeh industrial town is located on the aquifer and the western part of the industrial town has a higher potential forvulnerability than the eastern part. In the western part of the study area, the aquifer in the western part is more vulnerable due to the higher rank of aquifer nutrition and soil environment.Due to the establishment of metal, non-metallic and textile industries up to grade 5 in the industrial town, wastewater pollution caused by the activities of these industries, if environmental standards are not observed and discharged to absorption wells can cause severe groundwater pollution. It is noteworthy that the existing town has more than 80% of the units connected to the town's treatment plant system and 20% of the remaining units are not connected to the treatment plant system. These units have either pre-treated, purified and recycled water in the production process and a number of units are also used absorbing wells and not connected to the wastewater treatment system. However, it is necessary to require all units to connect to the industrial town treatment plant to prevent the transfer of contaminant load to groundwater sources. Another land use in the study area that can increase the vulnerability of the aquifer is the presence of the city of Alavijeh on the aquifer, which is located two kilometers from the industrial town of Alavijeh. Although the city is in a low vulnerability zone, it does not have a treatment plant and sewage is discharged to absorption wells. Also, the area around this city and the industrial town are covered with agricultural lands and gardens, and agricultural lands are located on the aquifer, which in case of excessive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, especially nitrate fertilizer, pollution of groundwater sources will occur.

Testimony is one of the most important proofs for substantiating an argument to the extent that is considered as a collective obligation. This is because the court judgment is issued on the basis of witness remarks which might have various consequences. If the witness denies his remarks or his remarks are proved to be false, the losses of the one suffering from his witness should be covered. The rules and regulations governing civil liability have provided a good ground for covering these losses. The present study, owing to the importance of comparative jurisprudence which improves the relationships of Islamic denominations and modifies biased prejudices, investigates the factors affecting civil liabilities of witnesses and the similarities and differences between Imami and Hanafi jurisprudence in this regard. The verdicts of jurisprudents of denominations in many issues are similar, such as preserving the verdicts issued by court after withdrawing the testimony by the witness in financial affairs. There are some slight differences between Imami and Hanafi jurisprudence in terms of the lack of responsibility of the witness in Hanafi jurisprudence and the responsibility of the witness in Imami jurisprudence as well as the lack of responsibility of witness in the case of withdrawing the testimony before the court issues a verdict in Shiite jurisprudence and the responsibility of the witness in this case in Hanafi jurisprudence.

Attention to the phenomenon of climate change and its impact on water resources is of great importance. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of different methods of weighting the output of AOGCM models and its effect on runoff in Qarahsu Basin during the period 2041-2021. The best climatic models (HADGEM2-ES, MICRO IPSL-CM5A-LR, NOERESM1-M, ESM2M-GFDEL) were selected from 14 general circulation models and weighed with three weighting methods including the same method, Bayesian averaging method and REA method. The results showed that the highest increase of maximum temperature in summer was 1.58 ° C by the same weighting method and the lowest increase of minimum temperature in winter with REA method was 0.96 ° C. The highest percentage of precipitation changes was in August with the same method and the lowest percentage of precipitation changes was in February with REA method. Evaluation of SWAT model simulation results for calibration period using R2 and NS statistical indices in calibration stage is equal to 0.74 and 0.79 and in validation stage is 0.68 and 0.72, respectively, which indicates the accuracy of the model in a runoff simulation. Prediction of runoff changes with the approach of ensemble the output of climate models, shows reduction in runoff in the future period. The lowest and highest percentages of runoff changes will be corresponded to Bayesian method which is -13 and -34.4%, respectively. Overall, the results indicate a change in the temporal distribution of flow in the Qarahsu Basin in the coming period, which will cause significant changes in the quality and quantity of water resources.

Drought is one of the most severe weather phenomena that has the greatest impact on the world's population and can affect millions of people around the world every year. Various indicators have been defined to calculate the drought index. Among these, the SPI index is widely used due to the simplicity of calculations and the use of available data and the ability to calculate at different time scales. Also, the output of general circulation models (GCM) can be suitable tools for predicting future drought events in each region if the optimal models are selected and a suitable and valid method is used in downscaling. On the other hand, with the studies conducted in Mazandaran province regarding the increasing trend of temperature and decreasing rainfall over the past 30 years, its effect on increasing drought is undeniable. Also, in Mazandaran province, rainfall has an important role in maintaining the livelihood of people, ecosystems and agriculture, forest communities, local hydrological regime, which needs to be studied possible the effects of climate change on meteorological components in the future. Therefore, in this research, initially the precipitation and temperature values at Qarakhil station in Siahrood watershed in Mazandaran province were simulated using three models: CanESM2, CNRM-CM5, CESM1-WACCM under two scenarios: RCP 8.5 and RCP 2.6. Also, the statistical method based on linear regression and SDSM software was used. Finally, with the results obtained from the simulation and using SPI index, monitoring and analysis of drought characteristics were considered for the basic decades (1985-2005) and future (2020-2040) in time scales 6, 12 and 24 months.

Statistics of maximum temperature, minimum temperature and precipitation of 3 models CanESM2, CNRM-CM5, CESM1-WACCM were extracted from AOGCM models in the period 2020-2040 as the future period and in the period 1985-2005 as the base period. In this study, from the three mentioned models, two models, CanESM2 and CNRM-CM5 for temperature and CNRM-CM5 model for suitable precipitation were identified. The problem with the rejected models was the large changes in the monthly temperature of the future period compared to the base period, as well as the very large changes in the base period and the observation period. One of the major problems in using the output of AOGCM models is the large scale of their computational cell relative to the study area. In this study, the statistical method is based on linear regression and SDSM software to scale the rainfall data of selected models. The model establishes statistical relationships between large-scale and local behaviors based on multiple linear regression methods. These connections are made using station observational data and the outputs of general circulation models in the same observation period, and it is assumed that these relationships will be true in the future. In other words, the basic premise in statistical downscaling is that time is independent of these relationships. Then, changes in temperature and precipitation in the period 2020-2040 compared to the period 1985 to 2005 and were examined. Finally, by introducing the rainfall time series produced in the future period and the rainfall time series in the observation period with the standard rainfall drought index (SPI), the drought status of the study area in time scales 6, 12 and 24 Months were examined. The calculation steps and computational formulas of this index are fully presented in the research of Loukas et al. 2004.

Future period data of AOGCM models (CanESM2 and CNRM-CM5) under two scenarios of RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, were examined with baseline data. The results showed that the minimum and maximum annual temperature changes of the models under both scenarios will be in the direction of temperature increase. The highest annual minimum temperature increases of AOGCM models under RCP2.6 scenario was predicted by 2.6 ° C in February and under RCP8.5 scenario by 2.5 ° C in January. On the other hand, the maximum maximum temperature increases under scenario 8 will be 4.7 ° C in January and under scenario 2 will be 3.6 ° C in January and April. It should be noted that the temperature pattern changes under the CanESM2 model will be more intense than the CNRM-CM5 model, although it is not significant. The results of seasonal precipitation of CNRM-CM5RM models under both scenarios show a decrease in precipitation in spring and in autumn and winter we will not have significant changes in precipitation. The CNRM-CM5 model also predicted a 44% decrease in rainfall under the RCP2.6 scenario and an 18% increase in rainfall under the RCP8.5 scenario in the summer. The average annual rainfall of both models and under both scenarios showed a decrease. In the period 1985-2005, it had severe drought on a 6-month scale in 1991, 1985, 1995, on a 12-month scale in 1986, and on a 24-month scale in 1987. In all three-time scales of 6, 12 and 24 months, the drought index in the future period showed a lot of fluctuations compared to the base period under both diffusion scenarios. It is also important to predict the probability of the occurrence of drought limit conditions in the coming period. The results of seasonal precipitation of CNRM-CM5RM models under both scenarios show a decrease in precipitation in spring and in autumn and winter we will not have significant changes in precipitation. The CNRM-CM5 model also predicted a 44% decrease in rainfall under the RCP2.6 scenario and an 18% increase in rainfall under the RCP8.5 scenario in the summer. The average annual rainfall of both models and under both scenarios showed a decrease. As the results showed, the study area will experience climate change and drought in the coming period, which will undoubtedly have a significant impact on the ecosystem of agricultural systems and water resources (quantity and quality of water) in these areas. Therefore, facing these conditions requires extensive studies and planning in the field of the impact of future climate change on the country's natural resources, and the results of climate models of this study can deal with this phenomenon, especially in agriculture, water resources and The environment and adopting appropriate adaptation and mitigation measures to be used.

Given that global warming is a threat to human life on Earth, predicting future climate change is essential. One of the objectives of this study is to predict daily temperature and precipitation in the near future (2021-2040), using general atmosphere-ocean circulation (AOGCM) models and reduce their uncertainties. Therefore, in this study, first, among the studied models, 5 suitable models including HADGEM2-ES, MICRO IPSL-CM5A-LR, NOERESM1-M ESM2M-GFDEL were selected and downscale by LARS-WG method. Then, using two approaches of Raisanen weighting and observational mean temperature and precipitation (MOTP) were used to weight and ensemble multiple models. The results show that the maximum temperature increases in all months, with the highest temperature increase in the Riesen model in February and the lowest increase in October. In the MOTP weighting model, the highest temperature increase is in January and the lowest temperature increase is in August. The percentage of rainfall changes in June, July and August decreased significantly due to slight observational rainfall. In this study, the MOTP weighting method was chosen to predict climate variables in future periods due to having a higher R2 and the lowest RMSE as a better method in predicting climate data. Therefore, according to the results, it is expected that significant feedback in the water balance of the region will be due to the effect of increasing temperature and increased evaporation, as well as the potential for changes in atmospheric events and hydrology of the basin.

E-learning is a process in which information and communication technologies are used to design, manage, present, guide, exchange, support and develop learning. The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting the willingness of faculty members to use e-learning. The criteria and sub-criteria based on which faculty members use e-learning were extracted from previous studies. Matrix tables of these criteria and sub-criteria were prepared and completed by faculty members working in the university on an hourly basis and the weight of the criteria and sub-criteria was determined using Expert Choice 11. Comparison of factor weights in independent subgroups was performed using Mann-Whitney test. The mean age of participants was 44.37± 7.64 years, and the majority of them (60.4 %) were men. The weights of personal, pedagogical and administrative / legal criteria were 0.395, 0.281, and 0.138, respectively. The following sub-criteria were the most important factors affecting the willingness of faculty members to use e-learning: Computer self-efficacy, skill in producing electronic content, poor information of professors in using information technology, lack of culture and publicizing for virtual teaching, and lack of policies, plans, and executive rules in this respect. E-learning is a special and exceptional opportunity that can be successful by removing the existing barriers and considering incentives and supportive factors for its use and application by faculty members and universities.

A comparative study of the family law in Islamic countries such as Iran and Egypt, considering the differences between religions, is necessary to obtain the links and differences that exist to achieve the best rules in the current era and can prevent the penetration of abnormal Western rules in Islamic countries. Dowry is one of the important issues of family law that it's significant cannot be ignored in society, and it should be carefully addressed and its rulings examined. One of the cases that can be studied in this field is the study of the necessary conditions for dowry and its payment. In this research, we evaluated it in Iranian law, which is based on Imami jurisprudence, and Egyptian law, which is in accordance with Hanafi jurisprudence, to determine its dimensions. By studying jurisprudence and the laws in the rules of these two countries, the aim of this study is to find out what are the conditions of the dowry payment and whether it is possible to pay it in current rate in Iran and Egypt according to the legal principles of these countries and accepted jurisprudential teachings. What are its conditions and what are its differences and similarities? By examining the various reasons, it seems that we should accept the dowry payment based on current rate in Iranian and Egyptian laws despite the similarities and differences which is existed in them. Although in Egyptian laws unlike the Iranian laws have not explicitly mentioned in it, but for some reason it can be discussed.

Logicians, such as Avicenna (or Ibn Sīnā), give moral propositions (like “injustice is bad” and “justice is good”) as examples of “popular” (mashhūrāt) propositions and praised opinions in the section of dialectics. However, Islamic theologians (those adhering to justice or ‘adliyya) cite these propositions in their discussion of rational goodness and badness. This can be discussed in different respects: Are goodness and badness propositions primitively self-evident propositions or just popular propositions? Are they rational or legislated propositions? Do they admit of truth and falsity? Are they realistic or irrealistic? If they are popular propositions, then can their goodness or badness still be essential? In this paper, we are concerned with this latter question. To begin with, according to passages from Avicenna, these propositions are admittedly popular, but then the question arises of whether this is compatible with their goodness and badness being essential. This is because the essentiality of goodness and badness implies their reality, whereas a merely popular proposition does not have a reality beyond an agreement among rational agents. In the first case, popularity or general interests are at stake, whereas essentiality amounts to being detached from general interests or popularity within the society, in the sense that an act is immediately described as good or bad, but this is at odds with what logicians have suggested. The question of this research is to reveal a conflict between essentiality and rationality of such propositions on the one hand, and their popularity, on the other. We begin with an introduction of epistemological and ontological dimensions of the problem, and then consider the problem in terms of logic, referring to passages from Avicenna in this regard, and after an elucidation of the conflict, we finally formulate Muẓaffar’s solution to the conflict. The idea is that although the popularity of such propositions is incompatible with essentiality or rationality of good and badness as widely understood by theologians, a more refined understanding of essentiality and rationality will help resolve the conflict.

In a marriage contract, one of the obligations which has to be met by wife is (sexual) condescension. Since marriage contract like any other contract has the capacity to be interspersed with some additional terms and conditions, and

because a review and comparison of Shiite and Sunni scholars' opinions is considered necessary for the sake of Islamic unity at the present time, wife's (sexual) condescension was investigated in marriage contract. Thus The present study, based on the description and analysis of the propositions of Islamic jurisprudence and the library method, has studied the present subject.

In this study which is based on a descriptive-analytical method, having investigated some Shiite and Sunni scholars' critical arguments and views on the validity and accuracy of inserting some terms and conditions for not condescending on the side of wife in marriage contract, the researches came to the conclusion that in the Shiite jurisprudence, sexual condescension is not considered as an essential component in the marriage contract, but rather as a minor and superficial outcome of thecontract. The husband at his own discretion, because of lawfulness of having sexual relations with his wife, has limited his right to some degree; therefore, the view of inserting a limited number of conditions has already been accepted in the contract. All Sunni scholars are of the opinion that sexual condescension is the essential part of the contract, and any conditions against this principle would be invalid due to such opposite position against this fairly evident factor in marriage.