فاطمه سادات علوی پور

In general, in recent decades, due to urban lives on the sidelines of rivers, dwellers of these areas have been the subject of damages caused by flood. The goal of this research is determining the vulnerability level of urban areas against flood in order to reducing human and financial losses.

For this purpose, Chung fuzzy analysis hierarchical process method (fuzzy AHP) is used due to the higher degree of possibility for weighting criteria of gradient, soil, distance from river, geology, height, land usage, and population. After weighting, the criteria of vulnerability in the environment ARCGIS were fuzzy and ultimately fuzzy operators were used for overlapping layers.

To amend the obtained maps, algebraic multiplication and algebraic addition operators, Gamma 0.9, Gamma 0.7 and Gamma 0.5 operators were used. Obtained map from Gamma 0.7 operator was chosen as the final map of vulnerability for obtaining more appropriate result. Discussion and

Therefore, considering the final map, and that the percentage of population density is over 1.07 in the eastern north of the area near Kan river, the possibility of vulnerability is proposed to be high in that area. Also it is possible that unpermitted constructions in Kan and Vardavard River limits will lead to water aggregation and its sudden release in the area, and if the process of unpermitted constructions and population increase is continued in the area, it can be resulted that the possibility of vulnerability against flood may be high in Tehran District 22.

Considering the effects of power plants locations on society, economy and environment, it is important to choose a suitable site for this facility. In order to find a suitable location for the construction of combined-cycle power plant, GIS can effectively provide a combination of the required information for site selection. This study aims to identify the most important factors in determining the appropriate place for the construction of combined-cycle power plants. The role and influence of each factor (distance from access roads, altitude, slope of the land, distance from the earthquake-prone areas, distance from surface water resources and distance of the fault lines) are also determined.

Using fuzzy membership functions, the standardized criteria maps were created in GIS based on the nature and role of these factors in the site selection. First, it was necessary to multiply these layers to their weights based on their priorities for combination of the criteria. Fuzzy AHP was used for this purpose. Finally, Ordered Weighted Averaging was used to overlay and combine the layers.

The results indicate that the northwestern part of Qazvin province is inappropriate for the intended purpose and eastern and southeast parts of the study area are forecasted.

Since the risk level of making decision is controlled at high, low or intermediate in combination of the layers by this method, the application of the results of this method will be acceptable, making decisions based on this method will have less uncertainty and the results of this method can be used with more confidence.

Three main components to measure the effectiveness of environmental education are knowledge, interest and behavior. Environmental knowledge and interest are known as affecting factors on environmental behaviors and actions. So, the measurement of environmental knowledge and interests are the tools that could be helpful for analyzing the consistent behavior with the nature. Nowadays, environmental concepts are tried to put in the memory of the audience using modified elementary school textbooks. Therefore, the need for performance measurement of this issue is considered to do with this research. This research investigates the knowledge and the interest of Torghabeh and Shandiz elementary students. This research was conducted by the descriptive, analytical method and questionnaire was used as the ideal data collection technique. In this study, six girls’ schools were selected by cluster sampling which included 100 elementary schools. The results indicate that independent variables of parent's education and student's educational level bear no relation to dependent variables of student's environmental knowledge and awareness. Independent variables of parent's level of education, student's education and access to the green space bear no relation to the dependent variable of their compatible toward nature. There is a significant relationship between the independent variable, environmental knowledge, and the dependent variables, interest and environmentally friendly interest.

Earthquake is one of the destructive and life threatening factor which causes a great deal of human life and financial damages for a lot of countries in especially in developing countries. Also Iran, due to its natural structure, has not been an exception. So that most of Iran's cities are located on earthquake line and Tehran as the largest metropolis of Iran is faced with high risk because of the faults around it. According to this fact that, there is no method for changing the mechanism of the earthquake and estimation of the exact time and location of the earthquake is not possible, therefore through identifying the vulnerable points, zoning and correct policy it is possible to decline losses caused by the earthquake. In this research for zoning region 7 of Tehran against earthquake, 10 parameters such as ground slope, hillside direction, elevation, population density, distance from fault, land use, distance from main roads, geology, distance fromthe main rivers and the amount of annual precipitation were selected from 3 indicators of environmental, social and physical. Plan parameters were prepared in ArcGIS software and they were fuzzed in IDRISI software. Weighting the parameters is done by ANP method and WLC, OWA techniques are used to integrate plans. Therefore, the zoning map of district No.7 was prepared. The result showed that the eastern and central region are more vulnerable than other parts of the city.

Nowadays, there is not a comprehensive methodology for contamination risk assessment and modeling of surface water resources. Existing methods just investigate some of the criteria and there is not a GIS-based methodology that can provide the overall risk status in an area by modeling. Consequently, the only existing way is WRASTIC Index which offers a free location overall assessment of the risk status by grading to seven parameters of human and animal wastewater, doing entertainment and recreational, agricultural, industrial activities, size of the area, road and transportation and vegetation density. This research describes the surface water resources contamination risk in new method. In this study, the major part of Tehran province, as well as part of Semnan, Qom, Mazandaran and Alborz provinces by help of a method which is placed in the Multi-criteria evaluation framework (MCE), some criteria are evaluated by WRASTIC method and finally is developed by Fuzzy-WRASTIC method. The process of this method are based on producing different layers maps by weighting the criteria and sub-criteria and using the WLC weights. Then, final maps were produced by their fuzzy combination. In the next step, first these sub-layers were combined together by the provided method in WRASTIC model. And then, modeling of pollution risk status was done by fuzzy overlay method and applying the OR¡ AND ¡ SUM ¡ PRODUCT and GAMMA operators. The results show that use of the OR operator due to a balanced range of values from low to very high in the whole region is the most appropriate operator of risk assessment and analysis for the production of maps. On this basis 31.14 and 27.38 percent of the study area (that is a major part of Tehran and Semnan province) due to the concentration of population and different activities are faced with the high and very high risk for their surface water resources .

In this research, First use of countries of Internet technology in various cases has analyzed. Then with the analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats (SWOT), the effects of technology on environment sustainable development is investigated. Results showed that these effects are both positive and negative. For example, the possibility of monitoring the environment, creating a smart grid systems, the possibility of digital download to reducion traditional physical products and lifestyle changes (green consumerism) are the positive effects and the high energy consumption of hosting equipment of data centers of ICT, waste electronics, harmful emission are the negative effects of using ICT in the process of sustainable development. Generally correct use of information and communication technology causes promotion of environmental planning and management capacity, natural disaster management, increasing energy efficiency on a global scale, the emergence of "Green Economy" as a new engine of growth economy around the world. On the other hand restricting factors such as access to the technology, the infrastructures and sharing, and security of information, cost and lack of possibility of proper recycling of electronics will prevent you from using all the potentials of this technology. Therefore, use of these technologies with respect to all aspects of cultural, economic, political and social are essential in order to preservation and promotion of environmental quality in line with sustainable development.