فاطمه سفیدی

Many Afghans prefer Iran for migration due to the similarity of language and neighborhood. This study was conducted in order to evaluate the oral health status of the Afghan population living in Iran and the barriers to their access to dental services.

By using a researcher-made questionnaire and with the help of 4 calibrated researchers (Iranian and Afghan); referred to dental centers. The selfmade questionnaire included 14 questions about oral health status, as well as questions about barriers to accessing to dental services.

Out of 742 participants in the study, 461 people preferred the clinic to the dental office for economic reasons. 483 people found dentist based on their compatriots' opinion and 545 people were deprived of government dental services because they did not have Iranian citizenship. 691 people had problems in paying dental fees and 588 people said that they had their teeth extracted due to economic problems. 594 people felt that they were discriminated in receiving services, and 588 people stated that the reason for the visit was an emergency.35 people went to the dentist for a check-up and 87 people stated that it was difficult for them to find a dentist. 238 people were inclined to use supplementary insurance. The average DMFT in the Afghan population was 6.22. No significant relationship was found between the DMFT and gender and residence history.

The level of oral health of immigrants is low and it is difficult for them to access dental services and insurance. The possibility of tooth extraction instead of keeping it is high in immigrants due to economic problems.

Background &

Quality of life is one of the important issues facing the contemporary world and one of the basic issues in the development of social policy, which includes issues such as welfare, meeting basic needs, growing and satisfying life, altruism and selflessness among communities. The outbreak of a new infectious disease called Covid-19 became a global concern in a short period of time, and on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared an outbreak of the disease. To non-attendance training so that their quality of life and mental health may be affected. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the quality of life of dental students during the Covid-19 pandemic.

The current descriptive-analytical research was conducted on 231 dental students of Qazvin by census method in the academic year of 2021-2022. The data collection tool was questionnaires of demographic characteristics and quality of life of the World Health Organization with 36 questions. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 24 and independent t-tests, analysis of variance and Pearson correlation.

The highest quality of life score of dental students was in the physical performance dimension (82.10±22.54) and the lowest quality of life score was in the mental health component (17.24±60.59). The average score of the overall quality of life of the students (72.84 ± 25.49) and the average score of the overall quality of life in the physical dimension (75.53 ± 32.38) and the average overall quality of life in the mental dimension (70.15 ± 18.61). A significant difference was found between the physical and mental quality of life scores of dental students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. There was a significant difference between gender and marital status with quality of life in the overall quality of life, in the physical dimension and its components, and the overall quality of life in the psychological dimension with its dimensions.

The present study aimed to determine the effect of the COVID-19 epidemic on the quality of life of dental students during the Corona period. The results showed that the average quality of life score of dental students in the dimension of physical performance is higher than other scales, the average quality of life score in the physical component was 82.10 and the average quality of life score in the mental health component was 60.59. The average score of the overall quality of life of the students was 72.84 ± 25.49 and the average score of the overall quality of life in the physical dimension was 75.53 ± 32.38. In the overall quality of life scale in the mental dimension, the average score of the studied students was 70.15 ± 18.61. A significant difference was found between the physical and psychological quality of life scores of dental students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. There is a significant difference between gender and marital status with quality of life in the overall quality of life, in the physical dimension and its components, and the overall quality of life in the psychological dimension with its dimensions. The difference in the quality of life of the studied students according to the academic semester showed that there is a significant difference between the average component of cheerfulness and vitality among the studied students in the 2nd to 6th academic semesters and the 7th to 12th academic semesters. There was no difference in other components. The average score of the quality of life in the physical dimension was 77.25 among the students who exercised and 71.88 among the students who did not exercise. This difference was statistically significant. There was a significant relationship between having a disease and quality of life in the component of physical pain, role limitation due to physical reasons, role limitation due to physical reasons, general health, and, in general, physical quality of life and mental quality of life. The study of Seyed al-Shohda and Hakimi aimed to determine the relationship between demographic variables and the quality of life of nursing students of Qom University of Medical Sciences showed that the average score of the overall quality of life of the students was 65.3 ± 19. Among the different dimensions of quality of life, the highest score belonged to the dimension of mental health, and the lowest score to the dimension of physical health. The study of Rahai et al. on the quality of life of Sabzevar Azad University students showed that the physical health dimension has the lowest score among the different dimensions of quality of life. The lack of medical care is one of the factors that reduce the physical health of students, as medical experts believe that periodic health assessments as a preventive measure are useful to maintain and improve the health of students and protect them from suffering from physical problems. he does. Comparing the results of the aforementioned studies with the present study shows that the results are not consistent. In the two mentioned studies, the psychological dimension has the highest average, while in the present study, the average of the physical performance component and overall quality of life in the physical dimension has the highest average. The reason for this can be related to the time of the studies. The current study was conducted during the epidemic of Covid-19 and during these days, there was more care for physical health. On the other hand, the presence of anxiety and fear of contracting the disease of Covid affects the quality of mental health. Life has been affected and the quality of mental life has obtained a lower average than other studies. In a study, they examined the views of medical students on the online learning environment, and their quality of life during the Covid-19 pandemic, the results showed that most of them had a positive perception of the online learning environment and average quality in concentration and sleep. These findings provided insight into medical students' perceptions of their learning environment and quality of life as they adapted to the changes caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. According to the overall average quality of life score of the studied students, it seems that they also have an average quality of life and the overall level of quality of life is not at a very good level considering the epidemic of the Covid-19 disease. In a study investigating the Corona epidemic in Poland and its impact on the quality of life of students in the context of limited access to public spaces. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the intensity of quarantine measures during the epidemic, the level of activity of students in public spaces, their physical and mental well-being, and the overall quality of their lives. Due to the epidemic of covid-19 disease and the general lack of quality of life of students, it is necessary to have written programs and strategies in universities, including the presence of psychologists and the formation of mental health workshops, the creation of sports activities and counseling programs on healthy diet to improve their quality of life.

 Access to the Internet and multimedia technologies, has led traditional learning to electronic learning which has made the use of modern evaluation methods in higher education indispensable. Thus, the study was conducted to investigate the quality and satisfaction level of online tests from the point of view of Qazvin dental students (during Corona Epidemic).

 This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 231 students studying at Qazvin Dental School in the academic year 2020 who were selected by enumeration. The instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire in the form of 27 questions in two parts. In the qualitative section, the data were considered based on 5-point Likert scale including ( “very low ”, “low”, “average”, “good” and “great”),and after confirmation of validity and reliability  had been used. Descriptive analysis (Mean, standard deviation and …) and analytical statistics (Spearman correlation coefficent and man Whitney u test) were used to analyze the data.

 The mean and standard deviation of satisfaction with students' online tests is 3.18±0.52, which is higher than average. Besides, the mean and standard deviation of the quality of online tests from the students' point of view is 3.19 ±0. 51, which is higher than average and indicates students' satisfaction with the quality of this type of evaluation. No significant relationship was found between these components as well as age, gender (P<0.05).

 The level of satisfaction and quality of online tests from students' point of view is higher than average and indicates students' satisfaction with the quality of this type of evaluation.

Many of the legal problems that dentists face is rooted in a lack of knowledge about dental professional law. Sometimes it has led to legal cases. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge and practice of dentists of legal issues related to dentistry field.

By using a researcher-made 24-item questionnaire that was standardized with experts and obtaining information from the Qazvin Medical Council Organization, Iran, we refferd to all centers and dental offices in Qazvin and if it was not possible, we used an electronic questionnaire. Data of 181 dentists were recorded and the results were analyzed at a significance level of 0.05, analysis was done by SPSS version 24.

The mean age of dentists was 33±4 years and the mean work experience of dentists was 5.5±2. The average score of all dentists in the field of medical law was 10.5 out of twenty points and their average knowledge score was 11.5 and the performance score was 9.5 out of a maximum score of twenty. The degree of dentists had a significant relationship with the level of knowledge and practice (P=0.001). The age of the dentist was not related to the level of knowledge and practice (P=0.085). The gender of dentists was not significantly related to the mean scores (P=0.071). The general dentist's work experience had a significant relationship with the level of knowledge and dentists with a longer history scored higher. (P=0.044)

The level of knowledge of dentists about legal issues is lower than the average score, and it seems that due to the importance of this field, we need appropriate retraining courses and revising of related courses in the general dentistry course.

 Clinical problems are solved through continuous assessment of students' educational process and evaluation of the intended goals achievement using log books. This study intended to determine dental students' views about using Log books to improve the quality of education in general restorative dentistry.

 This was a descriptive-analytical study with 61 students who had chosen practical restorative course in the dental school of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences during the academic year 2019-20. The participants were selected through census sampling. The data was gathered using a researcher-made questionnaire whose face and content validity was confirmed through 10 experts' opinion and its reliability using Cronbach’s alpha (0.83). The questionnaire included four areas of necessity of using logbooks (score range of 7 to 21), implementation process (score range of 8 to 24), content quality (score range of 20 to 60) and how to complete the logbook (score range of 2 to 10). The data was analyzed using SPSS 21.

 The results indicated that the mean scores for the necessity to use logbooks, the implementation process, content quality and completing logbooks were13.57±3.96, 13.13±3.388, 40.492±11.483 and 6.525±3.487 respectively. There was a significant relationship between the courses of practical restoration 2 and 3 in the area of  the necessity of using logbooks, but there was no significant relationship in the areas of logbook design and implementation process, content quality and completing the logbooks (P>0.05).

 The necessity to use clinical skills record books in clinical evaluation was signified by more than half of the students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences and completing them was highly emphasized by over one third of the participants. Therefore, through more control over the process of completing and implementing booklets and overcoming their weaknesses, more satisfaction would be provided to the students.

Restorative dentistry is an important branch of dentistry and therefore it is very important to train students that have all or the majority of the skills to start practice. The aim of this study was to compare new and old curricula of restorative lessons form the perspective of faculty members of selected Iranian universities.

The perspectives and viewpoints of the faculty members of dentistry schools in the cities of Tehran, Qazvin, Gilan, Shiraz, and Yasuj were collected using a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire. A demographic questionnaire was also applied to collect the characteristics of the participants. SPSS was used for data analysis and the Friedman test was administered to explore the strong and weak points.

The results showed a significant correlation between the new and the old curriculum (p<0.0014). The new curriculum had advantages like proceeding with and completing treatment stages according to a treatment plan and familiarization with dentists profession regulation in comprehensive dentistry course. The weak point of the new curriculum was introducing the topic of bonding in advanced theoretical remedial lessons, which seems to be early for students.

It seems that revising and modifying educational activities and content, including the curriculum of restorative lesson, are necessary in light of recent advances in dentistry. Therefore, curriculum studies may be helpful in this regard.

Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain among dentists due to incorrect long-term physical conditions is more than public community. Ergonomics and stress are among the causes of these pain. Due to lack of any report in Zanjan city this study aimed to determine prevalence of musculoskeletal pain among zanjan dentists, ergonomic factors, job related stress and other related factors.
Methods and Materials: This descriptive study, was done on 131 dentists of Zanjan. A questionnaire was designed based on standard Nordic and Job Stress Dimension questionnaire with the aid of a psychologist and physiotherapist. The questionnaire was distributed among dentists. From 131 dentists ,11 were excluded because they didn’t meet the criteria. Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain, affected area, stress and other factor was statistically analyzed with the aid of chi-square test.
Among 120 dentists who met the criteria, 60.8 % was men and 30.2% was women with mean age of 37.1. Prevalence of the pain in at least one site was 67.5%with most prevalent site was shoulder 30.8%, lumbar region 24.2% and neck 20.8 %. Reported stress was moderate in 90.7% cases and 9.3 percent of dentists reported mild stress. There is no significant relationship between age, sex, work period, work hours during week, stress, arm position, application of mirror and prevalence of pain. (p

The curriculum assessment is one of the main processes which can identify the clinical needs of students. The purpose of this study is to compare the evaluation of the new and previous orthodontic curriculum from the viewpoints of the faculty members in the selected universities of Iran.
In this cross-sectional-description study ,The questionnaire consists of 28 questions distributed between 50 faculty members of orthodontic department of dentistry faculties of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti, Qazvin, Azad university of Tehran, Tabriz, Isfahan, Urumiyeh and Azad university of Khorasgan. The data were analysed by a SPSS software.
From faculty members point of view of in the order of priority , the most important strengths of new Curriculum were the followings:Adding the cases of "eruption problems of teeth", " paying attention to the information and principles of infection control,", the movement of “detection topic, principles of clinical examination, provision of instruments, impression, calculating the models of orthodontic and photographic analysis " respectively, The main weak points in order of priority were these: eliminating “the purpose and duration of treatment and orthodontic treatment planning in different periods of teeth eruption” and ” the assessment methods of skull growth and development ”, ” mouth and face clefts including classification, morphology and formation of orthodontic treatment” .
Faculty members of dental schools believed that the changes in curriculum is not perfect .Therefore, the results can be used to improve the weak points of orthodontics curriculum.

A practical exam is important for evaluation of university students but there is not any satisfaction of traditional exams among clinical teachers. There are limited studies done for modification of traditional exams. This study aimed to compare the traditional and Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) exams in term of clinical skills and satisfaction among dental students. Evaluation of thirty dental students was done with OSCE and traditional exams. A student was undergone oral medicine exam in the traditional form (10 questions) and OSCE (with ten stations). After the exam they fill questionnaire regarding their experience of the two methods. Data was analyzed with SPSS V.18. Mann-Whitney test, T test, chi square and Pearson correlation coefficient were used. In the OSCE group, scores of questions in the field of cognition was higher and psychomotor was lower than the traditional exam (p=0.001). OSCE is better stimulator of clinical situations and its stressful environment. Despite mismatch found between traditional exams and medical educational goals, most of universities apply this method. it is recommended to use OSCE method in evaluation of all fields of dentistry.

According to increase in quality and quantity of Continuing Medical Education(CME) Programms, assesment of educational needs is a part of research priorities in Education Development Centers(EDC).Due to lacking studies in this field among dentists, we decide to evaluate dentists opinion regarding qualiy and quantity of current Continuing Medical Education program. This descriptive study was done Among Zanjan providence General Dentists. 60 dentists fill the questionaire regarding qualitative and quantitative assesment of Continuing Medical Education.The data was analyzed by SPSS 20. This study was conducted on 64% male and 36% female with mean age of 41.49±7.49. They(52.5%) claimed that the most effective way to increase efficacy of these courses is to ask great instructors to do the courses and also the best method of performance is patient based method. The main problem of the dentists attending courses was thelong interval between the CME courses.Most of the dentists agreed to have 5-10 programms in a year.59.8 percent of them was agree with virtual internet based continuing education programms.they also claimed that there is a great balance between their educational needs and the programms. Because of the acceptance of virtual programms among most of the dentists,it is recommended to have virtual programms base on their educational demands

Exact recognition of the needs of patients with leukemia and move to solve them will promote the health standards in the country. The aim of this study was to evaluate the needs and to assess the process of diagnosis and treatment of leukemia and their shortcomings according to experts’ views in this field. This study was a descriptive study and the population under study consisted of 101 specialists in Hemato-oncology and pathology across the country, who were selected by random cluster sampling. Data was collected by valid peer reviewed questionnaires with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.80. The collected data were evaluated and analyzed using SPSS, and chi-square test. According to specialists, lack of diagnostic facilities in small cities, timely diagnosis, especially in cases of chronic leukemia and inadequate attention to the mental state of patients during the treatment process was considered as the most important problems of health system in the diagnosis and treatment of leukemias. Shifting the health policies towards greater attention to equip the health care centers and reviewing the policies resulting in concentration of services in large cities, providing health care plans acceptable for the patient's mental state by counseling centers during the process of treatment and finally financial support of patients with leukemia (particularly low-income patients) by governmental and non-governmental organizations will certainly pave the way to achieve modern standards.

Achievement of maximum educational development is a major goal of education. Social adjustment is a main sign of psychological health. Because of lack of study regarding relationship of the educational development and social adjustment، this study was done. Dental students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences were included (N= 87). Depending on educational development، students were given four different California Questionnaires (Same questions with different font). Ultimately data was analyzed with the SPSS version 15 and K2، Variance، T-test and regression. There was not any significant relationship between social adjustment and educational development (p›0. 05). The greatest average of social adjustment was found in students with constant educational development. There was not any significant relation between educational development، social adjustment، social factors and responsibility (p›0. 05). Attention of education authorities to evaluation of the students'' social health and taking measures for improving educational development is important.

This study attempts to determine the effect of Hijab on self- esteem among the students in Qazvin university of medical sciences, in2010. {Hijab is equal to veiling in this survey and is defined as an statutory Islamic dress code of modesty among Muslim women}. Our study population was one hundred girl students in Qazvin University of Medical sciences. 50 persons with Hijab and 50 persons with unsuitable Hijab. They are selected randomly and Eysenck self-esteem questionnaire is used (1976). The results of this study show that people with higher self- esteem scores, respect Hijab more. We found significant relationship between self-esteem, birth rate and course of study (p< 0/05) but we didn’t find significant relationship between section of study, marriage, semester of study and self- esteem(p> 0/05). Since Hijab develops mental health and promotes self-esteem among the students, then we can promote the scientific level and psychological health of students in universities, by paying more attention to Hijab.

This cross-sectional study was performed to assess the self-esteem in employees of faculties of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in 2010. All employees in faculties of medicine, nursing and midwifery, dentistry, Health and Paramedical sciences were entered the study by census method. The measurement tools included demographic information and Eysenck Self Esteem Scale. Results of this study indicated that approximately half of the employees in faculties of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences had low self-esteem.

Islamic culture is compatible with the four medical ethics principles including: efficacy, non_ maleficence, personal authority and justice, but as many of western thinkers have indicated on functioning these principles, there are compatible definitions with those cultures. Islam has the comprehensive ethical principles which these four principles should be commented in that context. This current article is made upon the searched articles in search engines, valid scientific sites and referring to some source books. The usual medical ethics in western societies (and their cohorts) is made upon the secular pre hypothesis. This pre- hypothesis has different basics with those Islamic ones which can make a different function to the ethical matters. The ethical basics of Islam identify the ethics as an internal matter that could be only justified in theism. The human development has made an increasing development in the scope of medical ethics, so it is necessary to make fundamental steps for defining the topics. Different thinkers from philosophers to medical scientists are expected to think deeply on two aspects:1. The clear and proportional definition of philosophy of ethics in medical sciences.2. Defining the ethical framework for medics’ decision making in difficult situations and defining the restrictions and their applications. These two can’t be applied but with the interrelation of Hozah and University instructors.

Identifying the complications of menopause and their related prevention method is necessary for every woman; an important task that is achievable through health care educations. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of education on the knowledge and attitude of post-menopausal women about menopausal symptoms and complications. In this semi-experimental study, 100 women in the age of 45-60 years old were randomly selected based on the target model. Prior to the educational programs, the knowledge and attitude of postmenopausal women about the symptoms and complications of menopause were collected. Then, the educational program was performed according to the Deputy Health Educational package, followed by a thorough evaluation carried out using questionnaires in the second test phase after two months of training. The resulted data were analyzed using SPSS software and paired T-test and one-sided variance methods at the significant level of p <0.05. There was a significant difference (p<0/001) between the amount of average knowledge before and after the training. Before the training, 11% of the individuals had a poor knowledge of the subject. While 88% of the women had a moderate knowledge, only 1% of them had a good understanding. By contrast, after the training, none of the subjects had a poor knowledge, and 73% and 27% of the individuals had gained a moderate and good knowledge respectively. In addition, there was a significant difference (p <0/001) between before and after the training periods. Prior to the education program, 7% of the individuals had negative and 59% had positive attitude. However, after the program, 80% of the individuals showed a positive attitude. The training of postmenopausal women results in an improvement in the level of their awareness, and could lead to significant changes in their attitudes toward the menopause. Thus, conducting the training programs is the best way to strengthen the scientific vigor, changing the attitudes and behavior of the postmenopausal women.

Well-being means the harmony in all dimensions of an individual. Dimensions of psychological well-being include independence, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relationship, purposeful life, and self-acceptance. The present study was aimed to determine the factor structure of the three-question version of the Ryff psychological well-being scale. This was a cross-sectional study in which 330 students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences were selected based on a multistage random sampling. The participants responded to questions of the short version of Ryff psychological well-being scale. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and factor analysis. Factor analysis showed that the multidimensional model of psychological well-being scale in its three-question version acceptably fitted with the data. Also, the factor analysis of this scale yielded four factors while two questions were deleted due to absence of load on any factor. The results obtained in this study were different from that of six-dimension model and only four factors extracted. However, due to presence of appropriate reliability, this scale could be a suitable tool to measure the psychological well-being among students.

Workshop is a problem- based education may help change bad habits. Our study was designed to evaluate the Effect of workshop on drug prescription for oral diseases for Dental students of Qazvin university of Medical Sciences. After a pilot study, a reliable questionnaire for evaluation of the knowledge of students was designed.73 students completed the form before and after the workshop. Data were compared by t-test. Cronbach's alpha values (before and one month after workshop) showed significant improvement in quality of correct drug prescription among dental students. The drug prescription today is mostly relies on pharmacological concept which is a difficult issue. Our workshop was effective on quality of drug prescription. So, by designing workshops and applying new educational methods, we can overcome the problem.

Clinical education may be facilitator of learning in clinical environment in where educator and student associate equally. According to condition s of environment and specifications of clinical education, stress is inevitable. So recognition of the type and the amount of stress can be helpful to reduce it. This study was conducted to determine the stressors of clinical teaching. This research is a sectional- descriptive study in which the views of nursing students in both evening and daily course in third to sixth semester of nursing school of Qazvin was examined about stressors in clinical training and internship. 118 people randomly selected as samples and were studied. Data collected by questionnaire. The average and standard deviation of the students was 21/5±1/86 years. Stressors associated with demographic specification, semester, age, sex and marital status were significant (p< 0/01). There was a significant relationship between demographic characteristics of age and experience upon semester (p<0/01). There was a significant association between semester and clinical process (p<0/01). Results showed that the association between marital status and evaluation and communication is significant (p<0/01). The study showed that nursing students are exposed to multiple stressors and the planners should pay attention to this important issue to keep improve quality and quantity of nursing education.

identifying effective factors in creating job motivation is necessitate to promote productivity and job satisfaction of faculty members. This study has been done in order to determining job motivation factors based on opinions of faculty members of Qazvin University of medical sciences. in this analytical descriptive study, 100 current faculty members of Qums participated to identify potential effective job motivations. Data collection tool is a 42 items questionnaire which has been designed based on Herzberg two factor's theory. Content validity and reliability of the questionnaire are confirmed by test – retest. The result of the findings are presented as frequency tables. Data were analysed by using chi – square, Fisher exact test and SPSS software, significant level of 5 percent is considered, too. from the faculty members view points, internal and external factors are effective in 95 and 92 percent, respectively. Among the internal factors, quality of job, job success, responsibilities of job, progress and promotion in job, acknowledgement and appreciation of staffs are the most important to the least ones respectively. Also, among external factors, manner of relation, working environment condition, job security, manner of supervision in the working environment, current policies in the working environment and salary are the most to the least factors, respectively. from the view points of faculty members, motivation as internal factors is more important then health from external factors in creating job motivation. The findings of this study are consistent with Hrzbrg theories. This study demonstrated that quality of work is the most important factor in creating job motivation and success.