فاطمه شهامت ده سرخ

Entrepreneurship is considered to be one of the most important factors affecting the creation of job opportunities and economic growth. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy, which means believing in one's ability to do innovative work and the effectiveness of skills in order to start a business, is one of the most important effective dimensions in entrepreneurial behavior. Considering the importance of this matter, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and entrepreneurial self-efficacy with the mediating role of emotional creativity.

The research method was a descriptive correlational type. The statistical population of the research was formed by the students of Mashhad Conservatories in the academic year 2021-2022, of whom 300 people were selected as research sample using the convenience sampling method. In order to collect data, the entrepreneurial self-efficacy questionnaire of De Nobel et al (1999) Indecision Intolerance Scale, Freeston et al (1994), and Averill and Thomas Knowles’s (1991) emotional creativity questionnaire were used.

The data analysis results showed a negative and significant relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and entrepreneurial self-efficacy, a negative and significant relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and emotional creativity, and a positive and significant relationship between emotional creativity and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Also, emotional creativity was able to significantly mediate the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. In fact, intolerance of uncertainty does not have a direct effect on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and only has an indirect effect on it.

In fact, the findings indicated that uncertainty intolerance does not have a direct effect on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and only has an indirect effect on it; in such a way that intolerance of uncertainty leads to an increase in entrepreneurial self-efficacy by affecting emotional creativity. In other words, people with higher emotional creativity have more self-efficacy beliefs, and this makes a person react more effectively to the challenges that may be faced especially in the early stages of business development.

This study aimed to examine the mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty in the relationship between self-ambivalence and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in an analog sample. 

This descriptive-correlational study involved adults over 18 years old, with a sample size of 718 individuals selected through convenience sampling. Participants completed the Ambivalence Scale (Bhar & Kyrios, 2007), the 12-item Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (Carleton et al., 2007), and the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Goodman et al., 1989). Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling with Amos-24 and SPSS-27 software. 

The findings indicated a significant positive relationship between self-ambivalence and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (p < 0.01). Additionally, intolerance of uncertainty was significantly negatively related to both self-ambivalence and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (p < 0.01). Intolerance of uncertainty was found to mediate the relationship between self-ambivalence and the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (p < 0.01). 

High levels of self-ambivalence are associated with increased intensity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms due to reduced tolerance for uncertainty. Self-ambivalence leads to a focus on oneself and diminished attention to the environment, thereby decreasing tolerance for uncertainty and contributing to the emergence of obsessive symptoms. These findings suggest that obsessive symptoms may be an individual's attempt to manage self-ambivalence.

Children's responses to trauma depend on their psychological capacities. Given the importance of maternal reflective functioning in the formation of these psychological capacities, this research aims to investigate the mediating role of the mother-child relationship in the relationship between maternal reflective functioning and child emotional expression in trauma conditions. For this descriptive study, 74 mothers with children aged 4-8 years completed the Mother-Child Relationship Evaluation (MCRE) and the Parental Reflective Function Questionnaire (PRFQ) during the Covid-19 pandemic. To measure the children's emotional expression, the components of their drawings (depression, anxiety and excitability) were used. The results showed that despite the fit of the model, none of the indirect effects were significant (P>0.05). Direct effects showed that maternal prementalization was significantly related to the dysfunctional mother-child relationship and the child's emotional expression. In addition, interest and curiosity about the child's mental state were also related to the dysfunctional mother-child relationship (P<0.05). It seems that the mother's reflective functioning plays an important role in predicting the child's emotional expression in trauma situations. However, more research is needed to explain these relationships.

This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of marital conflict in the relationship between self-silencing and the tendency to divorce in married women. The present research was descriptive-correlation based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this research was all married women of Mashhad City in 2021, and 240 of them were selected as a sample. Research tools included the divorce Tendency Scale (DTS, Rusbult, et al, 1986), the Marital Conflict Questionnaire (MCQ, Sanaei, 2000), and the Silencing the Self Scale (STSS, Jack & Dill, 1992). Structural equation modeling analysis was used to analyze the data. The results of the structural equation modeling analysis indicated that the model fit in well. The findings showed that self-silencing could indirectly predict the tendency to divorce through marital conflict (p<0.001). It can be concluded that self-silencing and marital conflict play a key role in women's tendency to divorce, and it is necessary to pay attention to these factors in interaction with each other in programs to improve the quality of married life.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapy and schema therapy on distress tolerance in students with a history of suicide attempts. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with two experimental groups and one control group and the statistical population included students had a history of suicide attempts in 1400.With the available sampling method, 45 people were randomly selected and placed in the control group and experimental groups, and all three groups completed the Simmons and Gaher (2005) distress tolerance scale. Then, one of the test groups was exposed to schema therapy and the second test group was subjected to cognitive therapy based on mindfulness. in the end the experimental groups, completed the distress tolerance scale. after one month of the post-test, the follow-up stage was conducted and finally the obtained data were analyzed SPSS.21 software and descriptive statistics indicators and variance analysis of multivariate repeated measures. The results indicated the effectiveness of two interventions on distress tolerance; according to the values of the average score difference in stages of measurement in the groups, the treatment based on mindfulness compared to schema therapy, for the component of regulating efforts to relieve distress and for the other three components, schema therapy is more effective in students with a history of action has committed suicide. The combined use of both treatment methods is suggested to adolescent therapists in increasing the distress tolerance of students with a history of committing suicide.

Animations are one of the most popular programs among children, which have a direct impact on them, and in addition to the aspect of entertainment and attractiveness, they can influence socialization, the formation of emotions and the way they manifest. In the theory of subject relations, the child's early experiences in relation to his caregivers affect emotional responses to separation signals and disturbing life conditions.
Considering the children's impressionability of animations, this research was conducted with the aim of examining the content of Kung Fu Panda trilogy animations from the perspective of the concepts of thematic relationships and separation anxiety.
The current research was conducted with a qualitative design and using the content analysis method. The components of the desired concepts were extracted from the standardized version of Bell's Thematic Relations and Separation Anxiety Questionnaires of children in Iran. The components were validated by examining the opinion of experts in the field of children and the examination of three evaluators showed that the extracted items are valid. Then, the frequency of the scenes that contained these components in the desired animations was observed and recorded.
The findings showed that the concepts of thematic relationships and separation anxiety are present in the three animations of Panda Kung Fu Kar. Among the three versions of the Kung Fu Panda animation, the concepts of separation anxiety were observed more in the second animation; also, compared to the third part, the first and second animation had more concepts of thematic relationships.
The greater frequency of concepts of thematic relationships of separation anxiety in the second animation shows that this episode can have an impact on the problems of thematic relationships and anxiety of children.

Comparing treatment approaches in psychology for more effectiveness in less time is one of the topics of interest to researchers, therefore the purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapy and schema therapy on Alexithymia in students with a history of suicide.

The method of semi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group included a one-month follow-up. The statistical population of the research consisted of all high school students of Shirvan city and suburbs who committed suicide in 1400. Using available sampling method, 45 people were randomly selected and divided into three groups(two experimental groups of schema therapy and cmindfulness-based therapy and the control group). The data collection tool was the Toronto Emotional Dyslexia Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS.21 software and descriptive statistics and variance analysis of multivariate repeated measures.

The results indicated the effectiveness of two interventions on alexithymia, but according to the differences in the mean scores in different stages of measurement in the groups, mindfulness-based therapy is more effective than schema therapy in improving the alexithymia of students with a history of suicide (P≥0.001).

According to the findings, it is recommended to use a combination of both treatment methods and especially mindfulness-based treatment to improve mental health and reduce emotional dysregulation in students with a history of suicide attempts.

Motivation is an influential factor in the learning situations and the success of learning depends on whether or not the learners are motivated. The coronavirus pandemic has forced students and educators to rapidly adapt to online learning. To create efficient online learning experiences, students’ motivation in e-learning activities must be considered. In this article researchers were aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Keller’s motivational design on students’ motivation in online teaching.

With the control group, a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design was used. Course Interest Survey (CIS) was administered on samples of sixth grade elementary students (37 females in each class).

Analysis of data using multicovariate analysis, shows that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the mean scores of motivations and the components of attention and relationship. But there are no significant differences in the students' confidence and satisfaction scores between two groups. Based on the results, the Keller’s motivational design model is effective on motivating and attracting students' attention and communication in the online environment.

The conclusion and discussion of the research are explained.

According to the academic literature,infertility is a feeling of helplessness thataffects the general Psychological health inwomen. Psychoanalytic theories believethat infertility is a defensive response toambivalent feelings about maternity andindividual goals. This research aims toinvestigate the discriminating power ofwork family conflicts questionnaire andDefensive Styles Questionnaire (DSQ) ininfertile and fertile women. Work family conflicts questionnaire andDSQ, were administered on a sample of47 working infertile women (52.8%) inNovin infertility clinic and 42 (47.2%)fertile women. Discriminant functionanalysis result showed that 67.7% ofsamples can be differentiated accordingthese two variables (Wilks’ Lambda=0.85, X2= 10.14, p<0.05). Results showedthat infertile women, compared to fertileones have more conflicts and more defensivemechanisms. According to psychoanalytictheories these results can beexplained as psychological suppression offertility. Intolerance of ambivalence andconflict between career goals and desiresfor parenthood has a psychologicalsuppressing impact in fertility.

Due to the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, there are some measures to be taken to improve the symptoms. The purpose of the present research was to determine the effectiveness of emotion schema therapy on rumination and the extreme accountability of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. It was semi-experimental research with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stage. The population of the study included people with obsessive-compulsive disorder who referred to the Artiman counseling center of Mashhad in 2019. A number of 16 individuals were selected by available sampling and they were divided randomly into two experimental and control groups. The Ruminant Response Style Questionnaire and California Accountability Scale were used to collect data. The results of analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that emotion schema therapy effects on reducing rumination and extreme accountability of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Emotional schema therapy can be effective in reducing mental rumination and extreme accountability of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder. It is suggested that by using these variables by medical centers, the organizations can be taken to take effective steps to improve the mental health of individuals.

This study has aimed to investigate the mediating role of the object relations and defense mechanisms in relation between family function and  percived mental health. relations. General health questioner, family assessment device, Bell's object relation inventory and defense style questionnaire were administrated on a sample of 300 students (195 girls and 105 boys). Participants were selected, using multi-stage cluster sampling, from Khayyam University. Data were studied through path analysis method. Results indicated that object relations and mature defense mechanisms of ego played a mediating role in relation between family function and mental health. However, the immature and neurotic mechanisms of ego did not have a mediating role. Being compatible with object relation theory, this research revealed that family functions enhance mental health through affecting object relation and defense mechanisms.

The crucial difference between people with OCD and non-clinical individuals would be the presence of OCD-related dysfunctional beliefs. compulsions are aimed at undoing the intrusive thoughts. With respect of core symptoms of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder(OCD) deficit in cognitive inhibition is probable. But results are inconsistent in this field. Here researchers are aimed to study the probable IOR deficit in clinical sample of compulsive washing . this study is a causal- comparative research. Beck Depression Inventory - version II (BDI-II), Obsessional Beliefs Questionnaire- 44 (OBQ-44) and emotional Inhibition of Return test were administered of 47 clinical samples of compulsive washing. The results of MANOVA analysis showed that there is no differences between two groups in IOR (F(4,42)=-0.578, P=0.735; Wilk’s Lambda= 0.955; Partial η2= 0.045). Moreover there is a significant deference between reaction times in valid and invalid trails (t= 4.209; P≤0.01) that shows the general IOR phenomena in participants. This research failed to show cognitive inhibition deficit in clinical samples of compulsive washing according to their dysfunctional beliefs.IT seems that IOR deficient is not detectable in OCD patients according to exogenous attention. Other theoretical and experimental implications are discussed.

Inhibition of Return (IOR) as a cognitive inhibition function, refers to the relative suppression of orienting toward stimuli that had recently been considered. This function has an adaptive value in human beings (Wang and Klein, 2010). Regarding the core symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), deficit in cognitive inhibition is probable. However, results are inconsistent. Therefore, the present study aimed to study the probable IOR deficit in clinical sample with compulsive washing. This study was conducted with a comparative method. Beck Depression Inventory-version II (BDI-II), Obsessive- Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), and emotional Inhibition of Return test were administered on 30 clinical samples with compulsive washing (20% male) and 30 normal samples (26/7% male). The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that there was no deficit in IOR in compulsive washing (F=1.256, P>.05; Wilk’s Lambda =. 866; Y2 = 0.134). On the other hand without considering group effect, there was a significant difference deference between reaction times in valid and invalid trails (t=2.29; P[.05) that shows the general inhibition of return phenomenon in the subjects. This research failed to show cognitive inhibition deficit in clinical samples of compulsive washing, however, the probability of inhibition deficit is suggested in other levels of inhibition such as behavioral one. Other theoretical and experimental implications have been discussed.

There is strong evidence that high anxious individuals selectively attend to threatening information. But the results of attentional bias in trait and state anxiety is inconsistent in this filed.In this article, the authors were aimed to investigate the attentional bias in state and trait anxiety. In a causal- comparative research, 120 male and female students were selected randomly from Ferdowsi University. Instruments involving, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Dot- Probe Test, were administered on the participants. The data of 76 (76/1% female) participants which determined as high and low trait and state anxious individuals were analyzed. The results of ANCOVA analysis showed that main effect of trait anxiety was significant (F(1,75)=8.174, p≤0.01,d=0.68), But there is no significant interaction between trait and state anxiety in interference scores in Dot-probe test. High trait anxious individuals selectively has Oriented Attention toward the threatening information. Attentional bias toward to threatening sources is correlated threatening information that is the component of hypervigilance in these persons.