فایزه جعفری

Climate change has greatly challenged the management of water resources due to its impact on water requirements of crops. In this research, the effect of climate change on water requirement of Rice crop was simulated in the study area of ​​ the Tajan watershed and its changes until 2060 were studied. To investigate climate change, Lars-WG software and HadGEM2 model outputs under (RCP 2.6) and (RCP 8.5) climate scenarios have been used. To evaluate the impact of climate change in the next 40 years on water requirement, using CROPWAT 8.0 software, potential and actual evapotranspiration and effective rainfall were calculated for the future period and crop water requirement was determined and compared with the water requirement of the current period. The results showed that the mean water requirement of Rice crop in the RCP 2.6 scenario were predicted in 2040-2021 and 2041-2060 periods is equal to 658.27 and 658.46 mm, respectively, and in the RCP 8.5 scenario in 2040-2021 and 2041-2060 periods were predicted to be equal to 672.93 and 673 mm, respectively. Therefore, according to both climate scenarios, the water requirement has increased in all time periods compared to the current period, which is about 648 mm.Mazandaran is a province based on agricultural production and it has long been one of the centers of Rice cultivation as the second strategic product of the country. planting Rice is very vital and important for the economy of the whole region. Therefore, it is necessary to study the evaluation of changes in the water requirement of Products in response to climate change conditions.Various researchers investigated the effects of climate change on water requirement, some of which are mentioned below.Casolani et al. (2020) in a study investigated the effect of climate change on water requirement of crops. The results showed that the water requirement in the periods of 2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100 will increase by 6, 19, and 24 percent, respectively, compared to the current period. Jia et al. (2021) investigated the changes in the water requirement of crops under climate change conditions. The results showed that the effective rainfall increases by 0.98 mm per year and the water requirement decreases by 2.27 mm per year.

Climate change directly impacts hydrological components, water resources, and watershed outflow. Calculating the amount of possible changes in rainfall and runoff will play an important role in the policy-making and planning of water resources under climate change conditions. In this research, runoff simulation in the eastern watersheds of Mazandaran province (Talar, Tajan, Nekarood, and Babolrood) was investigated under the impact of climate change in the future period (2021-2040).

In this research, one of the atmospheric-ocean general circulation models, named HadGEM2, was used under climate scenarios (RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5) to investigate climate change. The Lars-WG model was used for the downscaling of climate data during three stages of data calibration, data evaluation, and meteorological data generation for the future period. This purpose was achieved using the daily data of rainfall, maximum and minimum temperatures, and sunshine hours of the selected stations of four watersheds in the current period (1997-2016), and the model was implemented for the base period. After ensuring the ability of the Lars-WG model to simulate meteorological data by comparing the data produced by the HadGEM2 model and the observational data of the base period, this model was implemented to generate future data using climate scenarios (RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5). The daily values of the climate data of rainfall, maximum and minimum temperatures and sunshine hours were produced and simulated for the next 40 years (2021- 2060). Runoff simulation in the future period and the effect of climate change on runoff were investigated with the IHACRES hydrological model, which is a continuous conceptual-dynamic model for simulating rainfall-runoff at the watershed scale, using climate scenarios. For this purpose, the daily data of rainfall, mean temperature, and discharge of the current period (1997-2016) in four watersheds were introduced into the IHACRES software. Then, the 1997-2008 and 2009-2016 periods were selected for calibration and validation, respectively, to determine the ability of the IHACRES model to simulate future runoff. After calibration and validation, the climate data produced by the HadGEM2 model were introduced into IHACRES, and the daily series of discharge was predicted for the future period (2021-2040). Then, the annual average of the observed discharges in the current period and the simulated discharges in the future period under the RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, as well as the 20-year average runoff in the stations in the future period, were compared and evaluated with the observation period.

The results of the climate change investigation showed that mean monthly minimum and maximum temperatures in all months of the future period would increase in all four watersheds in both scenarios RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 compared to the current period (1997-2016). Compared to the current period, the mean monthly rainfall in both scenarios does not have a constant trend and is different in various months. The results of the runoff simulation show that the changes in the discharge of the watersheds under the effect of climate change are not constant compared to the discharge of the current period. This could be attributed to the inconsistency of the trend of changes in the precipitation of the future period compared to the current period. Despite the increase in the average rainfall, the discharge will decrease in some years in the future period, which can probably be related to the increase in temperature in the future period due to climate change. Despite the decrease in the average rainfall of that year, the increase in discharge could be caused by, for example, the possibility of heavy rains or showers in that year, thereby increasing the amount of discharge. Compared to the current period, the 20-year mean of the predicted discharge has decreased in the selected stations (Talar, Tajan, and Nekarood watersheds) in the future period for both scenarios. In the station considered for the Babolrood watershed, however, this value has increased in the RCP 2.6 scenario compared to the current period. In the Polsefid station of the Talar watershed, the simulated discharge under the RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios was equal to 6.18 and 6.12 m3/s, respectively, which shows a decrease compared to the observed discharge of 7.41 m3/s. In the Soleimantange station of the Tajan watershed, the predicted discharge under the RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios was equal to 7.33 and 7.29 m3/s, respectively, which has decreased compared to the observed discharge of 9.82 m3/s. In the Sefidchah station of the Nekarood watershed, the simulated discharge under the RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios was equal to 3.85 and 3.72 m3/s, which reveals a decline compared to the observed discharge of 4.10 m3/s. In the Babol station of the Babolrood watershed, however, the discharge under the RCP 2.6 scenario was predicted to be equal to 11.40 m3/s, which has increased compared to the discharge (11.34 m3/s) during the observation period. Under the RCP 8.5 scenario, it was simulated with a value of 11.22 m3/s, less than the observed discharge.

In general, the impact of climate change on water resources is one of the major challenges facing water resources planners and can have serious consequences for ecosystems and communities. Based on the findings of the research and the importance of climate change effects on the hydrological conditions of the watersheds in the study area, it is necessary to apply appropriate policies for the sustainable management of water resources.

This study was conducted to investigate the concentration, ecological, and health risk assessment of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS(, as the most common anionic surfactant in detergent formulations, in the Khako and Dare-Moradbaig Rivers in Hamadan Province. 13 stations accordingly were selected for water sampling, and some water quality parameters were measured at the sampling site. The samples were then transferred to the laboratory, the LAS absorption was read by spectrophotometer (UV-VIS-NIR) at 650 nm, and the final LAS concentration was calculated using the calibration curve equation. The results showed the LAS concentration was in a range of 0.2-1.66 mg/L. The Pearson correlation test did not show a significant linear relationship between LAS and water quality factors. The results of the ecological risk assessment in 9 stations were high risk, medium risk in 2 stations, and low risk in the 2 other stations. The results of the health risk assessment of LAS also showed no risk at different age groups. The comparison of LAS concentration with standard surfactant discharge (in surface water, irrigation, and agricultural applications in Iran) showed that the mean concentration of LAS in terms of discharge into surface waters is less than the allowable limit. By contrast, in terms of use for agriculture and irrigation, the mean LAS concentration is higher than the allowable limit. Given the importance of these rivers in terms of drinking water and agriculture supply and the need to maintain the health of the environment and society, it is necessary to take effective measures to control the entry of untreated wastewater into the Khako and the Dare-Moradbaig Rivers.

Simulteness of this two additive due to take advantage of softing property of crumb rubber and harddenin property of PET can be lead to elimation of these two material from the nature as well as making more resistance asphalt mixture. The additive used in this study is a combination of rubber powder and polyethylene terephthalate, which is found in percentages (0 and 100), (25 and 75), (50 and 50), (75 and 25) and (100 and 0), are combined to form a dual additive. The desired additives were mixed with bitumen in 10% and 15%. Dynamic creep tests, modulus of erosion, moisture sensitivity and ITS have been used to evaluate asphalt mixture. In the numerical part, ANFIS neural network method has been used to estimate the results. The results showed that the addition of PET increased viscosity and also reduced density. The addition of PET to the additive (25% modifier) reduces the psychological number. On the other hand, the addition of 15 % modifier containing 0.75 CR increases the dynamic creep and reliesient moduls by about 52 %. Also, the addition of 15 % modifier containing 0.75 % PET increases the indirect tensile strength (Kpa) by about 14 % , to test the moisture sensitivity, a sample containing 10% rubber powder only improves about 11% of the moisture sensitivity of the mixture The ANFIS method is used to estimate the results of experimental test.

Proper exposure and management of removed tooth from the alveolar sac are essential to ensure its long - term prognosis. This study aimed to assess the parents' knowledge about damaged and avulsed teeth and their immediate treatment in children aged 6 - 12 years in Zanjan. Collected data using a standard information questionnaire.

In a cross - sectional study in 1397 from all areas of Zanjan city in a systematic circular method 19 primary schools for girls were selected. A 23 - item questionnaire was distributed among all grades one through six to assess parents' awareness of how to dea l with dental trauma in these schools. Chi - square statistical test was used to analyze the data. The significance level was considered 0.05.

44.6% of parents had previous exposure to dental injuries, and 71.9% of them declared the removed tooth from the alveolar sac to be unsustainable. More than 50% go to the dentist if they notice looseness and bleeding with contusions, broken crowns and dislodged teeth. 92.9% of parents expressed their interest in training for more information on how to deal w ith dental injuries.

Parents with the diploma and university education had more information about trauma and avulsion. Most parents were unaware of the proper intermediate environment for the location of the tooth, and most parents declared th e tooth removed from the alveolar sac unsuitable.

LAS is a major component of household and industrial detergents, which has caused many problems in the biological and non-biological sectors during the last decade due to the discharge of raw urban sewage into aquatic ecosystems. Considering the importance of this issue, the present study examines the concentration, distribution and evaluation of the ecological risk of this pollutant in the Anzali International Wetland.

50 stations from Anzali wetland water were selected for sampling. After measuring some water qualitative factors such as temperature, acidity, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen at the sampling site, samples were transferred to the laboratory and analysis and extraction of samples was performed using Methylene Blue method. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS-22 software, pollution concentration zoning map using the conventional kriging method in ArcGIS 10.3 software and LAS risk estimation calculations using RQ formula in Excel software.

Based on research findings, LAS concentration was in the range of 0.01-3.93 mg/L. The highest concentration of LAS was observed in stations of central and eastern part of the wetland and the lowest concentrations in western and Siyah Kashim stations. The results of calculating the risk assessment (RQ) and the zoning of this pollutant showed a higher risk in many areas of the wetlands.

Considering the high concentrations of LAS in most areas of Anzali Wetland, it is necessary to pay more attention to management of urban wastewaters discharge and treatment of municipal wastewater of Anzali port and its adjacent areas and to control the entry of raw wastes into the wetland.

Linear alkyl benzene Sulfonate (LAS) is a major anionic surfactant utilized in detergents around the world and is subsequently a ubiquitous water contaminant. This paper deals with assessing human health risk due to LAS in Anzali Wetland between different age groups. Water samples were collected from 50 stations in the wetland. LAS concentration was determined by spectrophotometry at 650 nm. The risk quotients (RQ) index was used to assess the human health risk assessment of LAS in the wetland. Based on the results, the health risk index was lower than 0.2 in all stations, indicating that there is no LAS contaminant risk for human health in this wetland. However, due to the presence of the different unregulated discharge of wastewater to the wetland, without strong policies to control and management, the risk of contamination may increase in the future.

In the past decades, due to population growth and industrial activities, important water resources around the world have been exposed to domestic, industrial and agricultural wastewater. One of the most important wastewater pollutants is linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LASs). This study aimed to investigate the concentration and health risk assessment of these compounds in the Abbasabad River in Hamadan.

This descriptive study was conducted in the spring of 2019 from the water sample of Abbasabad River in 17 stations. In this study, the optimized and modified method of methylene blue was used to measure the amount of LAS. After preparing the samples using the methylene blue method, the organic phase of the sample was separated and the LAS absorption was read using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 650 nm, and the LAS concentration was calculated using the obtained absorption and calibration curve. LAS health risk assessment was performed by calculating the risk quotient (RQ) index.

The results showed LAS concentration ranged from 0.11 to 2.65 mg/L with a mean of 1.25 mg/L. Based on field observations, the entry of untreated wastewater into the Abbasabad River was the main cause of the high concentration of LAS. The results of the health risk assessment showed no risk in different age groups.

The results show that at this level of LAS concentration in the Abbasabad River of Hamadan, there is no significant concern for human health. However, it is worthwhile to prevent the entry of untreated or inadequately treated wastewater into valuable water resources.

Flood is one of the most devastating natural disasters that annually causes financial and life losses. Therefore, developing a susceptibility map for flood management and reducing its harmful effects is essential. The present study was conducted to prepare a flood susceptibility map using data mining models including Random Forest (RF) and Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM). At first, 275 flooding locations flood and 275 non-flood locations were identified in the Komijan watershed of Markazi province. Spatial locations were randomly divided to 70% (190 location) and 30% (82 location) for modeling and validation, respectively. Then, 12 factors affecting the occurrence of flood including slope, aspect, altitude, rainfall, land use, distance from river, drainage density, plan curvature, profile curvature, lithology, soil and stream power index were determined. The ROC curve was used to evaluate the models used. The results showed that in the validation stage, the under curve for RF and GBM models was 0.83 and 0.75%, respectively, which indicates that the RF model is more accurate in producing a flood susceptibility map. The most important factors affecting the flood are rainfall, distance from river and altitude.

Given the increasing use of detergents and the problems of water pollution caused by the release of wastewater containing large amounts of detergents in recent decades, this study aimed to investigate the concentration and health and ecological risk assessment of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) as the most important detergent composition in Ekbatan Dam is Hamedan.

31 sampling stations from Ekbatan dam reservoir and Inlet Rivers to Ekbatan dam and overflow dam (Abshineh dam) selected for water sampling. Parameters such as water temperature, pH, EC, TDS, DO and ORP was measured at the sampling site. LAS adsorption was reading through a spectrophotometer (WTW 660) at 650 nm. The pollutant concentration was calculated through the equation of the calibration curve.

The results showed the measured LAS concentration in the range of 0.01-1.4 mg / L. The results of the Spearman correlation test between LAS and water quality factors showed a positive significant relationship between LAS with salinity, TDS and EC at 0.01 level and a negative relationship between LAS and DO at 0.05 levels. The results of the health risk assessment of LAS showed no risk in different age groups. The results of the comparison of LAS concentration with surfactant discharge standard in surface water and irrigation and agricultural applications in Iran showed that the concentration of LAS is below the permissible level (1.5 mg / L) for discharge into surface water. However, in terms of use for agricultural and irrigation purposes, the LAS value at 7 stations was higher than the permissible level (0.5 mg / L).

The results of this study showed that Ekbatan dam and rivers entering the dam are exposed to mild wastewater as a result of human activities. Therefore, it is necessary to take effective and preventive activities to control and reduce pollutants entering this valuable dam.

The aim of this study was to investigate the linear alkyl benzene sulphonates (LASs) as molecular markers to detect contaminants associated with municipal wastewater in Abbasabad River. Sampling was done in 17 stations from Abbasabad River in spring 2019. water temperature, (pH), (EC), (TDS), (DO) and(ORP) were measured at the sampling site. the LAS concentration was read using a spectrophotometer at 650 nm and the LAS concentration was calculated using the calibration curve and absorbed wavelength. Ecological risk assessment was performed by calculating RQ index. The results showed LAS concentration ranged from 0.11 to 2.65 mg/L with a mean of 1.25 mg/L. The entry of untreated wastewater into the Abbasabad River was the main cause of the high concentration of LAS. Ecological risk assessment results showed high risk in the studied basin. The results of Spearman correlation test between LAS and water quality factors showed positive relationship between LAS with salinity, TDS, EC and temperature. Comparison of LAS concentration according to Iranian standard for discharge to groundwater resources and agricultural and irrigation purposes showed that LAS concentration in 14 stations was higher than permitted for agricultural, irrigation and discharge into wells and at four stations above the permitted level of discharges to surface water sources. The concentration of LAS at 15 stations was above the permissible level of detergents in drinking water according to the Iranian and WHO standards. This study demonstrated the usefulness of investigating LASs as powerful indicators for tracking contaminants associated with urban wastewater discharge.

Research has shown that assessing the toxicity and ecological risk of various types of pollutants, including heavy metals, using specific indicators, is indispensable in the ecological risk assessment of the ecosystem. Accordingly, the aim of this study was the assessment of the ecological effect of heavy metals presence (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd and, As) in Anzali wetland using Heavy Metals Pollution Index (HPI). 43 water samples were collected from the eastern, western and central parts of Anzali wetland. The samples were transferred to the laboratory, and the preparation steps were carried out using the ASTM method. Concentration of the elements was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma -Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). According to the concentration of heavy metals in the water samples, the index (HPI) was calculated. The results of the HPI index were classified into three classes: low risk (<15), moderate (15-30), and high risk (> 30). The numerical value of the HPI index was 3.59-23.3 with an average of 27.97, indicating the average level of heavy metals pollution in Anzali wetland. Indicator (HPI) in the eastern part of Anzali wetland and ​​the Pirbazar area showed a severe contamination and ecological hazard of the heavy metals and in the Abkenar region showed an acceptable ecological status. Although the average of HPI in the whole Anzali wetland was modest, but at some stations, especially in the east of the wetland, the HPI indicates the occurrence of ecological hazards in the wetland in the event of uncontrolled entry of pollutants in future. Therefore, monitoring the sources of these pollutants entering to the wetland and controlling the ecological risks is necessary.

Water spreading on the permeable areas is an appropriate strategy for flood control and efficiency. Determination of appropriate site for water spreading is one of the most important stages of such projects. In this paper, suitable areas for water spreading in Shabestar plain were determined based on four parameters including slope, permeability, transmissivity and unsaturated alluvium thickness. For this purpose, by using data of drilling logs from exploration and piezometric wells in the area, layer parameters information was prepared in geographical information system (Arc GIS 10 software) and then maps were combined together. The results showed that the maximum area of the aquifer with 192.794 square kilometers (40.1 percent), had suitable condition for water spreading and 146.512 square kilometers (30.5 %) of ​​the aquifer, had moderate condition. As well as 79.786 square kilometers (16.6 percent), had unsuitable condition for water spreading and 61.046 square kilometers (12.7%) of the aquifer had quite suitable condition.

The aim of designing of the structural members is withstanding the members or structures against the different loading conditions such that the safety of the system could be preserved. The conventional method for designing of reinforced concrete members in Iranian concrete code is based on load and resistance factor. Although, load and resistance parameters are random variables, and in the mentioned Code the constant values have been designated for them during the designing procedure. Accounting these factors as the constants parameters will ultimately be led to the unsafe and uneconomical designs. The main purpose of this paper is probability-based designing of reinforcement concrete beams under simultaneous effects of bending, shear and torsion actions. For this purpose, analytical relations of the limit states for combination of bending, shear and torsion have been developed. Using the method, the structural designers could be fulfilled the designing of the RC beams based on the importance of structures and the required safety indexes of the owners. The next goal of this investigation is evaluation and calibration of load and resistance factors for desired safety index. The economic and fully probabilistic designing of concrete beams for simultaneous effects of bending, shear and torsion are available by implementing the proposed design procedures. In order to calculate the safety indexes a computer program has been written in the MATLAB environment, and the Monte Carlo simulation technique has been utilized.