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Prioritization of Flood Risk in Ganjvan Watershed of Ilam Province Using ELECTRE MODELToday, environmental hazards and dealing with them is one of the most important concerns of researchers in the field of environmental planning and crisis management. Among these hazards, the phenomenon of flood is one of the most dangerous natural disasters that should be given special attention in crisis management. Therefore, prioritizing sub-basins for watershed management operations with a view to flood control and control seems necessary. In this research, an attempt has been made to prioritize the Ganjvan watershed basins in Ilam province to implement flood control management plans against floods using the multi-criteria Electre decision-making method. For this purpose, the studied watershed was divided into five sub-basins of Rizevand, Sarcham Deh Haroon, Sarpetak, Sartang Bijar and Ganjvan. Criteria for prioritization include lithology, slope, height, precipitation, land use and drainage density. The weights of the criteria were obtained based on their entropy model and using the Electre model of watershed sub-basins in the prioritization area, the study and then the prioritization map of these sub-basins was prepared. Flood risk prioritization map in the study area shows that Ganjvan sub-basin with the highest flood potential has the first priority and Sartang Bijar sub-basin in the second priority to implement flood control watershed management plans.The method used in this research can be a practical method to study and implement watershed management operations and flood control in the studied watershed and similar to this basin can be used. By performing watershed management and flood control operations in sub-basins located at the mentioned levels, in accordance with the priorities set by this method, while achieving the desired goals, it can have a direct impact on reducing the executive costs of projects.

The Sarpol-e-Zahab earthquake with a magnitude of 7.3 occurred at 21:48 local time on November 12, 2017 near the city of Ozgeleh-e-Sarpol-e-Zahab in Kermanshah province in northwestern Iran. The earthquake destroyed large parts of the city of Sarpol-e Zahab and many surrounding towns and villages. The magnitude of the earthquake was so great that it was felt up to hundreds of kilometers from the epicenter (even in Tehran). The region affected by the Sarpol-e Zahab earthquake is very prone to the occurrence of various geological and geotechnical instabilities such as landslides and rock falls. The reasons for this talent are the existence of young folds in the Zagros Mountains along with the operation of the faults that cut these mountains, which have caused severe fractures in the region. On the other hand, the sequence of hard and loose layers of geological formations has predisposed many of these areas to slip hard layers on the loose lower layers due to the loss of the heel of the slopes, due to river leaching and construction operations. Also, rich groundwater resources in the mountains of the region have increased the potential for slope instabilities. Another important aspect of earthquake research is the study of factors affecting earthquakes, such as the type of materials that make up the earth's bed, the impact of geological structures such as faults and fractures, and slopes. . . Are. Another aspect of research is to study the geological and geomorphological consequences of earthquakes such as Landslides, Rockslides, Landslides and Rises, etc. in order to manage the crisis and assess the damage caused by them. Therefore, the main issue in this study is the exposure of the study area to two main issues, namely the damage caused by the earthquake itself and the other effects, phenomena and geomorphological evidence that came after the main earthquake. Therefore, accurate identification of areas in terms of seismicity and potential for seismicity is necessary in order to manage and plan it. The main purpose of this study, taking into account the results of this research and also the characteristics affecting the occurrence of earthquake, in the study area, the ELECTERE technique has been used to prioritize different areas covered by the Sarpol-e-Zahab earthquake. Therefore, by using multi-criteria decision-making techniques, it is possible to consider various quantitative and qualitative criteria and use the results of expert opinions in weighting the criteria, in which case the final decision will be more consistent with the real conditions in nature.

In order to monitor and study the geomorphological phenomena related to the Ozgeleh earthquake from the herd, visits were made in several stages of the affected areas. Also, some available documents and published reports and media sources were reviewed during this period. Due to the nature of the subject, the research method is citation, experimental and field observations and descriptive-analytical. The required data were collected in a library manner. Methods of data collection in this research include library study, collection of reports published by the Seismological Research Institute affiliated to the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, observations and field visits. According to the objectives of the study, the effective factors in geomorphological instabilities including lithological age, distance from the fault, slope, altitude, precipitation, distance from the river, distance from the road and land use were selected. To prepare geological age layers and distance from faults from geological maps prepared by the Geological Survey of Iran, from topographic map to prepare slope layers, distance from road, distance from river and altitude, to prepare climate map from statistics Precipitation of synoptic stations, for the preparation of soil layers and land use, the land use map prepared by the Forests and Rangelands Organization has been used. All 9 layers were prepared in GIS environment.

In this study, geomorphological instabilities resulting from Ozgeleh earthquakes in Kermanshah and Ilam were analyzed using the multi-characteristic ELECTERE decision method. The region affected by this earthquake has a high potential for the occurrence of various movements and geomorphological and amplitude instabilities. The first step in this research is to identify various forms of instability such as landslides, rock falls and avalanches, currents, ruptures of hills and landslides that lead to road blockages, destruction of residential houses and ... In the second stage, the identification of various factors affecting the intensification of instabilities includes lithological age, distance from the fault, slope, altitude, precipitation, distance from the river, distance from the road and land use. Finally, the implementation of the area prioritization model is based on the ELECTERE model.

The results showed that among the factors affecting the occurrence of instabilities, geological age factors, distance from faults and slopes have the most impact and soil and land use factors have the least impact on creating instabilities in the region. Considering the prioritization of regions in terms of seismic potential that was extracted from the ELECTERE model, Sarpol-e-Zahab region with the highest seismic potential, which is located in the relative seismic hazard classification in the hazard class, has the first priority. The reason for the high seismic risk of this region is the geological structure of the region, its proximity to the main Zagros fault. Also, Dalahou and Javanroud regions are in the second priority by being in the high risk category. The main reason for its seismic potential is the geological structure and frequency of faults and its location on the Zagros fault. In order to validate the model used in the study area, instabilities including landslides, rock falls and avalanches, liquefaction, rupture of hills, flow and mud materials were adapted to each of the danger zones. The results of this adaptation showed that out of 38 known geomorphological instabilities in the region, 18 were in the very high risk category, 11 were in the high risk category, 6 were in the medium risk category and 3 were in the low risk category. have taken. The results of validation of geomorphological instabilities with the zoning map of relative earthquake risk and also compliance with study areas (7 areas) indicate the relatively good performance of the ELECTERE model in zoning and prioritization of areas in study areas. Using this method with similar areas can provide acceptable results.

The main purpose of this study is to study and zoning of geomorphological instabilities resulting from seismic earthquakes in Ilam and Kermanshah using Vickor multi-criteria decision making method. The region affected by this earthquake is very prone to various movements and geomorphological instabilities. The reasons for this are the existence of young Zagros folds along with the operation of their cutting faults, which have caused severe fractures in the region. To conduct this research, using topographic maps, geology, satellite images and field operations, geomorphological instabilities that were effective in aggravating earthquake damage were identified and positioned. The most important of these instabilities include landslides, rock falls and avalanches, currents, hilltop ruptures and landslides that lead to road blockages, destruction of residential houses, pollution of water and soil resources, destruction of agricultural lands, Gardens and ... has been. Then, using VIKOR multi-criteria decision making method, instabilities were zoned into 5 categories. In order to validate, the zoning map was adapted to the distribution map of seismic index geomorphological instabilities. The results showed that the two classes of high and very high instability and high risk class with a total area of ​​6558 square kilometers, ie more than 28% of the study area and among the factors affecting the occurrence of instability, factors Geology, distance from the fault and slope with 0.23, 0.22 and 0.15 points, respectively, have the greatest impact on creating instabilities in the region. The result of the adaptation of the zoning map to the distribution map of instabilities indicates the adaptation of most instabilities, including landslides, rock falls and subsidence with high risk classes.

The main purpose of this study is to study the geomorphological instabilities resulting from the Ozgeleh earthquake in Kermanshah and Ilam provinces using field studies and satellite images and their zoning. The region affected by this earthquake is very prone to various movements and geomorphological instabilities. The reasons for this are the presence of young Zagros folds along with the operation of their cutting faults, which have caused severe fractures in the region. To conduct this study, first, the geomorphological instabilities of the index that were effective in intensifying the damage caused by the earthquake were identified. Then, using topographic maps, geology, satellite images and field operations, their location was determined. These instabilities include landslides, rock falls and avalanches, currents, hilltop ruptures, and landslides. Using multi-criteria decision making (MADM) method, the study area was zoned in terms of instabilities. The zoning results showed that the two very high risk classes and the high risk class with a total area of ​​6558 square kilometers, i.e. more than 28% of the study area and among the factors affecting the occurrence of instabilities, land age factors Histology, distance from fault and slope with 0.23, 0.22 and 0.15 points, respectively, have the greatest impact on creating instabilities in the region. The adaptation of the instability zoning map to the instability distribution map indicates the greater adaptation of the instabilities, including landslides, rock falls, and subsidence, to high-risk classes.

Landslides are one of the natural hazards that are always associated with financial and human losses. Understanding the causes and its different types is very important for us. Identifying and determining sensitive and landslide prone areas can prevent damage and provide a basis for the implementation of slope stabilization projects. In the present study, landslide risk assessment in the watershed of Galal Dam in Ilam province has been performed using Vickor multi-criteria decision making method. Accordingly, among various factors, 8 geological parameters, altitude, slope, precipitation, distance from the fault, distance from the waterway, distance from the road and land use as the most important effective parameters in the occurrence of landslides in the region, have been identified. Then, the significance coefficient of each of the effective factors in the occurrence of landslide was obtained by the method of hierarchical analysis of systems in which the geological criteria slope and precipitation gained the highest coefficient of importance. Then, based on Vickor optimization algorithm, the degree of usefulness and regret of selecting the best options (sub-basins) is determined, and finally by calculating the amount of Vickor optimal index (Q), sub-basins according to the degree of landslide sensitivity in three quality classes of sensitivity Low, medium and high susceptibility were classified. The results showed that the sub-basins of Ban Sohan, Palkaneh and Haji Bakhtiar have the highest susceptibility and the sub-basins of Chegan, Dard Mirnaser and Chegah have the lowest susceptibility to landslides. From the adaptation of zoning maps and landslides in the region, the accuracy of the map can be understood and it was also found that the Vickor model used in this study is a very suitable method for zoning the risk of landslides in the study basin.

One of main strategies for restricting the damage caused by the activity of landslides is assessment and zonation of different region in the term of susceptibility to landslide by prepare landslide zonation hazard map. Contain of the Gelalrood watershed of Ilam was reason have conditions climatically and Litho logy. Pro identifying locations landslide prone, first, known effective parameters in occurs that phenomena include soil and rock mettle, geology structure, hillside form, land use, relative elevation and groundwater. Then, for preparation information layers and evolution each parameters and composition there and upshot prepare landslide mapping utilize in geography information system. Using for weigh at yardsticks pro mountainous region in Anbalagan method. Yardstick weigh exist ingredient for every layer according to maximum role be which inner that layer and at landslide effective.

Distinguishing the susceptible areas to landslide using different landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) models is one of the primitive and basic works to reduce probable damages and reduce risk. The main purpose of this research is the efficiency evaluation of four methods including Information value (WINF)، Valuing area accumulation (Wa)، Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)، Kopta-Joshi proposed method (LNRF) for LSM in Zangvan watershed، Ilam province. At first، all the effective factors in landslide occurrence were inspected. By analyzing the parameters، nine factors including slope، aspect، elevation، precipitation، distance from road، distance from fault، distance from drainage، land use and lithology were distinguished as the effective factors in landslides occurrence in the studied area. After preparing the information of these nine factors in GIS environment، the location of landslides were determined using areal photographs and satellite images and LSM performed by the above four methods. Finally، the landslide index was used for evaluation the ability of appropriate LSM model. Based on this Index، the information value method classified more 52 percent of occurred landslides in very high danger class. Therefore، this method is more efficient and proposed as the best LSM method in the Zangvan watershed because of compatibility of landslides with high danger classes and ability of differentiation of danger classes.

Irregular temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall in arid and semi-arid regions leads to not only devastating floods but also losses of surface runoff. Hence، the control and utilization of surface water in order to feed groundwater can be a good solution to prevent losses of surface water runoff. The flood spreading is a well know approach in this regard and the main challenge for doing that is to find the suitable location for such projects. In this study، the Chrdavl watershed in the Ilam province was selected. After selecting the effective criteria in locating flood spreading projects such as slope، land use، lithology، rainfall، drainage and alluvium thickness، for each of these criteria a data layer was created in GIS. To overlay the data layers the Boolean Logic Model، BLM، was used. Results showed that north Janjan village، Zanjireh plain and south Moshakan village with an area of 3095 ha are the best locations for flood spreading and artificial recharge in this region.

One of the slopping processes which created much damage in many locations of Iran and the world is Landslide phenomenon. Making landslide susceptibility map provides the possibility to recognize susceptible areas and to verify them in the environmental programs. Purpose of this research is mapping susceptibility of landslide in Chardavel watershed in Ilam province by establishing informational layers and effective factors in occurrence of landslide via geographical information system (GIS) and fuzzy logic theory which involves operators fuzzy subscription، algebraic Sum، algebraic product and gamma fuzzy. The location of the landslides was determined by using regional photographs and satellite images and LSM. In this work، input information set in assessment of potential hazardous landslide includes nine factors: slope، aspect، elevation، precipitation، distance from road، distance from fault، distance from drainage، land use، and lithology. For comparing maps resulted from landslide susceptibility mapping by quadruple operators in fuzzy logic، density ratio (Dr) index is used. Based on this index، the map obtained by fuzzy gamma operator is more appropriate than other operators in separating suitably between casts of landslide risk. Thereby، more than 57 percent of landslides in this region occurred in 52. 7 percent of the lands and in two cast of high or very high danger. Finally، to estimate the amount of the precision and efficiency of fuzzy quadruplet operators، the evaluation generated maps compared with real zoning maps of basin. Results show that fuzzy gamma map has high overlay with real maps، the highest percent of the overlay of two maps in fifth class (Very High) is 43. 3 % and the lowest percent of overlay in third class (Moderate) is 12. 1 %.

Distinguishing the susceptible areas to landslide using appropriate experimental models of landslide susceptibility mapping is one of the primitive and basic works to reduce probable damages and reduce risk in country watersheds. In this research، at first، nine factors including slope، aspect، elevation، precipitation، and distance from road، distance from fault، and distance from drainage، land use and lithology are identified as effective parameters in landslides occurrence in the studied area. After preparing these layers in geography information system (GIS)، the landslide distribution map of the watershed was prepared using aerial photos interpretations and field studies. Then، landslide susceptibility mapping was performed with two methods including information value (WINF) and proposed Gopta-Joshi method (LNRF). Finally، in order to evaluate the efficiency and verification of the landslide susceptibility mapping and determine the suitable model for landslide hazard mapping in the study watershed، the Landslide index was used. Based on this index، the information value and proposed Gopta-Joshi methods respectively classified the 79. 8 and 58. 5 percent of occurred landslides in high and very high danger classes; therefore، the information value method is more efficient in landslide susceptibility mapping in the Talkhab watershed than the proposed Gopta-Joshi method. Among the nine effective parameters، the geology factor has the highest effect in landslide occurrence; because about 50 percent of landslides occurred in Quaternary sediments which are susceptible to landslide.

Natural glaciers as one of the main surface water resources are of a significant importance in the recent time.Remote sensing technology is an important tool in locating and estimating the area of the regions covered with ice and snow especially in the out- of- reach mountainous regions. Identifying the morphodynamic changes by means of remote sensing is an essential requirement of the management and assessment of natural resources; one of its methods is to provide the map of changes according to remote sensing images and to use the Geomatica soft ware. We chose Damavand Yakhar glacier due to its activity and morphodynamic changes during the recent years. To discover the changes, we used calculation algorithm for changes intensity by subtracting parallel bands on satellite images and principle component analysis (PCA). Finally we located the hydrothermal areas in the glacier by extracting line mentums and combining different bands of TM and ETM scanners in geomatica software. The results of this research show that the area of Yakhar glacier is retreating and its present size is 1.8km2.The main causes of its retreat are the decline of glacier recharge and the heat of smoke emerging fromDamavand volcano.

Recently، showy mistletoe (Loranthus europaeus) has been a major menace in the fragile ecosystems of oak forests in western part of the country. Loranthus has done symbiosis mainly with oak trees and it is not troublesome by itself، but a massive population of Loranthus species in the same tree can cause sever damage and death on the host trees. Ilam province forests occur in different climates and stands conditions and provide various ecological potentialities based on their locations and geographical situations. The present work tries to determine the ratio of Loranthus presence in Ilam province forest stands (Meyan tang) and to evaluate the present status of the tree stands. In this regard، taking into account topographic conditions and vegetation changes along with elevation increase، the randomized stochastic bandy method was used. To perform quantitative and qualitative study، twenty type bands were calculated. The distance of type bands with regard to their number was selected as 100 m. To carry down bands، a statistical network was designed in a way that the first band was randomly selected following 50 m pass and the next band was determined 100m apart. Results indicated that average number of parasitic plant in the sample in the directions of north compare to south and east differed significantly (five percent level). But average of this parameter between aspects of east and west did not show any significant difference. Oak and Crataegus were the most and least infected species respectively. Over 56% of the samples were infected and relative number of parasite occurrence was 2. 75 per infected tree. Results of one-way analysis of variance didn’t show any significant correlation between average number of parasites on the samples and different slopes.

Nowadays، soil erosion is one of the main problems in catchment areas in the agriculture and natural resources point of view، in which destroy the lands and reduces the soil productivity. Soil erosion potential of Aseman Abad plain، Ilam province is determined using Erosion Index in geographic information system in this research. In this study، after data collection، the maps of slope، lithology and land use of the area were prepared. Each map subdivided to seven classes based on their amount and effect on erosion. By combining these maps and considering erosion index، the erosion potential priority map was prepared. Finally، using curve number model، the runoff potential map of the basin was prepared and by combining this map with the erosion potential priority map، the erosion potential map of the basin was obtained. Results showed that more than 52 percent of the basin، having 6019 hectares area، has high erosion potential. These areas are composed of quaternary deposits، terraces and young alluviums which are susceptible to erosion and located near to the exit of the basin. These areas have the first priority protection programs for erosion control.

Mehran plain، having about 300 km2 area، is one of the widest plains of Ilam Province. Because of extensive agriculture lands، numerous shallow and deep wells are drilled in the plain، therefore، study of the groundwater as the main water resource of the area is very important. In order to study the groundwater، at first quantitative and qualitative data of wells and piezometers was collected and by inspecting the physical condition of the aquifer، the maps of potential، depth and flow direction were prepared. Based on information layer of wells، the electrical conductivity (EC) map of the area was prepared to get information about the water quality for agriculture uses. Finally، groundwater was classified for agriculture uses based on Wilcox diagram. Then، using the diagram and also EC map and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)، the capability of groundwater for irrigation was prepared in the geographical information system (GIS). Results showed that the quality of groundwater for agriculture uses is suitable in most parts of the plain and only a small area in the western area of the plain is unsuitable.