فرانک جعفری

Pain is one of the most complex processes in the human body, having various physical and psychological dimensions. To date, many preliminary studies have been conducted in the field of pain management in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), but to our knowledge, no study has been found that summarizes the results in one article. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate pain reduction management in the ICU via systematic review.

To find studies related to the research objective, the databases SID, MagIran, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), and Google Scholar were searched using the keywords Therapy, Interventive, Intervention, Therapeutics, Therapies, Treatment, Effect, Management, Intensive Care Units, ICU, and Pain with no time limit until September 2021. A qualitative assessment of articles was performed using the checklist CONSORT.

During the initial search, 7190 studies were found, of which 56 articles were finally included after deleting studies not related to the purpose of the research. According to the studies, it can be concluded that pain medications significantly reduce pain in the ICU, but the effectiveness of different medications varies. In addition to medications, Complementary and traditional medicine methods such as acupuncture, massage therapy, music therapy, cold therapy and the use of lavender can also contribute to pain relief in the ICU. However, further studies are needed on the effects of other therapies, including hypnosis, meditation, and education.

The results of this study show that modern and traditional medicine treatments are complementary. Therefore, in the ICU, they can be used as a supplement to manage patients’ pain.

Today, the issue of development is considered by many countries and one of the basic requirements for achieving balanced development is the issue of good governance. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate good governance in terms of quality, effectiveness and responsibility in the health system.

This study was a comparative study. In this process, the study of the governance of the health system in the organizational dimensions of quality, effectiveness and responsibility was conducted in seven selected countries of the world and Iran. Data were described, interpreted and analyzed after collection. In order to find articles and information documents in Persian and English databases, reputable sites of the World Health Organization were searched.

The results of the study of selected countries and Iran showed that all countries to improve the quality and effectiveness of services, have paid special attention to electronic systems and information technology, in terms of responsibility, the results showed that In Singapore, Turkey and Iran, the multiplicity of responsibilities of the Ministry of Health is an obstacle to the performance of their core tasks.

The current model of governance of the health system of Iran and developing countries with similar health systems creates challenges in achieving the goals of the health system. The development of an integrated model of the health system and the development of comprehensive system standards for the evaluation and accreditation of health services are proposed for the governance of the health system of these countries.

Covid-19 disease, which appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019, spread rapidly around the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the virus has exposed us to a global crisis. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the factors associated with the hospitalization of patients with Covid-19. Materilas and

In this systematic review, the information of studies carried out concerning surveying the factors associated with the hospitalization of patients with COVID-19 was extracted with no time limit up to April 2021, using the keywords "2019-nCoV", "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "Coronaviruses", "Hospitaliz*", and "Factor*" in SID, MagIran, Embase, ProQuest, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science (ISI), and Google Scholar engine .

Finally, out of 8710 received articles and after eliminating the articles irrelevant to inclusion criteria, 13 articles with a sample size of 129022 people were included in the study. According to various studies, aging, male gender, black race, obesity, high BMI, smoking, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, hypertension are directly related to the hospitalization of patients with COVID-19 (p<0.05), but more research is needed on alcohol consumption and asthma.

The results of this study showed that the elderly, men, blacks, obese people, smokers, hypertension, diabetics, and patients with cardiovascular and kidney disease are at a higher risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19, which may be of interest to the related specialists.

Valproic acid derivatives are histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitors. HDACs are important in epigenetic processes. Some epigenetic modifications are inherited. This study aimed at investigating the intergenerational effects of pre-pregnancy chronic valproate consumption on offspring.

In this experimental study, twelve female Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups of control and valproate. For 30 days, the control group received saline and the valproate group received sodium valproate (300 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p.). After mating, pregnancy, and nursing, two males and two females pup were randomly selected from the mothers and placed in the following groups: 1) male offspring of the control group, 2) female offspring of the control group, 3) male offspring of the valproate group, and 4) female offspring of the valproate group. Future experiments were followed using these groups. Avoidance memory was assessed using the shuttle box. Offspring's hippocampus were extracted and used for MECP2, HDAC2, BDNF genes expression study by qRT-PCR.

No significant differences were detected in avoidance memory between male and female offspring of the mothers in valproate group and that of the controls (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in MECP2, HDAC2, and BDNF genes expression between male offspring of the mothers in control and valproate groups (P>0.05). But, expression levels of these genes significantly decreased in female offspring of valproate mothers compared with those of the female offspring of the controls (P<0.05).

Pre-pregnancy chronic valproate consumption did not affect avoidance memory in offspring. But, it seems to affect hippocampus gene expression sex-dependently.

Background and Purpose: Chronic neuropathic pain caused by damage or disturbance of the functioning of the somatosensory system are one of the major health problems and many people suffer from such diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Umbelliprenin (UMB) on the symptoms of neuropathic pain in chronic constriction injury model (CCI) of neuropathy in adult male rats. 24Wistar rats (250±20g) were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham, CCI and CCI+UMB (100μg/rat) groups. UMB was injected intrathecaly one day before surgery, and 3 days after surgery. Von Frey and Hot-Plate tests were performed one day before surgery and on days 2, 4, 7, 10 and 14 after surgery. The results were reported as mean and SEM (P

Epilepsyis one of the most common brain disorders following stroke, which affects about one percent of the world's population. Regarding the complications of chemical drugs and the resistance of some patients with epilepsy to these drugs, one of the most important approaches in treatment and preventionofepilepsy is the use of herbal extracts. In this review study, Elsevier, Scopus, Science Direct and PubMed databases were searched for epilepsy, seizures, plant extracts and brain keywords from 1980 to 2018. Finally, 50 related articles were included. Animal studies have shown that many of these plants inhibit seizure activity in epilepsy through affecting GABA, glutamate or calcium channel receptors, sodium channels, chlorine channels and also by reducing the level of oxidative stress. Regarding the economic issues and the adverse effects of chemical drugs, the use of herbal extracts with fewer complications, can be a good alternative for the treatment and prevention of epilepsy

Common cellular and molecular mechanisms are not only involved in the development of neuropathic pain caused by neurological damage but also in the occurrence of the tolerance/hyperalgesia phenomenon caused by chronic use of opioids. It seems that the activation of the neuroimmune system in the brain and spinal cord is one of the most important mechanisms involved in the initiation and maintenance of neuropathic pains and reducing the antinociceptive effect of morphine after nerve injury. Plus, it also plays an important role in the development of tolerance/hyperalgesia due to chronic opioid consumption. Glial cells, especially microglia, are resident immune cells in the nervous system and get activated in response to many exogenous and endogenous factors. When activated, glial cells undergo structural and functional changes and can secrete various inflammatory factors such as IL1β, IL6 and TNFα. These changes increase the irritability and spontaneous firing of neurons, which play an important role in creating and maintaining neuropathic pain as well as reducing the analgesic effect of opioids and bringing about the onset of opioid tolerance/hyperalgesia phenomenon. In this review, we have tried to observe recent studies on the role of the neuroimmune system of the brain and spinal cord in the development of neuropathic pain and of opioid tolerance/hyperalgesia. In our view, a prevention of activation or a diminished activity of the neuroimmune system via appropriate drug compounds can be useful as a new strategy in the treatment of neuropathic pain and in the decrease of morphine tolerance/hyperalgesia, which will in turn result in an increase of the clinical efficacy of opioids.

Academic failure is a multifaceted common problem in the educational system, which imposes costs and causes frustration, lowering morale and resulting in negative social behaviors in students. Regarding the importance of identifying the academic failure factors, and controversial results of the existing researches in various regions, this study was conducted to determine the rate of academic failure and its related factors from the perspectives of nursing students of Kermanshah School of Nursing and Midwifery in 2011-2012.
In a descriptive-analytical study, among 359 nursing students, 33 were recruited. The sampling method was census in the group with academic failure (11 individuals) and systematic randomized for the group with academic success (22 individuals). The tool was a researcher-tailored valid and reliable questionnaire, which was completed by the participants. Data was analyzed using SPSS 16, descriptive and inferential statistics.
In this study, the rate of academic failure was estimated at 3.06%, considering the total number of students (359 individuals) and the number of failed students (11 individuals), accordingly. The mean of familial factors was more than educational and individual factors. The statistical tests revealed that there was difference between failed and succeeded groups in terms of gender (P The findings showed negative effects of the following items on academic failure in nursing students: familial problems, male gender, living in the campus, lack of study planning, and negative attitude to employment in the future. Therefore, it is recommended to identify students at risk and provide them with counseling assistance.

Defense of human rights is for preserving human beings. Demanding and observance of patient rights requires introduction and awareness of groups that are involved with patients. So the purpose of this study is surveying awareness rate and nursing and midwifery student's attitude about doing human rights charter in Kermanshah of medical School, 2012. The present study was done by descriptive – analytic and sectional method in 2012. The study societies are all the nursing and midwifery. The study samples involve third and fourth year students that enter study by census method and using questionnaire. Data using SPSS 12 they were be analyzed. In this study, 90 students were assessed for the level of awareness in %55. 6 of students, moderate %34. 4 good، %10 poor, respectively. The attitude rate of students in %47. 8 good attitude, %38. 9 intermediate, and %13. 3 attitude weak the rights of patients. Results There is meaningful association between the level of knowledge and age and Marriage (P<0. 001). In addition there is attitude rate and sex (P<0. 013) and data source (P<0. 001) correlation was found. According to results, importance of subject, student's direct relations with patients, the average awareness and students attitude, it's necessary that authorities provide facilities for increasing student's attitude and awareness.

This research was designed to investigate the eating disorders among the female students residing in the dormitory of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. In this cross sectional research، 578 of female students residing in the dormitory of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences were chosen by stratified random sampling. Based on the eating disorders diagnosis scale، (0. 2%) of the participants suffered from anorexia nervosa، and (2. 4%) of them suffered from non-specified eating disorder. No case was found to suffer from Bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa and non-specified eating disorder had a significant relationship with BMI (P=0. 009، P=0. 035).