فهرست مطالب فرزاد عابدی شجاع

Every country and government has a military force for itself and the members of this force have indicators and characteristics. Imam Khomeini's leadership during the holy defense was one of the main pillars of success in the imposed war.Imam's defense strategy during the holy defense was based on various components, one of which is indicators of desirable military strength. This study sought to study and count these indicators from Imam Khomeini's perspective, using quantitative-qualitative content analysis using two approaches of analogy and induction, based on the text of the book during the holy defense. Library sources, specifically the Imam's Sahifa were used for this purpose. Nine concepts were identified in this field and also the trend of changes in these concepts in the six periods of war was examined. Among the important concepts of faith, self-sacrifice, courage, perseverance, unity and avoidance of division, among which faith and the effort for unity were the most common, and non-membership in political groups was the least common. The fourth period of the six periods also had the highest frequency in most of the concepts.Imam's defense strategy in this regard can be divided into three categories: spiritual-divine indicators, social-organizational indicators and individual indicators. The results of the study show that the Imam placed more emphasis on the spiritual aspect of the military and also opposed the presence of the military in political groups and valued courage, self-sacrifice, faith, perseverance and sincerity more than a war machine to achieve victory and an important ultimate goal.

Psychological warfare is the systematic and precise use of propaganda and other means to influence the thoughts and behaviors of different groups of allies and adversaries to achieve objectives. With the onset of the imposed war, the Western media empire and its regional proxies made extensive efforts to conduct psychological warfare to affect the Iranian people and government. Imam Khomeini (May God bless his soul) delivered various speeches and messages to counteract the enemy’s psychological warfare and also to inform the Iraqi military and people, which can be named as psychological warfare strategies. Accordingly, this research aims to examine and elucidate “psychological warfare in the Sacred Defense” from Imam Khomeini’s (May God bless his soul) perspective. The research method is a mixed (qualitative and quantitative) content analysis method and Imam Khomeini’s Sahifeh (May God bless his soul) text during the Sacred Defense was studied with two approaches of analogy and induction. In this framework, 9 concepts related to the component of “psychological warfare in Sacred Defense” were extracted and their frequency status and also their change trend were investigated. In addition, based on the process of “coding and categorization”, the most important psychological warfare strategies were calculated. The findings of the research indicate that three concepts of “interpreting the imposed war as a symbol of the struggle between truth and falsehood; explaining war as a Sacred Defense and enlightening about propaganda and false claims of Iraq’s Ba’athist regime and its allies” had the highest frequency. Also, content analysis of Imam Khomeini’s (May God bless his soul) statements shows that he had three specific strategies in mind, including “presenting a dualism of Islam and disbelief, confronting the enemy’s psychological war (distortion, doubt and discord) and ultimately enlightening and inviting Iraqi military and people”.

Organizational culture is a set of common principles, criteria, beliefs and values of an organization that guides the behavior of its members and plays an important role to achieve the organization’s goals. Because of the important mission of military organizations in maintaining territorial integrity and establishing order and security, these organizations have a more important role and position in a country. The organizational culture of the Armed Forces in different countries of the world consists of two types of universal standards, beliefs, values; as well as, national and local principles and indicators that are rooted in national, territorial and local values. This study aims to examine and explain the most important concepts, indicators and strategies of "organizational culture and behavior of I.R. of Iran Armed Forces " from the perspective of the Imam Khomeini and his book (sahife). Text of the Imam’s book during the Holy Defense period has been examined and analyzed by combined content analysis (qualitative and quantitative) method with two approaches of deduction and induction. Findings reveal that among the seven concepts and indicators of the organizational culture and behavior of the Armed Forces, three concepts of "coordination, cohesion and avoiding division" with 34 frequencies, "unity of command and military hierarchy" with 27 frequencies and "keeping order, discipline and obedience" with 21 frequencies, are ranked, respectively. Also, the seven desired concepts can be proposed in form of three categories: "God-centered", "organization-centered" and "people-centered". Finally, Imam had in mind two specific strategies in organizational culture and behavior of the Armed Forces: "special indicators of the I.R. of Iran Armed Forces" and "common indicators of the Armed Forces of other countries of the world". Criteria and concepts such as "belief in the supreme will of God" and "right and duty relationship between commanders and subordinate forces" have important role in Imam’s specific strategies.

With Iraq’s military attack to Iran, the newly founded system of the Islamic Republic of Iran was faced with a great political-security threat. Imam Khomeini, as the leader of the Islamic revolution, had taken many measures and strategies into consideration which can be referred to as the defensive management of Imam Khomeini. This research seeks to assess and analyze the philosophy and the nature of the sacred defense from the point of view of Imam Khomeini and it is based on the book, Sahife-ye Imam. The text of the book is analyzed through the mixed research methodology and through the use of both induction and deduction. Results show that three concepts had the most occurrence; the war of belief and the war of Islam and Heresy, Reviving the Islamic and religious values, fighting against the arrogance of the powers of the west. Khomeini also mentions three concepts to legitimize the war and the sacred defense including; Explaining the philosophy of war and defense from a religious and belief centered perspective,Explaining the philosophy of war from a nationalistic and universalistic perspective, Explaining the philosophy of war from a people oriented and government oriented perspective. Seeing that the satisfaction of God must have been the bed rock of Imam’s intellectual and faith system, then the first concept, Explaining the philosophy of war and defense from a religious and belief centered perspective, is considered the most important approach and the numerous occurrence of the concept in the text is an evidence for this.

The political function of the various units within the country depends on the type of government and political system in the country. Most researchers merely describe the functional and structural features of space policy management and explain how countries are divided and ignore the impact of different factors on the way political management of space has been. Governments have to reorganize their territory politically in order to govern and govern their territory. Also, the level of power and authority of the regions within the countries depends on the type of political system governing the countries. The context and framework of the administrative organizational structure of a country is determined by the political management of space. If the system of political management of space is hierarchically high, the organizational structure will also tend to be high. The high structure, in addition to slowing down the information process, has led to the expansion of bureaucracy due to the need for facilities, resources and manpower, and the complication of bureaucracy, waste of resources and high costs. Marxism has been chosen as a discourse centered on justice, and Castro-era Cuba has been chosen for analysis as a country influenced by this discourse. In Cuba after the 1959 revolution against the dictator Batista, the centralist structure that prevailed during his time continued in a different way. Cuban society before the revolution was different from the civilized societies of the time, the fundamental distinction between the deprived and the affluent, the rulers and farmers and citizens of Havana with other peoples, had created a rift that could make Cubans two separate nations. A select group of prominent government officials, army officers, and landowners ruled the community, and the rest of the people lived in deplorable living, health, and educational conditions.This study is about the political management of space in Cuba after the 1959 revolution.

The nature of exploratory research is descriptive-analytic and uses library resources, and the method is also influenced by the provocative methods; discourse is, according to a dominant definition, intellectual and practical logic ruling over a specific time and place, the ideology of a state Can be considered a hegemonic discourse. Using the method of Laclau and Mouffe discourse analysis to analyze phenomena, events and socio-political issues requires accurate knowledge of the concepts used by the two, as long as the researcher has not learned these concepts properly, their application and formulation in various subjects. It is difficult and impossible, the most important concepts and terms of Lacla and Mouffe that are often used in this research are such as articulation, domain of discourse, obstruction, chain of equivalence and so on.. 

The ideology of government in Cuba has had a special impact on its political management. The characteristics of Cuba in the form of the analysis of the discourses of Lacla and Mouffe, describe and then influence the dominant discourse on Cuba in its political management after the 1959 revolution. After the revolution, ideology of Marxism paid attention to the necessity of paying attention to all aspects of the Cuban nation, and it became apparent on all issues of this country. At periods in the life of Cuba's socialist system over the past 60 years, this discourse has had its weaknesses. Not all Cubans agreed with the new regime, and the US-backed opposition created problems for a goal-oriented and egalitarian justice discourse. The popular discourse in post-revolutionary Cuba was easily introduced to the traditional society of the country. People had not forgotten the bitter experience of the Spanish, American and colonial period of Batista and his allies, the new discourse gained credibility with them. The type of government in Cuba is centralist and simple, and the main powers and institutions of government are all concentrated in Havana. All states are under the control of the central government and are subordinate to the government in important decisions and have no special autonomy. This centralism is also one of the policies of the Cuban revolutionary discourse. Autonomy has been widely condemned for economic sabotage and interaction with the United States since the beginning of the revolution, and states are unlikely to become autonomous for many years to come. The states have full authority over local affairs, and all elements of local government are elected by the local people, but the policy of most local policies is also determined by the Communist Party offices there, although this has changed since the constitutional amendment.

From the research results, it appears that Cuban political management of space is centered on the separation of powers and recognizes the constitution of civil and religious freedoms.. The blockade of the Cuban revolutionary discourse after the collapse of the Soviet Union led to a revision of the constitution, which has guaranteed the revision and revision of the entrenchment of Cuban revolutionary discourse. Keywords: Discourse Analysis,Cuban Revolution,Political management of space,Laclau ∧ Mouffe, Socialism.