فرزانه حیدری

This research is trying to review the anthology named Koorsorkhi written by Alieh Ataei based on sociological criticism and genetic structuralism method. Lucien Goldman ,the theorist in this field, founded the method of genetic structuralism based on George Lukac’s views in sociology of literature.In this critical approach, the structure and content of the literary work is studied in relation to the structures of the society that story developed in. Alieh Ataei is an Iranian- Afghan writer who published Koorsorkhi. This book is driven from her life which can be the representative of Afghan immigrants’ life.The method in this research is descriptive- analytical and the results show that the auther , more than anything else, has discussed the identity crisis of Afghan immigrants She blamesas eastern and western powers and the passivity of Afghan men for the endless problems of Afghanestan.

This study focuses on feminine style which is noticed by researchers regarding the increasing number of female writers in the contemporary era. The names of Robin Lakoff and Sarah Mills are distinguished among the theorists of this field, due to the presentation of practical models. Lakoff enumerates some features of feminine language emphasizing the linguistic differences between men and women, and Mills considers three levels of vocabulary, sentences and discourse in the linguistic analysis of feminine works. The methodology of the current research is discourse analysis based on the integration of Lakoff and Mills' theories on four levels: 1. lexical 2. syntactic 3. rhetorical 4. Discourse. The purpose of the study is to find the characteristics of feminine style in The Bride written by Faridah Farjam who was the first Iranian female playwriter. The findings of the research indicate that the author used feminine linguistics in vocabulary, syntax, and rhetoric at the discourse level, to challenge male culture and assert women’s rights, and develop their personality and awareness. Also, the influence of the author’s gender on the tone of the text is another component for confirming the theoretical models.

In this research the effect of additive of Chlorophytum comosum (C. comosum) plant extract on physicochemical, structural properties and shear strength of urea formaldehyde (UF) resin was investigated. C. comosum leaf extraction was performed according to the method of Bondareva et al. (2017) and was added to UF adhesive at two levels of 5 and 10%. The properties of adhesive such as solid content, gelation time, pH, density and free formaldehyde were measured before and after adding the extract. To identify the possible chemical structures of the reaction between the components of the adhesive and the extract and to investigate the reactions' bonds and intensity, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI ToF) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy respectively, were performed. The shear strength test of the plywood was used according to EN 314-2. Based on the results of physicochemical properties, the formation of multiple hydrogen bonds between the active functional groups of the adhesive and the extract led to an increase in intermolecular forces and an increase in the cohesive strength of the adhesive, thereupon the amount of free formaldehyde in the adhesive decreased by 16.67% with the highest amount of extract. The possible chemical structures of the reaction of some active functional groups of the extract with UF adhesive were confirmed by MALDI TOF mass spectrum. The addition of C. comosum extract weakened the absorption intensity of UF adhesive' peaks, which indicates that the extract of active groups reduced the formation of chemical bonds, including methylene and ether bonds in the adhesive. The significant improvement in shear strength of plywood obtained from adhesives containing the extract can be attributed to the quality of cross joints and increase of adhesive density so that the highest shear strength of plywood was 2.07 MPa with adding 10% of the extract.

This study aims to investigate the mediating role of sensation seeking in relation to psychopathy traits and attitudes toward infidelity in married people. path analysis was used to examine the model. The statistical population of married people was 20 to 50 years old in Isfahan in 2021; the statistical sample was 554 married people (288 females and 266 males) who were selected through available sampling. The research instruments include Whately’s Attitudes toward Infidelity Scale (2008), Levenson Self Report Psychopathy Scale (1995), and Hoyle’s brief Sensation-Seeking Scale (2002). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and path analysis. The results showed that disinhibition as one of the dimensions of sensation seeking in the relationship between primary psychopathy traits with attitudes toward infidelity relationships (β= 0.08, p<0.05) plays mediating role, also in the relationship between secondary psychopathic traits and attitudes toward infidelity relationships (β= -0.08, p<0.05) plays a complete mediating role in women. In men, the sensation-seeking variable does not play a mediating role, and only its secondary psychopathy traits directly affect attitudes toward infidelity relationships (β= -0.13, p<0.05). In general, psychopathy traits due to sensation seeking predict 19% in women and 20.3% in men with attitudes toward Infidelity variance.

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between spiritual attitude and lifestyle with marital commitment of students of the master's level of Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch. The current research was a descriptive-cross-sectional and correlational study. The statistical population of the research included all married students studying at the master's level of Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch in the academic year 2016-2017. A sample of 150 people was selected by simple random sampling. The research tools included spiritual attitude questionnaire (Parsian and Doninig, 2009), lifestyle questionnaire (Lali et al., 2011) and marital commitment questionnaire (Adams and Jones, 1997). Research data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression with SPSS version 26. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between spiritual attitude and its components, including self-awareness, the importance of spiritual beliefs in life, spiritual activities, and spiritual needs with marital commitment among married graduate students (P<0.05). Also, the results showed that there is a significant relationship between the overall lifestyle and its components (physical health, disease prevention, psychological health, spiritual health, social health, avoiding drugs and narcotics, and environmental health) with marital commitment (05/05). 0 > P); However, no significant relationship was found between the components of exercise and well-being, weight control and nutrition, and prevention of accidents with marital commitment (P<0.05). The results of the regression analysis also showed that the predictor variables of lifestyle and spiritual attitude simultaneously explained 37% of the variance of marital commitment among married graduate students.

In this pot experiment, the effects of three levels of zero (A0), three (A1) and five gram (A2) aquasorb superabsorbent per kg of soil, three levels of 70 (W1), 85 (W2) and 100 (W3) percent of irrigation requirements and two levels of 75 (F1) and 100 (F2) percent of nitrogen fertilizer requirements were studied on some traits of bell pepper plant. The experiment was factorial based on randomized complete block design with 18 treatments and three replications. The results showed significant effect of superabsorbent and irrigation treatments on all components except stem diameter. Among the superabsorbent treatments, the highest fruit yields (666.2 gr) and water productivity (12.36 kg/m3) were obtained in A2 treatment. Among the irrigation treatments, the highest values of the mentioned functions were obtained in the W3 and W1 treatments with 621.81 g and 10.57 Kg/m3 respectively. The effect of fertilizer treatments on shoot weight, root and fruit yield was significant. The highest fruit yield was 638.70 g in F2 treatment. The interaction of two variables of water with superabsorbent with effect on fresh and dry weight of shoot and root and on yield and water productivity yielded the highest fruit yield (916.65g) and productivity (14.55kg/m3) in A2W3 treatment. The interaction effects of superabsorbent and fertilizer showed that the highest yield and water productivity were equal to 670.51 grams and 12.44 kg / m3 in A2F2 treatment. The interactions of water and fertilizer showed that the highest yield and water productivity were 625.59 g in W3F2 and 12.32 kg/m3 in W1F2 treatment. The interaction of three superabsorbent, water and fertilizer variables on all studied traits was not significant

Sociological criticism in the literature analyzes the structures of a society through literary works. Embracing subjects concerning history and sociology links, types, social classes, ideologies, meaningful frameworks, and reflection theory in examining the artworks, Lucian Goldman, as a theoretician, proposed the genetic structuralism by organizing George Lucas ideas. Based on this method, the present study aimed to sociologically criticize the drama play by Akbar Radi, under the name of Ofool (The Descent).To do so, two major questions were designed to investigate the extent to which aesthetic structure of Ofool as a realistic work has a mutual relationship with the structure of the society in its era (1960s). It also explored the realization of the playwright's ideology, as a member of the intellectuals' social class, and the likely awareness of this social class in his literary work. Using descriptive as well as analytical approach, the study concluded that the overall framework of Ofool justified the why of social movements' failure in the 1960s and the pathology of that era via the representation of different social classes and the gaps among them. The author tried not to impose his ideology on the work and kept his play loyal to the realistic style although he reflected the values and consciousness of the intellectuals' social class in his literary work.

Over the recent years, the use of a variety of complementary medicine methods hasaccelerated in many countries. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of using varioustypes of complementary medicine and the satisfaction levels in terms of treatment and the preventionof diseases in Bojnourd citizens. This cross-sectional study with a descriptive design was performed oncitizens over 15 years of age in Bojnourd using a multi-stage sampling method in 2015. The datawere collected by a researcher-made questionnaire used in similar studies. Subsequently, the datawere analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test in SPSS software (version 21). P-value less than0.05 was considered statistically significant. Totally, 367 participants with the mean age of 27.28 ± 9.86 years were included in thestudy. 84.65% and 76.56% of the subjects used at least one of the complementary medicine methodsthroughout their lives or over thepast year, respectively. The most frequently used methods includedherbal medicine (72.5%), cupping (29.2%), spa treatments (25.6), and prayer (24.8). However,chiropractic (5.0%), homeopathy (1.1%), and acupressure (2.2%) were among the least frequentlyused alternatives. The participants used complementary medicine to treat the most commondisorders, such as musculoskeletal problems (30.86%), anxiety and mental disorders (22.96%), and headache and migraine (7.4%). No significant association was found between gender and variables,such as the amount and manner of using complementary medicine, and the familiarity withcomplementary medicine methods. Considering the high frequency of using different types of complementary medicine,especially herbal medicine, it is essential to increase people's awareness about the proper and optimaluse of these methods.

the present research is aimed to analyze the compensatory lengthening process in Delfan Laki dialect by the use of optimality theory and it wants to answer this question: Is there compensatory lengthening in complex words or not? the research method is descriptive- analytic one. the data has been recorded and gathered by the field method and written their phonetic according to IPA. the above-mentioned process is explained and the constraints are extracted. the results reveal that compensatory lengthening only happen in simple words and it cannot happen in complex words. the present research is aimed to analyze the compensatory lengthening process in Delfan Laki dialect by the use of optimality theory and it wants to answer this question: is there compensatory lengthening in complex words or not? the research method is descriptive- analytic. the data has been recorded and gathered by the field method and written their phonetic according to IPA. the above-mentioned process is explained and the constraints are extracted. the results reveal that compensatory lengthening only happen in simple words and it cannot happen in complex words

The aim of this study was to manufacture of green particleboard with natural adhesive from corn / soybean meal flour. The physical and mechanical properties of obtained particleboard were characterized under different conditions of press at dry environment. Variable agents of adhesive were two levels of press pressure; 15 and 17.5 kg/cm2 and three levels of press time; 600, 660 and 720 seconds. The corn / soybean meal flour with a ratio of equal, mixed with water to produce the adhesive. Sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide were added to the adhesive mixture to decrease viscosity and increase adhesion, respectively. Then the particles blended with adhesive 15 wt%, and pressed at 190°C. In addition, the samples were prepared for physical and mechanical tests according to the European standards. The results showed that the bending properties and internal bonding increased with increasing press time to 660 seconds. while, the highest internal bonding was obtained at 0.5 MPa under 17.5 kg/cm2 pressures and time of 660 seconds. Also, water absorption and thickness swelling of the specimens after 2 and 24 h immersion decreased with increasing in press time to 660 seconds. Therefore, this adhesive can be used as a suitable alternative for the urea formaldehyde glue that has a risk of formaldehyde emission in interior locations.

This research was investigated the effect of maleic anhydride and glycidyl methacrylate on thermal stability, mechanical behavior and biological resistance of hornbeam wood polymer containing styrene monomer. Impregnation was performed by vacuum- pressure method using cylinder experimental. Maleic anhydride treated samples were heated in oven for 4 hours at 120ºC. After the impregnation with styrene monomer, polymerization was performed in oven at 90ºC for 24 hours, and at 103±2ºC for the same time subsequently. Bulking of modified wood with maleic anhydride, the presence of styrene in the cell cavities, and interaction between polymer and cell wall through modification with maleic anhydride and glycidyl methacrylate were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The branch structure in the reaction of styrene, glycidyl methacrylate and maleic anhydride by wood was resulted in improve the thermal stability of composite. Weight gain due to modification in styrene samples was increased from 24.69% to 42.83 and 44.42 in maleic anhydride/styrene and maleic anhydride/styrene/glycidyl methacrylate samples, respectively. The lowest porosity was in maleic anhydride/styrene/glycidyl methacrylate level with 21% value. The highest improve of mechanical properties was indicated in maleic anhydride/styrene/glycidyl methacrylate level compared to control. Maleic anhydride with double bonds and carboxylate group was showed high reactivity by wood and polymer. Also, difunctional glycidyl methacrylate monomer caused better adhesion of polymer to cell wall through the reaction by hydroxyl group or maleic anhydride and styrene monomer. Significant improve of mechanical properties of modified levels can attributed to interaction of polymer complex with modified cell walls and uniform distribution of polymer in cell lumens. Cell wall modification with maleic anhydride and presence of glycidyl methacrylate were prevented the fungi mycelium development through reduce and blocking of hydroxyl groups and changing the hollocellulose structure, and the presence of polymer in wood as a hard physical barrier.

The current research was planned to investigate the effect of maleic anhydride (MAN) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) treatments on morphological and physical properties of the hornbeam wood-styrene composite. Test samples were divided according to ASTM D4446-05 to control and treated with MAN, ST, MAN/ST and MAN /ST/GMA. Treatment was performed by vacuum- pressure method using a experimental cylinder. The presence of styrene in the cell cavities, swelling of treated wood with MAN and interaction between MAN/ST and MAN/ST/GMA with wood cell wall were confirmed by Scanning electron microscopy. According to the results, density and weight of the specimens were increased as 73.47 and 79.91; and 5.95 and 11.9% by addition of MAN and MAN/GMA, respectively. Strong interactions between wood structure and combination of MAN/ST/GMA led toan improvement in the compatibility of polymer with cell wall and reduction in porosity of the treated wood. hydrophobicity and dimensional stability of wood polymer composites were improved as the result of modification with MAN and impregnation with ST, so that after the longest immersion time, water absorption and dimensional changes in MAN/ST/GMA with 42/44% weight percent gain, decreased up to 57/78 and 50.15% in comparison with the untreated samples. The highest anti-swelling efficiency was determined in MAN/ST/GMA treatment.

With its socio-political themes, Bahram Beizaee’s play The Four Boxes, written in the 1940s, is highly amenable to the sociological approach in literary studies. Connecting society and the literary work, this approach has established itself as one of the most significant among critical approaches, and is now being employed as a useful and practical method in the analysis of artistic works. The method used in this article is Lucien Goldmann’s genetic structuralism which contains elements and principles that can be connected and generalized. Drawing on this method, we analyze the play based on its characters, each of whom represents a certain social layer. Finally, the article shows how through a committed and engaging artistic work, Beyzaee presents his deep understanding of the political and social events happening in contemporary history and, thus, expands public awareness as a social critic.

Investigating the soil hydraulic properties such as wilting point and field capacity is very important in studying and modeling water and solute in soil. Due to the spatial and temporal changes of these characteristics, recent studies have led to the development of indirect methods to estimate the soil properties. In this study, 10 models were used in order to estimate the soil water characteristics curve (SWCC) in soils of Clay, Clay loam, and Sandy loam; hence, to choose the best model. For this purpose, first the SWCC for the studied soils was calculated using pressure plate and then, models were fitted to the experimental data. Saturated hydraulic conductivity was measured in the laboratory and it was estimated by Rosetta model. The results showed that except for Campbell and Russo, all models presented the appropriate performance in estimation of SWCC. Moreover, Biexponential model fitted well with the best performance compared with other models in soils of Clay, Clay loam, and Sandy loam with the sum of the squared residuals (SSR) of 5×10-4, 2×10-4, 1×10-4 respectively, RMSE: 0.013, 0.015, and 0.015 cm3/cm3 respectively and R2: 0.997, 0.995, and 0.998 respectively. SSCBDTH331500 method in Rosetta model predicted the amount of saturated hydraulic conductivity with high accuracy. The results of this research will help to provide the optimum method for estimating SWCC.