فرشاد ندری

Noise pollution was the most common environmental factor and widespread physical harmful agent in the workplaces which large numbers of workers were exposed in various sectors of industry, agriculture, mineral and so on. In the 21st century, exposure to noise is recognized as one of the threats to the health of the community. Hearing loss (temporary or permanent), increased blood pressure, sleep disturbances, lack of concentration, and increased human error can be attributed to exposure to noise.World Health Organization has identified noise as the second environmental stressor in the world. In Iran (As a developing country in the Middle East), more than 2 million workers are exposed to a noise level higher than 85 dB. Stress caused by noise can affect the level of sex hormones. A study by Nadri et al., It was found that exposure to 100 dBA continuous noise significantly reduced the level of sex hormones (testosterone, follicular stimulatory and luteinizing hormones). Addiction is one of the greatest problems of human societies which not only causes social and behavioral disorders, but also affects various aspects of physical health, imposes huge financial losses on individuals, families and society. Opium comes from opium poppy and consists of more than twenty alkaloids (combination of seventy compounds). Among the diverse varieties of narcotics, opium and heroin, they have the highest global consumption. The most commonly used drug opium is oral (swallowing) (49.5%) and inhalation (drainage) ((59%). For various reasons, such as having a common border with Afghanistan (as a producer of 90 percent of the worldchr('39')s opium), opium drug abuse among Iranian industrial workers has a relatively high prevalence. Some people believe that long-term use of low-dose opioids may prevent chronic illness (Such as cardiovascular disease) and prolong life. Addiction is a problem that has spread increasingly amongst different populations around the world, and the labor community is no exception to this rule. A study in the Asalouyeh industrial region (Located in the southwest of Iran) showed that drug use among camp workers is between 15% and 25%, and the most commonly used opium. Reports indicate that opioids reduce the secretion of LH and FSH gonadotropins by inhibiting the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone secreted from the hypothalamus, while gonadotropins are crucial for the survival of testicular cells, and their reduction to planned cell death. The results of previous studies confirmed that exposure to noise and opium consumption alone had a downward effect on the level of sex hormones on human and animal samples. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exposure to noise and opium consumption on sex hormones in male animal models (rat).

In this Experimental and cross-sectional study which was completed in 2018, 36 healthy adult male Wistar rats (purchased from the Tehran Pasteur Institute) were randomly divided into six groups (after initial screening from the point of view weight, age, etc.); control, exposure to noise (100 dB and 700-5700 Hz frequency range for 8h/day), consumption of opium solution(50 mg per case), consumption of opium solution(100 mg per case), exposure to noise (100 dB and 700-5700 Hz frequency range for 8h/day), consumption of opium solution(50 mg per case) and exposure to noise(100 dB and 700-5700 Hz frequency range for 8h/day) and consumption of opium solution(100 mg per case). The frequency range of 700 to 5700 Hz was chosen from a combination of 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz central frequencies in octave band spectrum (based on rat and human hearing sensivity in this range). Noise level (100 dB) was produced by signal software and implemented by Cool -Edit software. After boosting with an amplifier, with installation of four speakers on top of the chamber, the noise was broadcast in the reverberant chamber. The dimensions of the reverberant chamber (Plexiglas) were selected based on the Bolts chart, the required space per rat and the animal welfare (49×59×30 cm with 5 mm thickness). The noise level was monitored during exposure by calibrated sound level meter (model cel-450) hourly. The air inside the chamber was changed 12 times every hour. Opium was prepared by getting the necessary Legal licenses from the police and the Food and Drug Administration and then opium solution (dissolved in hot distilled water) was fed to animals at different doses (50 and 100 mg per case) through gavage tube between 6:30 to 7:00. In order to ensure that the rats were addicted (groups 3, 4, 5, and 6), at the end of the first week, with naloxone injection (2 mg per kg), the hangover symptoms of the animal were evaluated and the addiction was confirmed. The ambient temperature of the animal house was adjusted throughout the test period in the range of 20-24 ċ. After 50 days (cycle of spermatogenesis in rats), following anesthesia (Xylazine - ketamine), blood samples were collected (5 ml of the left ventricle). Using centrifuge, the serum should be discarded at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes. Level of sex hormones (testosterone, follicular stimulatory and luteinizing hormones) was determined by specific rat kits (producted by Zelbio Company) and ELISA technique. The ethics of working with animals, according to the Helsinki Statement and the Ethics Committee of Tarbiat Modares University, were observed at all stages of the study. Data analysis was performed with SPSS software (version 22 by using ANOVA test (Tukey Post hoc test).

This study is a first study in the world that examine the effect of exposure to noise and opium consumption on sex hormone levels in an animal model. In this study, noise could significantly suppress the levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormones, but did not affect the level of follicular stimulatory hormones. The results of this study (about the noise agent) are consistent with studies by Swami et al., Paramanik et al. And Rafuli et al. Both doses of opium solution (50 and 100 mg per case) can significantly reduce the level of sex hormones (testosterone, follicular stimulatory and luteinizing hormones) However, no significant difference was found in the two doses in any of the examined hormones. In 2012, the study of Yasin Kahimin showed that levels of testosterone decreased significantly in opioid recipient groups, which were consistent with the results of the present study in relation to lowering the secretion of testosterone and LH. A study by Salman et al in 2010 showed that levels of testosterone, LH and FSH in opiate addicted men decreased significantly compared to control group. Sepehri et al. Study showed that levels of LH, FSH and testosterone levels in addicted people were significantly lower than those in the control group. Combining the two factors of noise and opium (with opium solution doses of 50 and 100 mg per rat) could have significant boosting effects in suppressing levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormones while this enhancing effect was assessed for an increase in follicular stimulatory hormones(Comparison of groups 5 and 6 compared to control group). Increasing the opium solution dose from 50 to 100 mg per rat did not make a significant difference in the level of sex hormones (comparison of groups 3 and 4 as well as groups 5 and 6). In this study, the noise and opium solution did not significantly change the rat weight in variouse groups compared to control group. In the first week of the study, gastrointestinal disorders (such as diarrhea) were observed in the exposed group, but over time, this disorder was eliminated.

The use of opium for medicinal or recreational purposes has a high historical background in many parts of the world. Due to the effect of reducing the effect of two factors of noise and opium addiction on the level of testosterone and luteinizing hormones, It is suggested that the reduction of the hormones mentioned in the periodic examinations of workers should be considered and emphasized by professional and medical professionals and considered as a prognosis for infertility. More studies are needed to determine the effect mechanism of noise and opium consumption on pituitary-gonad axis. In this study, only opium was used as one of the most commonly used drugs in the community Therefore, it is suggested that future studies on narcotics such as heroin, cannabis, etc. should be put on the agenda of researchers. In order to cope with the destructive effects of exposure to noise and other harmful physical hazards in the working environments, various methods of engineering, management, or use of inexpensive and available antioxidants, such as cinnamon, can be used. Based on the results, it can be concluded that chronic consumption of opium can significantly decrease the function of gonad-pituitary secretion, and this can lead to suppression of libido and infertility. It is suggested that the effects of opium in different doses should be considered in future generations.

Due to the high prevalence of noise and vibration in workplaces and focused of Previous studies on the auditory and musculoskeletal effects of these two harmful factors, The aim of this study was to determine the protective effect of cinnamon extract on sex hormones levels, body weight and testis weight of adult rats exposed to noise and vibration.   64 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to eight groups of 8 each. Group 1; treated with distilled water (Control), group 2; treated with 75 mg kg-1 cinnamon extract, group 3; exposed to noise(100 dB), 8 h/day(23:00-7:00) and group 4; exposed to noise and treated with 75 mg kg-1 cinnamon extract, group 5; exposed to vibration(1 m/s2), 8 h/day (23:00-7:00), group 6; exposed to vibration and treated with 75 mg kg-1  cinnamon extract, group 7; exposed to noise and vibration, 8 h/day (23:00-7:00) and group 8; exposed to noised and vibration and treated with 75 mg kg-1  cinnamon extarct by gavage. Fifty days later, the rats were anesthetized, blood samples to determine the amount of sex hormones were collected, and the testis was removed for weight determination. Data was analyesd by SPSS. Noise stress decreased the level of three hormones (LH, FSH and Testosterone) while vibration decreased testosterone levels merely (P<0.05).Combined exposure to noise and vibration was able to create a significant difference with control group in testosterone and LH hormone levels (P<0.05). The three factors of noise, vibration and combine of them were able to create a significant difference with control group in final body weight (P<0.05). Cinnamon extract increased the level of sex hormones compared to control group (P<0.05). Cinnamon extract (due to antioxidant properties) has a protective effect on sex hormone levels in rats exposed to noise and vibration. It’s suggested further studies to determine the mechanism of cinnamon extract (in different doses) in human and animal samples.

So far, few studies have assessed the effect of noise on fertility capacity thus this study aimed to evaluate the possible protective effects of cinnamon extract on testicular tissue changes and fertility capacity in male rats exposed to noise stress.
In this experimental study, 40 male rats were randomly divided into 5 experimental groups. Group1 (control), group2 (sham), group3 (Cinnamon), group4 (Noise), group5 (Cinnamon Noise). Rats from group 3 and 5 received cinnamon extract (75 mg/kg) through gavage.The rats in groups 4 and 5 exposed to 100 dB noise between 23:00-7:00. After 50 nights, each male rat copulated with 3 female rats and after the end of gestation period, variables such as fertility capacity, total birth, live birth, gender and birth weight of the newborns were examined. Also testis of male rats was removed for histopathological assessment. Data were analyzed by SPSS 21.
The number of live newborns in group 4 compared with control group significantly reduced (P The results showed that a dose of 75 mg/kg of cinnamon extract can improve some destructive effects of noise on testicular tissue at selected frequencies, thus, it is suggested that more studies be done on the effect of cinnamon on fertility capacity in a human and animal model that exposed with noise.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are the most common problems in workplaces. The present study assessed the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and the level of risk for these disorders among workers of an aluminum industry in Tehran.
In this cross-sectional study, Nordic questionnaire was used in order to assess musculoskeletal disorders among all workers in production line of the mentioned industry (82 workers) and to determine musculoskeletal disorders risk levels, workers’ body posture was assessed by REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) and QEC (Quick Exposure Check) techniques. Statistical analysis was conducted using Chi-square test and through SPSS16 software.
According to the results, 83.9 percent of the subjects have complained from pain in at least one of ​​their body areas during the past year. The highest prevalence of disorders was respectively allocated to the low back (48.2%), knee (35.7%) and wrist/hand (33.9%). The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders showed significant correlation with age, job experience and BMI. But, REBA and QEC final scores had no significant correlations with the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders. According to REBA and QEC, respectively 43.6 and 67.2 percent of postures were categorized in high and very high risk levels.
High prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and levels of risk, prioritize the necessity of corrective actions. Higher percent of high risk level in QEC than REBA can be attributed to the capability of this tool in combined investigation of work posture, work related risk factors and mental disorders affecting the incidence of these disorders.

Nowadays musculoskeletal disorders are considered as one of the major problems of the workplace and bank staff have been identified as a susceptible group to this disorder. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of bank staffs'' musculoskeletal disorders in one of the south western cities of Iran and evaluate their workstations characteristics. This cross - sectional study was conducted on all bank staffs of one of Lorestan Province''s cities in 2012. In order to determine the frequency of musculoskeletal disorders، the standard Nordic questionnaire was used. Workstations were evaluated according to check list. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS16. More than 36 percent of employees had musculoskeletal disorder in one of the nine body zones. Statistically significant associations were found between work experience and musculoskeletal disorders in the neck and lower back; between duration of daily work and disorders of the shoulder; between working extra hours during the week with neck disorders; between marital status and lumbar disorders and between duration of exercise per week and knee disorders. The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is high among bank employees and risk factors such as working in sitting position for long hours، working too much with the computer، unadjustable chairs and inappropriate work station design have a significant role in musculoskeletal disorders. These disorders have to be reduced by proper ergonomic arrangement.

Introduction and The workers of mosaic art are susceptible to musculoskelet al disorders due to various risk factors including body posture during work, repetition of movement, old and sometimes non-ergonomic tools. The aims of this study were estimating the prevalence of musculoskelet al disorder and assessment of body posture of workers in the mosaic workers in Kerman. In this study, calling out Kerman Office of Cultural Heritage, 16 mosaic workshops and 32 mosaic workers were selected. Standardized Nordic questionnaire were completed for 26 mosaic worker. Using hierarchical task analysis, task of the mosaic profession were analyzed. After using ART posture analysis method for assessment of repetitive task, body posture of worker were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 18. In this study, 18 (69.2%) males and 8 (30.8%) female were selected The mean of age (year), work experience (year) and working hours per day (hours) were subsequently 6.6, 32.9 and 11.9, respectively The highest prevalence of musculoskelet al disorders during the past 12 months was in neck with a prevalence of (66.7%), upper back with prevalence of (63.2%). The results of the ART assessment method showed that, calculated risk scores for right and left hands in the mosaic career were not equal. And risk scores in all right hand's functions was higher than left hand's ones, that these results are consistent with the results of the Nordic questionnaire. The results of posture assessment indicated that body condition of right hand were more critical than left ones, and results of ART method confirm the Nordic questionnaire results.

Nowadays little attention is paid to effective preventive measures in offices in order to identify and alleviate musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate and identify the musculoskeletal disorders among the employees of one of the governmental offices in Qazvin in 2011. This was a cross sectional descriptive and analytical study and the population under study were all of the employees of one of the governmental offices of Qazvin (119people). Data was collected by the Body Map questionnaire and analysis was performed by the SPSS17 software. The average age and work experience of the employees was 42.3±5.5 and 17.3±6.6 years respectively. The highest and lowest incidence of musculoskeletal disorders was in the neck and palms respectively. There was a significant statistical relation between employment years, weight, height, age and gender with some musculoskeletal disorders. But there was not a significant relationship between education level and job type with musculoskeletal disorders. Sitting, immobility and working with the computer had the highest prevalence among the predisposing factors of musculoskeletal disorders. Choosing the right individuals for occupations, applying work – rest periods,turnover, stretching exercises and sports, proper design of workstations and chairs based on ergonomic science, and under the supervision of occupational health, physical education and sport science experts, is recommended in order to prevent musculoskeletal disorders among the office employees.

Due to discharge of industrial effluent into marine environment، background quantity of heavy metals and their bioaccumulation in marine organism''s body including fish is increasing. Thus، determination of mercury content in fish consumed by human is an essential thing. In order to evaluate the mercury content of canned tuna fish marketed in Kerman، 70 canned tuna fish samples were purchased and their mercury content was determined by ICP-OES. All results were reported as µg g-1 on a wet weight basis. The range obtained for 70 tuna samples analyzed in µg g-1 was from 0. 1±0. 07 to 0. 54±0. 2 µg g-1. The mean Hg concentration in the tuna was 0. 29 µg g-1. The results of this study showed that 80% of tuna samples (8 types) from the Persian Gulf have average H g level below and 20% (2 types) above the WHO/FAO recommended levels. The results obtained from the present study showed that most of the canned tuna fish marketed in Iran have average Hg concentration below WHO/FAO limit of 0. 5 µg g-1. Two tuna samples، however، showed average concentration above the guidelines. In this respect، more attention should be paid to monitor Hg concentration of nation’s canned tuna fish and to force canned tuna industry to systematic monitoring as well as establishment of required standards for monitoring of this harmful heavy metal in foodstuffs.

Adequate lighting in halls study and student dormitories plays an important role in focus، motivation and accuracy of student. The purpose of this study measured and design of general illumination in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences student dormitories، the same order of existing residences (dormitories 7) randomly selected 81 bedrooms & all study halls were also measured. To measure the general illumination intensity using the public network، first level of stations into the desired location and in the center of each station، 75 cm in height from ground level at night، And in the absence of all light bulbs were available measurements were performed. To measure the general illumination intensity EC Hagner luxmetr was used، Results were compared with standard by using Excel software. The results showed that 74/81percent of bedrooms with intensity less than the Minimum level of Iran (150 lux) and 100 percent of Study halls were illumination intensity lower than a Minimum level of Iran (300 lux). According to results No 7 dormitory bedrooms have a lowest intensity (131/2 lux) and No. 2 dormitory study hall have a lowest intensity (125/5 lux). Discussion & Poor illumination in the dormitories mainly were due to poor alignment and lack of light bulbs، that today by using lighting design software، This deficit will be resolved. So continue by using DIALUX software، Number and arrangement of lamps for suitable lighting in study halls and bedrooms design and presented.

Tractors are one of the most important sources of noise exposure in agriculture. This study aimed to investigate noise exposure in Romanian tractor drivers and bystanders’ when it’s operating at different engine speeds and gears. This cross-sectional study was carried out on Romanian tractor (M-650) available in agriculture college field of Bahonar University of Kerman in 2011. According to international standards a 20m×3m field was chosen and then the noise levels for two positions, the driver’s ear and bystanders, were measured in two conditions, static (neutral) and moving (at different gears and engine speeds). To define the characteristics of the tractor’s noise, frequency analysis was also performed. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistical methods using Excel software. While working in place, bystanders near the exhaust had the highest noise exposure and an increase in motor speed from 850 to 1700 rounds per minute led to an increase in noise for the driver’s ear from an average of 5.8 to 9.3db and for the bystanders from an average of 2.3 to 10.3 db. The mean sound level at lower frequencies was higher than middle and high frequencies. When the tractor is moving, at 850 rounds per minute the driver’s exposure to noise in all gears is less than standard, but at 1700 rounds per minute the noise level is higher than the Iranian and ACGIH standard and controlling measures seems to be necessary.

Adequate lighting in work environments can increase productivity and concentration and reduce fatigue. Light and illumination studies have been done mainly in industrial environments, and public or administrative environments were less under consideration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ultraviolet radiation and illumination level at Kerman Medical Sciences University libraries.

In this study, the total, natural and artificial amount of illumination was measured at two different times, at the center of the designated stations in 14 study halls and the height of 30 inches by Hagner (Model EC1) luxmeter. Also, ultraviolet radiation (UVB & UVA) was measured by Hanger (Model S4) equipped with UVB & UVA detectors. The results of ultraviolet radiation and illumination level measurements were compared with standard using Excel software.

The overall, natural and artificial illumination level, in 28.57%, 100% and 71.42% study halls was less than the National and IESNA standard (300 lux). The School of Nursing has the highest amount of UVB and UVA radiation in both total and natural light measurements. The Shahid Bahonar Hospital, men’s section had the highest amount of UVB and UVA radiation in artificial light measurements.

Initiatives such as proper alignment of bulbs, periodic dusting and cleaning, regular replacing of burnt bulbs, using study desks with the appropriate level of brightness, placing lamps at appropriate heights, and using bulbs with less UV radiation can improve the lighting situation in libraries.