فرشید کرمی

The purpose of this study was to analyze the model of factors affecting the professional development of physical education teachers. The research method was descriptive-survey and applied in terms of purpose. Research data were collected in the field and in a mixed manner (qualitative and quantitative). The qualitative sample consisted of 18 experts who were randomly selected and in the quantitative section, all managers and physical education experts of the Ministry of Education and affiliated departments were selected based on stratified random sampling with Cochran's formula, 400 people were selected. . The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire including 29 factors affecting the professional development of physical education teachers. (α =0 /85). SPSS and AMOS software were used for exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and AHP technique was used to prioritize the identified factors. Findings showed that 29 factors in the form of 8 axes of human resource optimization, curriculum, current education programs, incentive measures, government macro-policy, financial support, laws and regulations, and support for human resource development programs, respectively. The professional development of physical education teachers is effective. Focusing on the recruitment and professional development of teachers, improving the quality of educational content and motivating physical education teachers will facilitate the professional development of teachers.

In this research, one of the most important functions and services of the forest, the function of maintaining soil nutrients in the forests of the Dalab watershed in Ilam province, has been valued. First, the amount of erosion and sedimentation in the study area was checked using the modified MPSIAC model in the current condition. By developing two scenarios of converting the (current) natural forest with 30 to 50% canopy cover to bare land through scoring the model, the changes in the amount of erosion and sedimentation were estimated. Next, the amount of soil nutrients was determined by soil sampling and laboratory analysis. Then, taking into account the difference in the amount of erosion in the state of natural forest (current) with 30-50% canopy cover and bare land, the amount of each nutrient element in the soil, and the loss of soil nutrients was also calculated. Then, using the replacement cost method, the service value of forest ecosystem soil nutrient maintenance was estimated. The results showed that the studied forest can maintain 2.52 tons of phosphorus, 35.55 tons of potassium, and 251.96 tons of nitrogen per year with an approximate value of 2,275,700 million rials per year and prevent its loss due to erosion. Also, the value of each hectare of forest for this function was estimated at 88.13 million rials. The estimation of the value of this ecosystem service in Zagros forests indicates the very effective role of forest ecosystems in controlling erosion and protecting soil nutrients.

The purpose of this study was to design a model of barriers to professional development of physical education teachers in the country, based on interpretive structural modeling. The present study is an applied research that was conducted in the field and by mixed research method. The statistical population in the quantitative section, including officials and experts of the Physical Education Office of the Ministry of Education, officials of the Physical Education Department and the head of the Physical Education Department of the provincial education departments, was equal to 80 people and in the qualitative section 18 experts. Due to the limitations of members, the statistical population was equal to the sample. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire containing 18 barriers to teacher development, the validity of which was confirmed by 7 professors of university sports management and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0.85). Experts' opinions, frequency percentage and interpretive structural modeling method were used to level the barriers. The results showed that there are 18 obstacles to the professional development of physical education teachers in Iranian schools. Barriers to managers' lack of attention to scientific goals and strategies to improve teachers and inefficient training systems and programs were also placed at the infrastructure level. Therefore, officials should focus on the scientific strategies of teacher development and change the system and educational content, to professional development of teachers' skills.

In light of the increase in demand for recreational forest areas, it is imperative to determine factors influencing visitor attitudes to better anticipate recreational needs and improve the management of these areas. Due to its natural and historical attractions, the Dalab forest area is considered one of the most important areas of tourism potential in the Ilam Province, Iran. By using the contingent valuation method, this study estimated the recreational value of this area. A logit model was evaluated by the likelihood ratio test to investigate the factors affecting the willingness to pay (WTP) for visiting it. The information was collected by filling out questionnaires by 180 visitors to the area with independent income in 2020. The results showed that family size, education level, marriage, owning a car, annual income, and the level of security in the area all contribute positively to visitors' WTP, but being a passenger, the length of the visit, and the amount offered of entry provided negatively affect the quality of this characteristic. 81.66% of respondents were willing to pay an entrance fee to visit the Dalab forest area. It was estimated that the respondents would be willing to spend on average 47690 Rials on a visit to this recreation area. Furthermore, the annual recreational value of the Dalab forest area was estimated at 476.9 million Rials, which is the equivalent of 184.7 thousand Rials per hectare. The results demonstrate that the region has a high recreational value, indicating its importance for sustainable management as one of the Zagros' most valuable ecosystems.

Recently، showy mistletoe (Loranthus europaeus) has been a major menace in the fragile ecosystems of oak forests in western part of the country. Loranthus has done symbiosis mainly with oak trees and it is not troublesome by itself، but a massive population of Loranthus species in the same tree can cause sever damage and death on the host trees. Ilam province forests occur in different climates and stands conditions and provide various ecological potentialities based on their locations and geographical situations. The present work tries to determine the ratio of Loranthus presence in Ilam province forest stands (Meyan tang) and to evaluate the present status of the tree stands. In this regard، taking into account topographic conditions and vegetation changes along with elevation increase، the randomized stochastic bandy method was used. To perform quantitative and qualitative study، twenty type bands were calculated. The distance of type bands with regard to their number was selected as 100 m. To carry down bands، a statistical network was designed in a way that the first band was randomly selected following 50 m pass and the next band was determined 100m apart. Results indicated that average number of parasitic plant in the sample in the directions of north compare to south and east differed significantly (five percent level). But average of this parameter between aspects of east and west did not show any significant difference. Oak and Crataegus were the most and least infected species respectively. Over 56% of the samples were infected and relative number of parasite occurrence was 2. 75 per infected tree. Results of one-way analysis of variance didn’t show any significant correlation between average number of parasites on the samples and different slopes.