فرهاد ادهمی مقدم

Excessive emphasis on beauty has caused the growing number of applicants for cosmetic surgery in different countries. These surgeries are mostly done to eliminate people's dissatisfaction with their appearance and in some cases to increase self-esteem. The purpose of this research was to investigate the level of self-esteem, satisfaction and attitude towards the durability of drug effects in people applying for Botox in selected clinics in Tehran. For this purpose, during a cross-sectional descriptive research, 240 Botox applicants were selected by convenience sampling method and evaluated in terms of self-esteem, satisfaction and attitude towards the durability of the drug. The results of regression analysis showed that self-esteem, satisfaction and attitude towards the durability of drug effects do not show a significant relationship between men and women. The results show a significant relationship between self-esteem and satisfaction with botox injection and attitude towards the durability of the drug effect and satisfaction. The results show that the higher the attitude towards the durability of the drug effect, the higher the satisfaction, and the higher the satisfaction, the higher the self-esteem of the people. This research supports the relationship between self-esteem and demand and medical treatment for beauty.

faculty members should be competent experts and knowledgeable in their specializations and become skillful in teaching and professional attitude. This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Medical Education Course in the Education Development Center of the deputy of medical sciences Islamic Azad University. Using Kirkpatrick’s evaluation model in spring 2021.

A sample of 45 faculty members from all over the country was selected by random sampling method. Pre-test and post-test, and feedback questionnaires were used to evaluate the effectiveness of training. At the reaction level, the feedback questionnaire was used, which confirmed its validity and reliability. A researcher-made questionnaire was validated by a group of medical education experts for pre-test and post-test, and reliability was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha. For data analysis, paired t-test and regression tests with SPSS24 were used.

The study revealed that the training conducted had resulted in evidence to two of the four levels of Kirkpatrick’s model. The reactions to the training received on average 4.48 of the 5-point Likert scale that revealed overall positive feedback on the evaluation. Pre and post-test to determine learning resulted in a significant increase in knowledge p <0.000. 

Reffer to Kirkpatrick’s model, Medical Education course  of faculty members,revealed overall positive feedback and a significant increase in their knowledge and attitude.

Social anxiety is a type of disorder in which a person becomes anxious and afraid in social interactions and situations. It is well known that 90% of a person’s social interactions are related to their vision, so blind people definitely have problems in all their social interactions. 

Leibovitz’s social anxiety scale is the only tool that is based on social situations. Participants were asked to answer the questions of the data collection tool. Normal subjects were also randomly selected from the normal population who are similar to the patient group in terms of age and gender. The results were analyzed with relevant statistical software.

The results show that the average score of social anxiety in the blind group is 43.27 and 44.25 in the sighted group. The average score of avoidance in the blind group is 39.83 and 41.66 in the sighted group. The amount of social anxiety between the blind and the visually impaired group has a significant difference compared to normal people. There is also a significant difference in the comparison between totally blind and mildly impaired people (P=0.027). The amount of avoidance is also different between totally blind and sighted people. There is a significance (P=0.024) and there is a statistical difference between the totally blind and mildly visually impaired (P=0.022).

People with normal vision or mild vision loss experience more degrees of social anxiety as well as avoidance than totally blind people.

Optimized is a common and important method in which aberrations are created by the device and the surgeon, but high-grade aberrations are out of the surgeon's control and are induced by the device in the patient. The aim of this study was the evaluation of out-of-control high-order aberration changes before and after PRK surgery and these impact on vision outcome.

In this before and after clinical trial study, we recurred 24 patients consist of 48 eyes. For the patients with myopic astigmatism, before the operation, a complete visual examination (visual acuity, refraction, etc.) and imaging including orbscan, zywave, and topolyzer were performed and tests were repeated six months after surgery. The results were compared before and after surgery.

24 patients included 8 males (33.3%) and 16 females (66.7%) with a mean age of 29±5 years recurred in the study. The total higher-order aberration increased after operation. There was no significant difference between the third and fourth-order corneal
aberrations before and after the operation. The ocular and corneal high-order aberration was increased. Mean asphericity was similar before and after the operation. Also, significant correlations among spherical equivalent, total high order abbration, and occular abbaration were found.

Regarding our study, eye sporadic defect improved after the operation but it would never achieve the optimal goal. According to the findings, it seems that the optimized method with the Allegretto EX500 device, despite its superiority over the conventional method, still induces high-grade aberrations and changes the asphericity from prolate to oblate mode. However, it improves refraction, which affects the quality of patients' vision.

One way to educate patients is to use instructional videos. The use of educational videos has been introduced as a valuable tool in patient education and counseling, especially preoperative education to reduce anxiety and control vital signs.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of educational video on preoperative anxiety in patientchr('39')s candidates for eye surgery by Fico method.

The present study was a clinical trial study in which 160 patients who was candidates for cataract surgery by Fico method by simple random sampling participated in the intervention and control groups with written consent. Data collection tools were demographic characteristics questionnaire and Spiel Berger standard questionnaire. SPSS software version 23 and descriptive and inferential statistical tests were used to analyze the data. Significant level was considered 0.05.                                  

The mean age of patients in the intervention and control groups was 58.63± 7.68 and 62.32 ±9.15 respectively. The mean of overt and covert anxiety before the intervention in the experimental group were 48.92 ± 4.86, 50.97 ±6.27 and in the control group 48.88± 8.35, 46.31 ±7.80 and After the intervention in the experimental group were 37.95 ±7.04, 44.20± 6.79 and in the control group were 48.72 ±7.46 and 44.10 ±8.23, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the score of overt and covert anxiety before and after the intervention in the intervention group  (P =0.05). Comparison of the mean score of overt and covert anxiety showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the score of overt and covert anxiety after the intervention in the intervention and control groups (P = 0.000).

The short educational video leads to the reduction of hidden and overt anxiety in patients who are candidates for cataract surgery by Fico method. It is necessary to train nursing staff in order to educate patients through educational videos and to provide facilities in order for nurses to interact with patients and educate them.

Considering the increasing incidence of Covid-19, recognizing the clinical features of this disease, including the identification of the first symptom of the disease and smell, taste and their affecting factors, seems to be an effective step in early diagnosis of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of olfactory and taste disorders and its related factors in definitive patients with COVID-19.

This study is a case series study in which 158 patients with Covid-19 were included in the study. The data are based on a researcher-made checklist and completed with the examination of an ENT specialist. After entering the data into SPSS-21 software, central indices and dispersion were calculated and examined the relationships between variables with chi-square, t test and Regression.

In these study, olfactory disorders were observed in 37 patients (23.4%) and taste disorders in 47 patients (29.7%). first symptom appeared in 66 cases (41.8%) fever, 31 cases (19.6%) cough, 27 cases (17.1%) sore throat, in 20 cases (12.7%) olfactory, 9 cases (5.7%) taste disorders, Three cases (1.9%) were reported decreased level of consciousness and two cases (1.3%) nausea.

In this study, COVID 19 patients showed a wide range of clinical and nonspecific symptoms, which seems to be one of the significant clinical manifestations of olfactory and taste disorders that may occur before any other symptoms in patients. Therefore, considering the importance of isolating patients to prevent disease transmission is better to give the necessary training and advice to the community.

Child hospitalization is a stressful event for the mother and can cause emotional reactions in her. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of family-based education by telenursing on emotional reactions in mothers.

This clinical trial was performed in 66 individuals who were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. Participants in both groups completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) at the beginning of the study and 45 days after discharge. The experimental group received training on health and nutrition through WhatsApp Messenger, while the control group received routine training at discharge. Data were analyzed using SPSS V24.

There were no significant differences between the intervention and control group in mean scores for anxiety, depression, and stress (P>0.05). The mean scores in experimental group were 8.21±5.03, 28.09±13.3, and 11.41±4.85 before the intervention and 5.45±3.91, 18.64±11.78, and 8.33±4.86 after the intervention, respectively. In control group, the mean scores for anxiety, depression, and stress were 7.01±5.14, 22.61±14.75, and 8.91±5.64 before the intervention and 8.91±5.64, 22±12.75, and 6.91±4.89 after the intervention, respectively. The scores for depression and stress indicated significant differences between the two groups after the intervention (P<0.05). But, there were no significant differences between the experimental group and controls in the mean score for anxiety before and after the intervention (P>0.05). The regression slope was not found to be significant (F=0.338, P≥0.05).

Family-based care training by telenursing could be effective in reducing the emotional reactions in mothers of children with bone marrow transplantation.

Anxiety is a phenomenon that is intensified nowadays along with the high emphasis of educational systems on tests. Hence, it can disrupt the correct performance of the learner in the test position. The purpose of this study was to determine the test anxiety and its effect on the performance of students in the clinical competency test of the end of the general medical course at Tehran Islamic Azad University in the academic year 2017-2018. The research method was a descriptive-correlational design. In addition, a total of 270 graduate students were selected by available sampling method. For data collection, demographic questionnaire, test anxiety Sarason (1977) and the results of clinical competency test were used. Using the logistic regression and software 22SPSS, the status of relationships between the variables of research was examined from respondents' point of view. Accordingly, the results showed that test anxiety (mild, moderate and severe) had a significant effect on students' performance in the clinical competency test of the end of the general medical course in Tehran Islamic Azad University during the academic year 2017-2018 (p <0.05). Considering the fact that examination may cause anxiety among students, planning for effective management of test anxiety in students is necessary and should be noticed.

Childhood obesity is associated with an increase in childhood morbidity, so that outpatient visits, hospitalization repetitions and the need for treatment in obese children are higher than non-obese children. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between parents' lifestyle and childhood obesity and its comparison in single and multi-child families.

This study was a descriptive-correlation on 400 primary school students in Mashhad City in a multi-stage cluster sampling method based on the purpose. A questionnaire consisting of three sections of demographic, researcher-made LSQ lifestyle, and a Dianna bavmerind parenting method was used.

There was a significant relationship between dimensions of lifestyle of families and obesity of children in some dimensions, so that significant negative correlation was found between physical health, sleep and rest, exercise and health, weight and nutrition control, disease prevention and environmental health, and BMI of children (p=0.001). In terms of psychological, mental, social health, drug avoidance, and prevention of events, no significant relationship was seen regarding the BMI of children. There was a significant difference between lifestyle dimensions in single child families and multiple children ones (p=0.001). There was no correlation between different styles of parenting and BMI in obese children (P>0.05).

Training parents about the causes of obesity in children and also monitoring children in their family, school, and environment can be effective in improving their lifestyle.

The impact of individuals’ cognitive and subjective abilities on learning is very important. But one of the effective factors on learning is learning styles and hereupon people's differences in this regard. Therefore, in order to examine the styles of learning of the medical students’ final year and its relationship with the scores of both basic sciences and pre-internships comprehensive exams and the results of the clinical competency test of the end of the general practitioner course in Tehran Islamic Azad University in academic year 2017-2018, a descriptive and Correlation study was carried out on 270 medical students who were selected by available method. The data collection tool was a demographic questionnaire and Kolbe's learning style questionnaire (1999). Accordingly, reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha; and also by SPSS22 software and using bivariate linear and logistic regression, the relationship between dimension and research variables were examined from respondents' point of view. The results showed the positive relationship between abstract conceptualization variables, reflective observation and objective experience with comprehensive exams of basic sciences and pre-internships of the general practitioner course. Finally, the abstract conceptual variable revealed the highest ability to predict students' reject / acceptance in clinical competency test (p <0.05). Ultimately, awareness of the student's learning style is useful both for the learner and for the trainer, and can lead the learner successful in this regard.

The current study was conducted to determine the relationship between learning style and EBP. In a cross sectional- correlational study, 65 individuals of clinical assistance were recruited to the study as stratified random and proportional assignment. The tools were learning style of Vark scale and evaluation of knowledge and attitude towards evidence-based performance. Data were collected by referring of the researcher to the hospitals and offering the questioners to subjects and completing by them, thereafter data were analyzed by SPSS software. The dominant learning style was one-mode (75%) of auditory style with frequency percent of (49.2%). The attitudes (67.7%) of the clinical assistance regarding EBP were positive and 43.1% of them had an appropriate level of EBP. The chi square test showed a significant relationship between awareness and EBP (P=0.01), as well as between attitude and EBP (P<0.001). There was no relationship among EBP and learning style (P=0.639). With increasing the awareness level, and positive attitude, EBP level was raised in clinical assistances, so, it is essential to provide some systematic and disciplined educational programs about EBP.

Evidence-based performance requires that Clinical staff in different areas of teaching, clinical and management learn the skills of using the evidence from the research and apply these. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between learning style and evidence-based performance in nurses working in Kermanshah hospitals. This study was performed on 319 nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2015 by stratified random sampling and proportional assignment. The data gathering tool in this research was questionnaires include: the learning style of VARK, Evidence-based performance and demographic data form. Validity and reliability of the VARK learning style questionnaire have been confirmed in the country and abroad.
Validity of evidence-based performance questionnaire was confirmed through content validity and the test-retest method was used to determine the reliability of this questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using the VARK learning style analytical tool in Excel, Spearman correlation and Chi-square tests. The learning style of single-mode template (84.1%) and hearing-type with relative frequency (46.3%). Knowledge about evidence-based performance (53.2%) was moderate in nurses Attitude (52.6%) of people was positive about evidence-based performance. The evidence-based practice nurses (57/8 %) were nearly desirable level. There was no significant relationship between nursing learning styles and evidence-based performance (p = 0.926). Nurses have different learning styles. The development of Effective educational methods adapted to the learning style will help increasing their evidence-based performance by increase nursing awareness. Principled and systematic training to raise awareness and improve attitudes toward evidence-based performance and Nursing education also seems to be essential in terms of the concepts of evidence-based practice, scientific and workshop training, and the creation of facilities.

The implementation of the health care reform plan and the increase in workload on the same number of nurses can undoubtedly lead to dissatisfaction and Followed by job burnout and Leaving nurses Job. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of comparing the desire to quit serving, burnout and job satisfaction of nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences before and after the implementation of health system development plan.
This Descriptive-comparative study was performed on 362 nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 1395. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire that included demographic characteristics, Spector's Job Satisfaction Questionnaire, Maslach Job Burnout, and need desire to quit serving.
The job satisfaction of nurses before and after the implementation of the plan (3.12.3917) and (2.98.3279), burnout (4.62.765) and (4.61.8374) And the desire to quit serving of nurses (3.26.141) & (2.778.252). The results of paired t-test showed a significant difference in job satisfaction and desire to quit serving of nurses before and after the implementation of the plan (p=0.0001). The Paired t-test did not show a significant difference in burnout before and after the implementation of the plan (p = 0.848).
The results indicate that after implementing the health system reform plan, job satisfaction of nurses decreased, the desire to quit serving nurses has increased and nursing job burnout has been fixed.

This study was performed to evaluate the rate of abnormality in the ERG test (electroretinogram test) in the cyclosporine users referred to the Basir Clinic during 2015-2016.
In this case- control study, 50 patients who had been prescribed cyclosporine referred to the Basir Clinic during 2015-2016 were studied. Results of ERG test, including voltage and the delayed phase, were determined and were compared to the findings of the control group.
The mean (±standard deviation) of the recorded voltages in the ERG in the experimental group and control group were 117.1±14.9 microvolt and 116.2±14.3 microvolt, respectively (P=0.82). The mean (± standard deviation) of recorded delayed phase in the ERG in the experimental group was 44.33±2.24 microsecond, compared to 43.42±2.11 microsecond in the control group (P=0.14).
According to the acquired results of this study, generally it is inferred that using cyclosporine do not significantly change the result of electroretinogram (ERG).

Considering widely administration of methylphenidate and also its immunosuppressive effects on different organs, importance of related microscopic studies is obvious.
Determining histological effects of methylphenidate on adrenal glands and lymphatic organs in mice.
A total number of 30 adult male Balb/C mice were provided, weighed and divided into one control and two experimental groups. The control group received water by gavages once a day, for 40 days. The experimental groups were orally administered MPH hydrochloride (2mg/kg and 10mg/kg body weight,) respectively. Animals were anesthetized and blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture for analysis of blood cells. Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and adrenal glands were removed and processed for microscopic studies through hematoxylin and eosin staining. Spleen samples were processed for plasma cell count and staining (label antibody CD138*). The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and p

Ever-increasing development of quality-oriented and customer orientation in health services, through continuous feedback of patients expectations and continual recovery of service presentation, is possible. Patient satisfaction can impact on compliance with suggested treatment and therefore impact on health outcomes.
this correlation-descriptive study of 405 bedridden patients was done at 3 hospitals that are depending to Tehran medical sciences Islamic Azad University that were selected according to the available sampling. Information collecting tools was a questionnaire including of two parts demographic and questions measuring service quality (SERVQUAL).
The highest quality of hospital service in the perceptions of the reliability dimension was with 17.5 averages and the lowest percentage was related to tangibility dimension with the average of 12.84. The highest average of hospital services quality in the expectation part was related to Empathy dimension with the average of 21.12 and the lowest percentage was related to tangibility dimension with the average of 17.23. The gap between patients’ perceptions and expectations at hospitals depending to Tehran medical sciences Islamic Azad University equal to -19.9 units. The lowest gap with -2.52 unit related to service Assurance dimension and the most gap with -4.6 units related to Empathy expectations.
For promotion of treatment health service quality, it’s necessary to establish a balance between services presenting and patient expectations. Suitable quality control is was to decrease of quality gap.

Services quality is a distinctive factor and the most powerful competitive weapon where most of servicing organizations have in their properties. Offering services improvement causes productivity, costs reduction and so increasing patients’ satisfactory.
This correlation description study performed on 405 in-patients of 3 hospitals related to Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, in 2015. They were chosen by available sampling. Information gathering was performed by a questionnaire, including 3 parts of demographic specifications, patients’ satisfaction questions and services quality evaluation (SERVQUAL).
there was significant relation between patients’ satisfaction and hospital services quality on the basis of SERVQUAL model (p Customer satisfaction is owed to services quality. Services quality analysis makes hospital management system to be able to assign financial resources for performance improvement in fields that are more effective on customer comprehension of services quality.

One of the most critical choices of students is to choose a university major. Lack of knowledge, towards the major causes a mismatch between the career prospects and their needs and expectations. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the knowledge of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch students to their educational major at the time of ثntrance to university. This descriptive study was conducted on 501 medical and non-medical fisherman students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, whom were selected by relative stratified random sampling technique. Data gathering tool was a questionnaire which consisted of two sections, including demographic information and questions to measure students’ knowledge. The mean and standard diversion of students’ knowledge was 5. 48 and 3. 60, respectively. Students’ knowledge was high in 30. 3%, moderate in 40. 5% and low in 29. 1%. The study showed that the increase in educational levels directly correlate with the knowledge. This means that with an increase in educational levels, the knowledge increases. The highest rank of knowledge, based on the educational levels, was related to professional doctoral degree with mean rating of 342. 17, and the least knowledge was related to the Bachelor's degree mean rate of 136. 32. The findings indicated that most of students had moderate knowledge about their major at arrival to college. Therefore, it is suggested that the students have consultation about their major by schools, media, families, and… in order the students know more about their majors before entering university.

Keratoconus is a relatively common disease of cornea in which structural changes within the cornea cause it to thin and change to a conical shape and scar at the central portion of cornea. So far, few methods and drug treatments were introduced due to both lack of accepted animal models to induce experimental keratoconus and limitation of research in human considering ethical issues. In the present study, keratoconus were produced experimentally in mice focusing on collagen regarding histopathological mechanisms. In this study, collagenase (1, 3 and 6 mg/ml) were injected into the cornea of male mice. Both macroscopic and microscopic evaluations were performed in short periods of one, three and five days after injection. In macroscopic observations, eyes were graded according to the intensity of keratoconus. Microscopic observations consisted of cornea layers evaluations, presence of inflammation, changes of the cornea thickness, epithelium thickness and collagen and stroma changes. Most cornea damage and changes to more conical shape were observed by 6 mg/ml of collagenase. In fact, collagenase at 3 and 6 mg/ml caused deformity and opacity of cornea, dose dependently in a manner that severe damage to collagen fiber, thinness of cornea and epithelium and cornea rupture, in some cases, were observed at high dose of collagenase.

To evaluate the etiology of cataract and prevalence and correlation of risk factors with various types of cataract. Among the patients who underwent cataract surgery in Labafinejad Hospital in 2004, 400 patients were chosen by a systemic sampling method. Information were collected from the patient's records and recorded in a check list. Senile and congenital types of cataract were the most prevalent in the sample. There was a correlation between age, mean age, sex, type of involvement and type of cataract. Among systemic diseases, hypertension was the most common (35.5%), followed by diabetes mellitus (22%). In slit lamp examination, of congenital cases, the most common opacity was lamellar type and in other types of cataract, mixed opacity was the most common type. In this study the proportion of male cases was greater than that reported in other studies. Meanwhile, 65.5% of the patients were under the age of 70, which shows the need for evaluation of the relatively low age of onset in Iran.

This study was performed to evaluate the myopia prevalence, myopia progression, and various potential myopia risk factors in medical students’ final year (Internship period) at Islamic Azad University, Tehran unit. In this cross-sectional study, 240 medical students were selected through simple random sampling. The students, who spend Internship course at the university hospitals in the first term of 1383, were asked to complete a questionnaire designed to assess the prevalence of myopia, myopia Progression, and possible risk factors. The first part of questionnaire was completed by all participants and the second part was completed only by myopias. Myopia was defined on a per student basis at the mean spherical equivalent of equal to or less than – 0.5 diopters (D) at the end of medical school. Myopia progression defined as the difference between current myopia and spherical equivalent at the beginning of medical school. Among 240 students, the prevalence of myopia was 22.1%, myopia and astigmatism 29.2%, astigmatism 12.1%, astigmatism and hyperopia %2/9, hyperopia 1.7%. The prevalence of total refractive errors was 67. 9% and the prevalence of myopia found to be 51.3%. The mean equivalent sphere for the myopic student was – 2.28 D and the mean myopia progression during medical school was – 0.75 D. Myopia increased in 78.8% during medical college. Among myopic student 10% become myopic after the beginning of medical School. The mean age of onset of myopia was at 16 years of age. There was significantly statistical association between myopia and female gender, age of onset, positive myopia family history, and reading distance. Prevalence of myopia in our study was higher than worldwide prevalence. It may demonstrate the role of academic education and generally the reading required works as a risk factor for myopia.

To assess the etiology, demography, surgical management and postoperative complications of ptosis in a referral ophthalmologic center.

We reviewed records of 233 ptosis patients managed at Labbafinejad Hospital during 1998-2003. Etiology, age, sex, laterality, family history, amblyopia, past medical history, margin reflex distance and levator function, type of surgery, and postoperative complications were evaluated.

The study included 117 female and 116 male subjects with mean age of 18.712.8 years. There was past ocular surgery in 85%, family history of ptosis in 3.4%, amblyopia in 19.2% and strabismus in 6.9%. Ptosis was unilateral in 85% and bilateral in 15% and was congenital in 79%.

The most prevalent type of ptosis is congenital therefore early detection and referral of affected children is necessary to prevent amblyopia.