فهرست مطالب فرهاد سلطانعلی نژاد

Backgroung & Buffalo has a special role in the economy of more than forty countries and theirs numbers and distributions is growing every year. The tympanic membrane is a thin membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear and this ossicle important in physiology and pathology. There is no anatomical and morphometrical research performed on this organ in buffalo. For this study 8 heads of  male and female buffalo were purchased from slaughterhouse and their tympanic membrane were studied anatomical and morphologically.  The anatomical results showed tympanic membrane was elliptical and white to pink white. Pars flaccida of tympanic membrane was small and triangle and in some cases was rectangle, in addition pars tensa of tympanic membrane was large and oval shape. The average measurement  of parameters showed the size of tympanic membrane in female is larger than male, and right side also was larger than left side. Statistical analysis Tukey showed these differences were not significant (p≤0/05).  The results of this research can be used as the basic knowledge in clinical research for buffalo.

The smallest bones in the body is located in the middle ear. It transmits air from the outer ear to the inner ear  and this ossicle important in physiology and pathology . There is no study performed on the histology of middle ear bones in the buffalo.

For this study, eight male and female buffalos heads were selected from the slaughterhouse. Then histological section was taken from the middle ear ossicles and histologically stained by haematoxylin-eosin staining. At the end the middle ear ossicles were studied histology  and the internal structure of the ossicels and joints between them was studied.

The histological results showed middle ear ossicles in buffalo was Compact bone and It has synovial joints.The joint between malleus bone and incus bone and The joint between incus bone and stapes bone had diarthrosis joint and a articular capsule covered the outside of the articular space. This articular capsule was thicker in the joint between the malleus bone and incus bone than the incus bone and stapes bone. Around the foot plate of the staped bone obseves annular ligament that connected the joints of the stapes bone to the ventral window.

The results of the present study can provide basic information for other researchers to physiology and pathology in this regard.

Buffalo is an economic animal in Livestock areas. Buffalo has two types: swamp buffalo and river buffalo. The tympanic membrane or ear drum  is a thin membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear. There is no histological and histochemical research performed on this organ in buffalo.

For this study 8 heads of  male and female buffalo were purchased from slaughterhouse and their tympanic membrane were studied histomorphometry , histological  and histochemically with H&E, Verhoff, PAS and MTC staining.

The result showed Tympanic membrane had three layers of Epithelial layer, connective tissue and mucosal layer. In Epithelial layer Epithelium was stratified squamous and in  mucosal layer epithelium  was simple squamous. Connective tissue wasvery thick and its collagen fibers types was arranged in radial and circular manner. The most types of connective cells were fibroblast. Collagen and elastic fibers were in both parts of tympanic membrane, but pars flaccida of tympanic membrane had more elastic fibers and in contrast it’s pars tensa of tympanic membrane had more collagen fibers. The highest density of collagen fiber observed in left tympanic membrane of female buffalo and lowest density of collagen fiber was in left tympanic membrane of male buffalo.

Overalls result showed tympanic membrane in buffalo had Similarities and differences with  ruminants and other animals.

Buffalo has a special role in the economy of more than forty countries and theirs numbers and distributions is growing every year. Tympanic bulla content middle ear. There is no anatomical and histological research performed on this organ in buffalo. For this study 16 adult male and female buffalo's head were provided from slaughter house and their tympanic bulla were studied comparative anatomical and histologically, then tissue samples were obtained and paraffin sections were prepared for using of staining method Haematoxylin and eosin. Anatomical results showed tympanic bulla in male and female buffalo’s was similar large, extended and elliptical . Bone wall was thin and fragile. Muscular process in tympanic bulla was unique and non- sharp. Ossicles and tympanic membrane tympanic were observed in depth of tympanic bulla. Histological results showed bones of tympanic bulla in male and female buffalo’s was trabecular bone. Epithelium of tympanic bulla was simple squamous epithelium in most parts. In the terminal part of tympanic bulla ( near to middle ear) epithelium was pseudostratified ciliated columnar. The average measurement of parameters showed the size of tympanic bulla ossicles in female is larger than male, and right side also was larger than left side. Statistical analysis Tuckey showed these differences were not significant (p≤0/05).

The middle ear ossicles have a fundamental role in the transmission of sound to the inner ear and therefore it will lead to sound understanding. There is no anatomical and morphometrical research performed on this organ in 91 to 117-day-old Makouei sheep fetuses. Morphological and morphometrical study of middle ear ossicles in Makouei sheep fetuses. For this study 8 sheep fetuses at the age of 91 to 117 days were collected from Urmia slaughter-house, then the heads were cut and the middle ear ossicles were obtained from the tympanic bulla and each of the ossicles were assessed anatomically by means of stereomicroscope.Then factors such as shape, dimensions and processes of each of the ossicles were measured. Anatomical results showed that the tympanic cavity contains three middle ear ossicles; respectively Malleus, Incus and Stapes. Rostral process of malleus wasn’t found but in the same place, there was a osseous lamina between the head and muscular process of the malleus that continues to the tympanic ring. Lenticular bone and muscular process of incus weren’t found. There was a distinctive surface at the junction of the head and caudal crus of stapes for the stapedius muscle insertion. In this study, anatomical findinges of ossicles are similar to the other animals but there are some differences in these fetuses that can be useful for study of evolution and creation process and diagnosis of anomalies. For statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test were used, and the value of P<0.05 was considered as the criterion for statistical significance.

The Eustachian tube is an osteocartilaginous channel connecting the tympanic cavity with the nasopharynx. There is no anatomical and histological research performed on this organ in buffalo.
Anatomical and histological study of Eustachian tube in buffalo will be useful for basic knowledge of this organ.
For this study 8 adult male and female buffalo's head were provided from slaughter house and their Eustachian tube were studied anatomically, then tissue samples were obtained and paraffin sections were prepared for using of staining methods such as H&E (for general study), Verhoff (for elastic fibers), PAS (for carbohydrates) and Masson's Trichrome Stainning Kit (for collagen fibers).
Anatomical results showed Eustachian tube was white and funnel- like tube, no curve and structurally supported by cartilage and in both sexes they had the same structure. Histological and Histochemical results showed the epithelium of Eustachian tube in buffalo is pseudostratified ciliated columnar and in some regions of the Eustachian tube epithelium was stratified squamous. In the first portion of Eustachian tube cartilage was elastic and then eustachian tube cartilage was hyaline. The glands of Eustachian tube in buffalo were mucous and non folicular tubal tonsil could be found around the pharyngeal opening with obviously lymphoid tissue.
. The results of this research can be used as the basic anatomical and Histological knowledge in buffalo.

After discovery of the harmful effects of antibiotics on health of poultry flocks and humans efforts in using alternative materials increased. Some of the most appropriate materials known and used are prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in Histomorphometry parameters of jejunum, as the main location of food absorption, in the Japanese quail. The effect of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in jejunum was studied using a 2×4 factorial experiment with two levels of protein (recommended and 10% less than requirements) and four treatments of additives (without additives, probiotic Gallipro, prebiotic Technomos and a mixture of them in a completely randomized design with eight treatments and four replicates and 25 birds per replicate). Results indicated a significant increase in villus height:crypt depth ratio in groups nourished with protein deficiency (P

Effect of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic in protein-deficient diets on performance and intestinal histomorphometry were investigated in a 2 × 4 factorial experiment. The treatments were arranged in two levels of protein (recommended and 10 percent less than requirements), and four types of additives (without additives, probiotics Gallipro, prebiotic Technomos and a mixture of them) in a completely randomized design with eight treatments and four replicates and 25 birds per each. Birds fed on low protein diet had more feed intake and feed conversion ratio (P

Peripheral arterial disease is the result of obstruction of blood circulation. Mast cells and platelets via induction of angiogenesis may cause the enhancement of amelioration local ischemia. The aim of this study was help to find an appropriate approach to recovery of ischemic condition in the restricted femoral artery localization.
30 male white Wistar rats were divided into 6 ischemic experimental groups (n=5), randomly: Ischemia control group: the femoral artery was transected‚ Phosphate buffer control solution (PBS) group: the transected location was immersed with PBS, Chitosan control group (CHIT): the transected location was immersed with chitosan solution, Mast cell transplanted experimental group (CHIT/Mast cells): the transected location was immersed with chitosan and mast cells (1× 106). Platelets transplanted experimental group (CHIT/plat): the transected location was immersed with chitosan and platelets (13×106). Platelets and mast cells transplanted experimental group (CHIT/plat/Mast cells): the transected location was immersed with chitosan, 13×106 platelets and mast cells (1×106).
Analyses of capillary density and histomorphometrical analysis were performed on day 7 after surgery. Mean number of blood vessels in CHIT/Mast cells group indicated a significant difference compared to other experimental groups (PMast cells using in tissue engineering could offer a new approach for therapeutic angiogenesis which is able to provide improved neovascularization in cases of peripheral arterial diseases.

Background and Oxidative stress induced by cyclophosphamide (CP)، a chemotherapeutic agent، causes vulnerability of sperm and declining the fertility power. Then in this study the effect of crocin (saffron extract) on amelioration of these side effects was investigated. In this study 24 adult male mice were divided in three groups (n 8). Control group received normal saline (0. 2 ml/day، IP)، CP group received cyclophosphamide (15 mg/kg/week، IP)، and CP+Cr group received crocin (200 mg/kg/day، IP) along with CP for 35 days. Then the animals were euthanized and malondialdehyde (MDA) in testis was assayed. After collection of sperm from caudate of epididymis، the rate of DNA damage was calculated by acridine orange staining. After stimulation of ovulation in 72 female adult mice، oocytes were collected and transferred in HTF medium that contained BSA. Then، in-vitro fertilization (IVF) was done with capacitated sperms. The rate of fertilization and primitive embryonic growth were evaluated for 120 hours. The results showed increase in fertilization، two cell embryos and blastocysts in CP+Cr group compared to those of the CP group (P<0. 05). Also، the crocin in CP+Cr group prevented the increase of total number of arrested embryos and percentage of arrested embryos type I، II، and III (P<0. 05). Decrease in MDA assay and sperms with damaged DNA were observed more in CP+Cr group (P<0. 05). This study showed the efficiency of crocin in amelioration of fertility and growth of primitive embryo in animals that received CP.

The side effect of cyclophosphamide is to reduce fertility or even sterility in men treated with these medications. This study was performed to improve these side effects. In the present experimental study, 15 male mice (20-25 g) were divided into three groups. The control group was treated with 0.1cc of saline daily. The sham group received 15 mg/kg cyclophosphamide once a week and the experimental group was treated with 200 mg/kg Crocin intraperitoneally along with cyclophosphamide. Five weeks after injection total antioxidant capacity of serum was measured. The testes were studied for histological and morphometric parameters. The collected data was analyzed by ANOVA. Histomorphometrical study indicated that epithelial thickness, diameter of seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells of experimental group was significantly greater than sham controls (p<0.05). Mean distribution of mast cells in the sham group compared to the experimental group showed a significant increase (p<0.05). Additionally, positive PAS reaction, alkaline phosphatase and vegetable fat in the cytoplasm of Leydig cells of sham control were observed, whereas in the other groups not seen. In addition, total antioxidant capacity of sham group decreased significantly compared to the control and experimental groups with the sham control and experimental groups ((p<0.05). in general Crocin could significantly prevent the side effects of cyclophosphamide therapy.

Ovary and ovarian bursa of twelve female reproductive organ، six samples from each immature and mature buffaloes were collected from slaughterhouse. All samples were transferred to anatomy department of veterinary college، and they studied morphologically and morphometrically، length، wide، and thickness of ovaries، deep and wide of opening of ovarian bursa were measured. Additionally، dimension of corpus luteum and weight of ovaries along with corpus luteum were measured. This study revealed that ovaries in buffaloes are oval shape and it is briefly flattened in two sides، and surfaces of ovaries were smooth and shinny، and corpus luteum has meaty appearance too. Dimension of right ovaries without corpus luteum were more than the left ovaries. Dimension and weight of corpus luteum on the right ovaries were more than the left ovaries. Deep and wide of the right ovarian bursa was more than the left ovarian bursa، and in overall، dimension of ovarian bursa was larger than the ovaries. Difference of dimension and weight of ovaries in immature and mature buffaloes were high significant (P<0. 01)، and in overall، dimension of ovaries in immature buffaloes were 1. 54 cm length، 0. 87 cm wide، 0. 67 cm thickness، and in mature buffaloes were 2. 08 cm length، 1. 31 cm wide، 1. 07cm thickness، and weight of the ovaries in immature buffaloes were 1. 25gr، and in adult buffaloes were 3. 24gr.

To determine gastrointestinal parasites of pet dogs of Urmia this study was carried out in a peroid of 14 months form April 2005 to June 2006. Two hundered and six fecal samples i. e; 169 and 37 samples from male and female dogs respectively، were collected from small animal’s clinics of Urmia city. The dogs were studeied in two age groups of ≤ 6 months and >6 months included number of 60 and 146 respectively. The results indicated that 71 (34. 46%) of the specimens have been infected at least by one parasite. The parasites were identified as follows: Giardia and Cryptosporidium 6 (2. 6%)، Hook worm and Toxacara spp 6 (2. 91%) and Hook worm، Toxacara spp، Isospora spp 27 (13. 1%)، 20 (9. 7%) and 3 (1. 45%)، respectively. In this survey 2 (0. 97%) were infected to cestoda. Majority of the dog owners (82. 2%) were not found to be aware of the potential risk of canine parasites to human health and their knowledge were found unsatisfactory.

This study was conducted to evaluate the morphological and morphometrical pattern ofuterus and uterine ligaments in immature and adult Azarbayjanii river buffalos. To follow- up the current study, 12 nonpregnant and apparently healthy samples were prepared from the slaughterhouse (6 samples for each immature and adult buffalos). In this study, mean length and thickness of uterine ligaments, diameter and length of uterine body and uterine horns from internal and external bifurcation to the tip, and mean thickness of uterine wall, were measured. Morphometrical studies of caruncles were accomplished by measurement of length, width and height of these organs in uterus body, and also at the first, middle and tip regions of the uterine horns. Almost in all cases, differences between two age groups were significant (P<0.05). The results of this study revealed that middle uterine artery is the major source of blood supply to the uterus.

To investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in horses, a total of 221 faecal specimens were collected from 18 villages of Urmia, northwestern Iran. The samples were studied microscopically by modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining. The cryptosporidial infection was found in the collected samples from 11 of 18 villages. Although the prevalence of the infection was 15.8%, none of the infected horses appeared clinically ill.