فروغ خزاعی نژاد

Never before has humanity faced such an accumulation of multiple crises in cities. Therefore, it seems necessary to pay special attention to cities in general and the concept of urban livability in particular in the world and in Iran.

The present research was compiled with the aim of identifying the driving forces affecting urban livability.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and hybrid in terms of method. In order to collect information, library and field methods (questionnaire of experts) have been used. Regarding the identification of influential drivers, 20 experts in urban livability were selected as samples. In this research, six economic, social, environmental, service and infrastructural, urban and historical management dimensions were examined in the form of 24 variables. Data analysis has been done using the interaction analysis method in Micmac software.

Studied Areas:

 In this research, the central part of Bojnord city, the capital of North Khorasan province, has been selected as a study sample.

Paying attention to the drivers of livability and additional studies and investigations in this important role in improving and promoting urban livability in the current state of the city and improving the performance and conditions of the central living area of Bojnord not only at the present time but also in the future will also have. Based on the research, the variables of transportation facilities, favorable access, historical signs and symbols, residents' sufficient income, preservation of historical signs and symbols, management of dilapidated structures and variety of job opportunities have the most influence and the least dependency.

According to the results obtained in the field of livability drivers of the central part of Bojnord city, investment and study and research in public transportation facilities and improving the performance of urban sidewalks can play a significant role in improving the livability of this part.

The livable city is one of the new and effective concepts in the current urban systems that has found a significant place due to its important and fundamental role in the evolution of the ideas and ideals of the contemporary society. Due to the importance of improving living conditions in the central part of cities on one hand and the importance of quality instead of sole focusing on quantity on the other hand, the purpose of the present work is to examine the mediating role of identity in the relationship between the livability of the central part of Bojnourd and some of its key and selected indicators. The theoretical foundations of this study were collected using a library study and the required data for analysis were collected using a questionnaire completed by 384 residents of the central part of the city. To meet the goals of the study, SPSS and Smart PLS software were used to prepare and process the data. The findings of the study indicate the significant role of the variable of identity and sense of belonging as a mediator on other indicators studied in this study, namely social participation, security and education in the viability of the central part of Bojnourd. Therefore, the variables of identity and sense of place belonging are not only an effective factors on the livability of a place but also they play a significant role in the impact of other factors and variables, which adds to the importance of the identity and sense of place belonging in livability studies. Thus, giving special attention to these concepts has a crucial role in improving urban livability.

Never before has mankind faced such an accumulation of multiple crises in cities. Therefore, special attention to cities in general and urban prosperity in particular in the world and Iran seems necessary. The present study was done to identify the driving forces affecting urban prosperity. For this purpose, Bojnord city, the capital of North Khorasan province, was selected as sample. This research is applied in terms of purpose and combined in terms of method. Library and field methods (expert questionnaire) were used to collect information. Regarding the identification of effective driving forces, 20 experts in urban flourishing were selected as participants. The indicators were examined according to the UN CPI program in six areas (productivity, infrastructure development, quality of life, justice and social participation, environmental sustainability, and urban governance and legislation) forming 25 variables. Data analysis was performed using the interaction analysis method in Micmac Software. The results showed that the variable of information and communication technology have most impact and the least dependence. Furthermore, economic power, economic status, employment status, housing infrastructure, social infrastructure, health and health infrastructure, public space, safety and security, economic equality, social status, waste management technology, sustainable energy technology, status and ability to manage the city and the geographical location of the city have the most impact.

A new urbanism theory has emerged in recent decades in response to numerous urban problems of the twentieth century, with the goal of creating vibrant, compact, diverse and desirable cities in terms of work, walking, life, and transportation options. In view of the widespread acceptance of this theory among the Iranian researchers, the aim of this study is to assess the sustainability of organic and planned neighborhoods in Mashhad based on the spatial-physical indexes of new urbanism. In this regard, two neighborhoods, Rah Ahan (organic neighborhood) and the second phase of Rezashahr (planned neighborhood) were selected. This research method is descriptive- analytical and the mixed model of AHP and GIS has been used to assess the stability of two neighborhoods. Accordingly, the Sustainability Measurement Model was used as a hierarchy in the form of 7 physical-space indicators (type of road, pedestrian width, land use, area of lots, access to the center of the neighborhood, number of floors and access to public transport) . Tthe research results show that in Rezashhar, 68.43% of neighborhood area has moderate to high stability and 31.57%  of the total of the neighborhood area is the lack of stability, and in Rah Ahan, 70.84%  of the total of the neighborhood has moderate to high stability and 29.16% of the total of the neighborhood is lack of stability. Therefore, according to the spatial indicators of the new urbanism, the neighborhood of Reza Shahr is more unsustainable than the old neighborhood of Rah Ahan. Therefore, this study shows the richness of traditional Iranian urbanization and the superiority of old neighborhoods. So, it can be said that traditional and organic urbanization is a more appropriate basis for applying the new urbanism approach and this approach can be used in the form of urban regeneration.

The purpose of this research is to study the comfort conditions and determine the best measures for design and architecture compatible with the climate in Yazd. In this regard, the climatic data of Yazd city has been used in EPW format during the period (1981-2017). The results of the study of temperature and relative humidity also showed that temperatures of more than 38 ° C are visible in June and July. This suggests the need for a shadow in the architecture of the climate. In July, the discomfort conditions prevail over the entire day. From June to October (midday to midnight), midnight hours due to low humidity (38%) and high temperatures, conditions of discomfort and drought are very visible. The highest humidity is in the cold months of the year. In the wind hours of February to May (February to April), there is a discomfort. Also, according to the overall radiation pattern at different hours of the day, it was also shown that 25% of the daylight hours is very high and non-comfort, and 8% are in comfort conditions, which is more related to the cold weather of the year and the early hours And the end of the day. In general, due to the climate of Yazd city and the results of analysis, 20 strategies for architectural design have been used.
In general, due to the climate of Yazd city and the results of analysis, 20 strategies for architectural design have been used.

Increasing growth of urban development and decrease in the quality of living conditions in cities on one hand and replacing quality approaches instead of paying attention to the quantity standards on the other hand has led to raising issues such as urban livability which can be discussed in different aspects , areas and scales. Unlike the regular way of studies in the field of livability seeing it as the status of a place , the idea of the present research is livability as a subordinate phenomenon caused by the nature of the factors forming the developments of urbanism and urban life. Hence, considering the location under study )District 12 ( , identifying the livability of central district Tehran is subject to recognizing the factors and processes of development in Tehran's urban system and the transformations in the central district of this. The finding of this research that is based on library and field study ( filling out questionnaire in snowball sampling method from elite academic lecturers and the selected experts of municipality) and Freedman test for testing the rate of effects of the questions shows that macro factors such as extending the capitalism relations, oil-based economy , industry orientation , modernism , decisions, rules and urban plans, demographic transformations and environmental factors are the most important factors affecting urban developments in Tehran and following it, the condition of livability in district 12. Hence, the condition of livability of a place can be attributed to some factors beyond minor local factors.

A city is a dynamic, alive and vibrant entity, rooted in history and nature. The starting point of every city, is the central and historical core, in which the body of the city gradually develops. However, since the beginning of the 20th century, in many cities of the world, the rapid growth of urban constituents in new regions and suburbs has been at the cost of the downfall and decline of their central part. This situation in the central part of the cities has caused physical burnout, decline and then the deterioration of the structure of the neighborhood structure, the migration of the indigenous and original population. This has consequently resulted in the drop of the central urban segment, the drop of environmental quality, inefficiency of urban infrastructures and degradation of social life that has led to the spread of urban instability in the central parts of the cities. All these conditions have caused urban livability as a subset of sustainability which directly affects the physical, socioeconomic and psychological aspects of people's lives and includes a collection of environmental acquisition features making it a desirable and attractive place to live, work and visit for everyone to attract the attention of the urbanists and urban planners within the discourse of sustainability and ecological outlook during the last decades. The present paper has been done with the aim of identifying the status of the livability of the neighborhoods of district 12 Tehran with emphasis on the residents in District 12 and involves the primary and historical cores and old textures of Tehran. This region had a population more than 244000 people in 2015 living in 6 regions and 13 neighborhoods. A number of 383 households were selected as sample dividing by the neighborhood using Cochran formula. They were then questioned by Spatial Cluster method and simple random method in the next stage. The pattern governing the study is “ Evaluating-comparative.” The present study covers six aspects of the urban economy, social, environmental, servicing and infrastructural, urban management and historical within 20 parameters and 94 items. T-Test, ANOVA, TUKEY HSD tests have been used to analyze the findings, and GIS software and its lateral accessories have been used to recognize the spatial pattern of distribution of the dimensions under discussion throughout the district and neighborhoods. The reason for using the interpolation method in the present research is that a total of 383 questionnaires were distributed in the area among the resident citizens. Therefore, as all residential units and citizens had not been questioned, an interpolation method was used, which means determining the value of unknown points by the known points. In the first step of studying livability, based on the six aspects, T-test single sample was used. Comparing the averages observed in in the aspects with expected averages, showed a significant negative difference in economic, urban management, environment and historical aspects. ANOVA Test and the findings of Post-Hoc ANOVA Test (Tukey HSD) proved that not only there is a significant difference between the status of livability in different neighborhoods of district 12 Tehran, but also this difference between different neighborhoods is to the degree that they can be classified as the worst to the best and neighborhoods with a similar condition can be placed in one category. Based on the findings of this test, Pamenar, Shahid Harandi, Baharestan, Ferdowsi, bazar and Imamzadeh Yahya were placed in one category with undesired condition and |Darvazeh Shemiran, Kosar and Takhti were placed in a homogenous rather desirable condition category and the neighborhoods Iran, Abshar, Sanglaj, and Ghiam were placed in a favored category as compared with standard 282 for livability. Studies in terms of space and preparing the plans resulted by interpolating the points being studied in the region also conform the findings of the tests. The findings showed that in terms of the six aspects of urban livability, only the aspect of “services and infrastructures” and the “Social” aspect are higher than average and the other four aspects are lower than the average. This study also showed that the spatial pattern of the distribution of livability aspects of district 12 is in Northern- Southern direction. This means that the aspects of livability in the Northern neighborhoods have a better condition as compared to the southern neighborhoods and the neighborhoods with lower livability have been distributed in the southern parts. Furthermore, in the composition and conclusion of the set of aspects studied, the neighborhoods of the region have different situations and conditions. As Sanglaj neighborhood and parts of Pamenar neighborhood (which are located in the east of the region and beyond the power and dominance of the Bazar Bozorg Tehran and government organizations and institutions), in the best situation have the widest possible favorable conditions for livability and the districts Kosar and Shahid Harandi has the most consistent and significant density of undesirable conditions. Generally, based on the parameters of livability considered in this paper, the district 12 and its neighborhoods have a low level and only Sanglaj neighborhood located in the western half of the district is in a rather desirable condition. Therefore, we can say that this district in the central region of Tehran has lost lots of its capacities and capabilities through its historical transformations. Hence, continuing the urban life and livability as the center of this metropolitan requires plans with livability approach adapting with modern urban functions in the scale of Tehran metropolitan.

Today cities are the main place of work and life of the majority of human. More than 50% of 6 billion people in the world live in cities. Hence, paying attention to the quality of life ,conditions ,facilities and needs of the urban inhabitants is a vital issue. Considering numerous problems of the cities, a variety of approaches have been proposed in order to promote and improve the conditions of life in cities of which urban livability is one of the most recent. Nowadays, in most developed countries , livability has been developed and considered as a guiding principle within the framework of discourse of sustainability in urban planning and policies .This paper ,while introducing livability as the dominant approach in urban planning in the contemporary world, analyzes the theoretical origin, affecting views and its theoretical-practical literature .This research is fundamental-theoretical in respect of the objective and the data have been provided in library-documentary method . The findings of papers indicate that considering today’s conditions of most cities of the world, there is a general agreement concerning significance and necessity of recognition, analysis and defining urban livability in different aspects .However, there is no collective agreement on its definition, principles, parameters and indices. The main reason for difference in this case can be in the direct reliance of this concept on local and time conditions and beyond all, the social, economic and managerial ground of the target community.

Industrial Revolution and its outcomes caused fast growth of cities and urbanization. Population and industries and overconcentration (especially metropolitans and big cities) and low quality of life on one hand and the limitations of horizontal growth on the other hand, put the strategy of building new towns as the agenda of the governments aiming to absorb population overflow and removing concentration from the metropolitans. Building new towns in Iran has begun since 1980s as a basic solution in the country's system of urbanism. Now with more than two decades of new towns activity, assessment of their Performance seems necessary. For this goal Andishe new town with population of 75596, the most populated new town within other new towns around Tehran-the country's biggest metropolitan is studied. In this research the data of Statistical Centre of Iran interviews with the authorities of New Towns Construction Company, field studies and questionnaires were used. SPSS software was used for data analysis. The findings show that Andishe new town has been successful in absorbing population overflow, gaining the inhabitants satisfaction and providing jobs.

Tehran's urban complex is a geographical area which is created by the functional correlation and interaction of activities and residence in some cities and population community, in a way to form an integrated spatial system. Tehran urban complex is one the most important and largest urban areas of our country with a population of over 13422367 individuals.Our aim in this paper is to study the changes of population settlement pattern in Tehran urban complex and its some effective factors during the last three decades (1976-2006) from the view point of authors. Analytical- descriptive method has been used in this paper.The results of this study show that population settlement in Tehran urban complex during the three decades of under study has been more in other urban points and villages than in metropolis of Tehran.

IntroductionUrbanization Development in Iran and in the world, has caused growing critical problems, and has made it necessary to have a review on urban planning in our country. Spatial distribution of cities and population and their control and guide have not made within a comprehensive national plan, and problems rising from quick urban growth have become complicated.Before 1921, Iran enjoyed a reasonable system of urbanization and urban development. It continued to be a homogenous one up to 1956 in which no city was superior to the other. But since late 1950s, with rural population invasion to cities, and increasing urban population, the country's current problems gradually emerged. One of the most evident instances of immigration in Iran is physical and spatial instances. It appeares in the form of settlement in slums, which will eventually accelerate urbanization and physical growth of big cities and particularly metropolitans.Therefore, since 1981, the government has started establishing new towns, aiming to absorb population overflow, reducing economic load of metropolitans, preventing big cities to extend irregularity, local extension, optimal population distribution and so on. In this regard, 32 cities were located and 17 town were performed. Four towns of Andisheh, Pardis, Parand, and Hashtgerd were located and built near the largest metropolitan in Iran, Tehran. Building new towns, as a basic solution in the country's urbanization system began in 1981 and it still continues. Now, after more than decades of the activity of these towns, it seems necessary to investigate the reasons for population growth of some towns compared to others. As the most populated new towns around Tehran, Andisheh town was studied. MethodologyThis research was based on library studies and fieldwork. First the necessity of establishing new towns in the country was emphasized, having studied related texts and references. Then considering theoretical principles, a conceptual model for developing new satellite towns was compiled. Then data was collected through filling questionnaire and field study and official statistics. SPSS software was used for analyzing collected data and statistics. The research location is Andisheh new town which is located in 30 Km Southwest and constructed for settlement of Tehran population overflow. Kucheran Formula is used for volume calculation with 95% accuracy. Sampling is done randomly.Results and Discussion In order to study the first supposition on Andisheh new town resident's dependency to Tehran, the working place of residents were studied. Six choices were offered to the interviewees: Tehran Metropolitan, Andisheh new town, Karaj Road, Shahriar & Suburb, Karaj and others. The studies showed that 48% of the samples are working in Tehran. In other words, the employment of about half of the studied population is dependent to Tehran metropolitan and only 25%of the residents are working in Andisheh new town. Then the vehicle used for going to work was studied. The results show that 38% of people were commuting to work on their private cars, 20% by booking cars, 17% by bus, 17% by taxi, 7% on foot and 1% by underground train. Thus we can say that daily commute of about 48% of Andisheh new town adds to Tehran metropolitan traffic, crowd and pollution. In order to study the manner of providing services and facilities for Andisheh new town residents, the needs were put into four groups. Medical and health, Financial & Administrative, recreation & free time and shopping. The studies showed that about half of the population, that is 55% of the total households were going to Tehran to fulfill their demands, 12% to Shariyar and 8% to Karaj. Only 25% of the studied population meets the questioned demands in Andisheh new town. Shortage of urban facilities is among the most significant reasons related to this issue. Thus in fulfilling occupational self-efficiency and providing urban services, this new town has not been so successful. Shortage of shopping centers compared to Tehran producing centers, shortage of variety and most important of all, approaching to Tehran are among the most influential factors in this regard. Because of shortage of recreational facilities for spending free time, most residents prefer to travel to Tehran. Considering the population, Andisheh New Town municipality has not been able to provide considerable services. The same is true for medical and health services. In this regard, people commutes to Tehran metropolitan were studied. Among 321studied families, 88% commuted to Tehran, 6% said they never go to Tehran and 6.5% chose Seldom. 44% chose 1-2 times per month, 26 % 1-2 times per week and 13% chose "Seldom", 7 % chose "Everyday ", 4% chose 3-5 times per week and finally 2% 3-5 times per week commute to Tehran. Based on the studies, another factor affecting population absorption in Andisheh New Town is the difference in land and housing price between this new town and Tehran. The studies show that the rate of land, housing and rental price in Tehran metropolitan is very high and it continues to increase each year. This makes it so hard for a large number of residents to provide housing. Thus a large number of people including immigrants and newcomers or even Tehran residents are looking for a new place for residence. So they can have a cheaper housing as they get benefit from metropolitan job market. Thus it should be said that the distance to Tehran metropolitan and the difference in land and housing prices between Tehran and Andisheh new town are among the most effective factors influencing population absorption to this new town. The purpose for building these towns was to offer cheap housing as well as occupational and servicing self-efficiency, so that it does not encourage people to commute to Tehran.ConclusionThe studies showed that as the goal of self-efficiency becomes less important in new satellite towns, and as they are not capable of providing different demands of residents, the new towns are continuously dependent on and in close relation with metropolitans. Since Tehran new towns are not sufficiently independent in occupational and servicing self-efficiency and are constantly dependent to Tehran metropolitan for job market and providing resident's demands, and since costs of transportation has an important role, a new satellite town which is located in a less distance from metropolitan would be more successful in absorbing population. The studies showed that the working place of 48%of the residents is Tehran.55% of households go to Tehran to meet the studied demands. Thus the first supposition of the research is proved. Considering the results gained on the reason for residence and comparing housing price in Tehran and Andisheh new town and the superiority of owners to tenants, the second supposition is also proved.Therefore the effective factors on Andisheh new town population growth can be summarized as follows. Andisheh new town nearness to Tehran metropolitan, the difference in housing and land prices in Tehran and Andisheh new town and access to job markets of the metropolitan. Thus Andisheh new town which is in the same direction of Tehran development and in a near distance to the metropolitan has faced more population growth.