فریال طالقانی

Periodontal disease (PD) is considered as a risk factor for preterm labor and adverse effects of pregnancy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of pregnant mothers about PD and its relationship with adverse pregnancy outcomes.

This cross-sectional study was carried out in Tehran, 2018. 240 pregnant women who referred to the health centers of different areas of Tehran were randomly assigned to study. Knowledge of women about PD and its causes and their relationship with adverse pregnancy outcomes, along with demographic data were evaluated using a researcher-made questionnaire. P<0.05 was considered as significant.

The mean age of the participants was 28.16 ± 5.3 years. In general, the mean knowledge scores of pregnant women about the causes of PD were 2.53 ± 1.22 out of 6 (42.1%), the mean knowledge of pregnant women about the relationship between PD and adverse effects of pregnancy was 0.84±0.72 out of 2 (42%) and the mean score of attitudes was 1. 57 ± 0.84 out of 3 (52.3%). There was a positive relationship between mothers' education and medical sciences and their knowledge and attitude.

According to the results of this study, the knowledge and attitude of pregnant mothers regarding the relationship between PD and adverse pregnancy outcomes is not desirable, therefore it is suggested that oral hygiene and the relationship between oral and dental diseases with adverse pregnancy outcomes to be trained.

Nanosilver particles have the potential to serve as bactericidal agent because of the antimicrobial influences of silver ion. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of nanosilver against two dental plaque microorganisms, namely Streptococcus mutans (Sm) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa).

Initially, growth inhibition zone test was performed in brain heart infusion agar medium using Cup-plate method. Subsequently, microdilution method was utilized to determine the Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC). Furthermore, the kinetics of bacterial death was assessed by the Time-Kill Test in different time points (i.e., 30, 60, and 120 sec, as well as 5 min). In addition, the effect of these microorganisms was investigated on the formation of the bacterial biofilms using the tissue Culture Plate Method (TCP).

The results of the t-test indicated that chlorhexidine (120 μg/ml) and nanosilver (200 μg/ml) had the same antimicrobial effect on S m, whereas chlorhexidine was more effective against Aa (P<0.0001). The MIC and MBC of silver nanoparticles were 3.90 and 3.90 μg/ml for Sm and 6.5 and 13.01 μg/ml for Aa. The kinetics of bacterial death evaluation demonstrated that in both tested bacteria, the antimicrobial agents were able to reduce microorganism populations regarding 6 algorithmic cycles significantly after 30 sec of the contact with the antibacterial agent. The t-test statistical analysis showed no significant difference between nanosilver and chlorhexidine groups regarding the biofilm decreasing percentage for Sm and Aa (P>0.05).

Nanosilver had rapid and significant antibacterial effects against dental plaque microorganisms. It is also very effective in inhibiting biofilm formation in two bacterial species in in vitro condition.

Oral health is an essential component of overall health for all adolescences. The improvement of requires proper training methods to improve knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to its population. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two methods (by the electronic education method and by dental training models) in improving adolescences’ knowledge, attitude, practice of dental hygiene, and decrease dental plaque and gingival index.
This study was a quasi-experimental performed on 120 primary school students in Tehran. The subjects were randomly selected and were divided into two equal groups (each group n=60). The knowledge, attitude, practice and dental plaque and gingival index of the student were measured by self-report questionnaires and examination by pre-test and post-test method. The data was analyzed by using of the software SPSS version 21 and the statistical tests Phishers exact, Chi-square and Wilcaxone.
There was no significant difference between the two groups in knowledge, attitude and practice before the intervention (P> 0.05). In the electronic education and dental training models groups, the knowledge, attitude, and the practice were improved after the both intervention, however the electronic education approach had a more effect on improving the knowledge, attitude, practice of oral health and decreasing dental plaque and gingival index (P This study showed that not only the training is effective in promoting oral health behavior, but also the type of training has an important role in promoting it. Thus the electronic education at all stages of educational methods were more effective than dental training models. Therefore, electronic dental training to promote oral health is recommended as an effective method.

In this research, according to the increasing prevalence of chronic periodontitis and the known side effects of its unsuccessful treatment and the contrariety reports about the effects of chlorhexidine gel and the incomplete researches, we decided to evaluate the clinical effects of chlorhexidine gel in nonsurgical treatment of chronic periodontitis. The use of locally delivered antibacterials containing chlorhexidine was proposed to improve the effectiveness of non-surgical periodontal treatment. Due to the introduction of xanthan-based chlorhexidine gel with the trade name of CHLO-SITE, the present study compared the clinical efficacy of chlorhexidine gel in the non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis.
Methods and Materials: In a randomized controlled split-mouth clinical trial, 40 symmetric periodontitis sites were selected and quadrants with pocket depth > 5mm were randomly selected and assigned for case and control sides. These sites were randomized with one receiving scaling and root planning with the injection of placebo gel and the other receiving scaling and root planning with the subgingival injection of chlorhexidine gel each for 2 times with a week interval. The clinical parameters including plaque index (PI (, papillary bleeding index (PBI), pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were evaluated at baseline, and after 1 and 3 months. The data were subjected to Mann-whitney U and Friedman tests.
This research has 20 sites in each group. significant improvements were observed in PBI, CAL and PD parameters following both SRP placebo gel and SRP chlorhexidine gel after 1 and 3 months compared to baseline, however, no significant changes were noted regarding PI in two sites underwent two treatment modalities. Furthermore, similar changes were achieved in the sites treated with SRP placebo gel and SRP chlorhexidine gel following 1 and 3 months after the treatment in comparison with baseline in term of 4 clinical parameters with no significant differences.(P>0.05)
According to the study finding, the adjunctive subgingival injection of chlorhexidine gel did not improve clinical parameters significantly as compared to standard treatment modality of moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis after 1 and 3 months from the baseline.

Nanosilver has numerous applications in medicine due to its potent antibacterial activity. However, data regarding the bio-safety of its effective concentrations is scarce. This study aims to assess the toxicity of silver nanoparticles on human gingival epithelial cells under in-vitro conditions. This in-vitro study evaluated the toxic effects of filtered and unfiltered nanosilver solution on human gingival epithelial cells obtained from the Pasteur Institute of Iran using the methylthiazol tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay(mitochondrial function)and membrane leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) at 24, 48 and 72h time points. The concentrations of silver nanoparticle solution used were 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50µg/ml. The MTT assay showed that nanosilver solution at high concentrations (20 and 50µg/ml) significantly decreased the viability of cells at all time points. The lower non-fatal concentrations at 24 and 48h were capable of causing cell death or significantly inhibit cell growth at 72h. The LDH assay demonstrated that death of epithelial cells only occurs at high concentrations of nanosilver (20 and 50µg) and no significant toxicity was seen at lower concentrations. Based on the results, silver nanoparticles have toxic effects on human gingival epithelial cells and this effect is time and dose-dependent.

The antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles has been investigated in medical fields in recent years, but its effect on dental plaque micro-organisms has not been studied. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial properties of nanosilver on two dental plaque microorganisms and to compare it with chlorhexidine.

In this experimental study, antibacterial effects of silver nanoparticles and chlorhexidine against Streptococus sanguis and Actinomyces viscosus were determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using microdilution method. Each experiment was repeated at least five times to ensure the accuracy of testing.

Results showed that the MIC of soluble silver nanoparticles and chlorhexidine for Streptococcus sanguis were 16 and 256 µg/ml, respectively. Soluble silver nanoparticles had an MIC of 4 and chlorhexidine had an MIC of 64 µ g/ml for Actinomyces viscosus. The MBC of soluble silver nanoparticles and chlorhexidine for Streptococcus sanguis were 64 and 512 µg/ml, respectively and for Actinomyces viscosus these figures were 16 and 102 µg/ml, respectively.

Silver nanoparticles have strong antibacterial activity against Streptococus sanguis and Actinomyces viscosus which was achieved by lower doses in comparison to chlorhexidine mouthwash.

Hyperlipidemiawhich is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease has a relatively high prevelance in Iran. In recent years there have been controversial reports on the association between periodontal disease and serum lipid levels. The aim of this study was evaluation of the possible association between hyperlipidemia and periodontitis. 52 subjects (26 case and 26 control)who were matched regarding age,gender,height,weight,and dietry regimen were participated in this historical cohort study.Inclusion criteria for case group was: presence of supra and subgingival calculus,having at least one periodontal pocket>4mm in each quadrant and amount of bone destruction in consistent with local factors. Inclusion criteria for control group was: lack of attachment loss,no periodontal pocket more than 3 mm depth,no gingival inflammation.Exclusion criteria for both groups were: any periodontal therapy in the last 6 months, having systemic diseases,smoking,taking lipid reducer medicine.Levels of plasma lipids were measured with the direct enzymatic procedure.T-Test was used for Chol and LDL analysis, Mann –Whitney for Tg and HDL levels.Then the role of periodontal diseases in the incidence of hyperlipidemia and its Relative Risk and Attributed Risk were calculated.The level of TG in case group was 165.2±83.7 mg/dl and in control group. was 128.4±71.1 mg/dl which showed significant difference. (p< 0.05).In case group 61.5% and in control group 30.8% had abnormal cholesterol.T-test analysis showed this difference was significant.(p<0.02).The serum levels of LDL and HDL in case group showed no significant difference with control group. It seems that hyperlipidemia may be associated with chronic periodontitis. A true experimental study is suggested in order to determine the effects of periodontal therapy on the serum lipid levels.

Furcation involvement is a condition in which the destruction of interradicular periodontium occurs in the branching area of multirooted teeth, for which different treatment modalities have been suggested. The aim of this study was to compare the response of grade II mandibular molar furcation defects to Bio-oss versus Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) and Bio-oss treatment. In this randomized clinical trial, five patients with bilateral grade II furcation involvement of mandibular molars were selected from those referred to the School of Dentistry, Shahed University of Medical Sciences. The molars were treated with Bio-oss and PRP on one side and Bio-oss on the other side. Measurements of the probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded at baseline, 1.5 and 3 months after surgery. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for statistical analysis. At 1.5 and 3 months after surgery, the mean PPD reduction in the middle area of the furcation, was 2.4±1.67 mm and 3±2.0 mm in the test and 1±1.22 mm and 1.1±0.89 mm in the control groups, respectively. The mean attachment gain at the same place was 1.6±0.54 mm at 1.5 months and 1.8±0.44 mm at 3 months in the test group, and 1.5±1.0mm at 1.5 months and 1.4±1.34 mm at 3 months in the control group. The results of this study showed no significant difference between treatment with Bio-Oss with and without PRP in regeneration of grade II furcation involvement.