فهرست مطالب فریبا طالقانی

Several  studies show that apprenticeship in the field have not been able to improve the professional ability and competence of students to the desired level. Therefore, this study was conducted to Compare the effect of two methods of internship and apprenticeship in the field on clinical competence of nursing students.

This is a quasi-experimental study in which two methods of internship and apprenticeship in the field were performed for 89 final year nursing students in two groups for two semesters. Data were collected using demographic information and clinical competency questionnaire that its validity and reliability was confirmed by content validity and chronbach`s alpha( 0.93) respectively. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics,paired t-test and chi-square test with  statistical significance( p<0.05)  through SPSS.

Paired t-test showed that the mean score of total clinical competencies and dimension of care management, its individual management in the apprenticeship group of two times did not differ significantly (P> 0.05) and in other dimensions in the apprenticeship group was significantly higherat the end of the semester than before the beginning of the semester (P <0.05). Also, the mean score of total clinical competencies and all its dimensions in the internship group after the end of the semester was significantly higher than before the beginning of the semester and in the internship group this increase was greater. (P <0.05).

Using the internship plan for final year nursing students improve their clinical competence, which will definitely improve the quality of care of patients and reduce  clinical care errors . Therefore, the use of internship plan for clinical education of nursing students is recommended.

Knowledge of the history and developments of a discipline paves the way for comprehension of what has happened before as well as understanding the contemporary phenomena and creating insight for the future; this way, it creates knowledge and leads to the creation and reconstruction of a discipline. Accordingly, understanding evolution from historical facet in nursing seems indispensable. Despite the fact that more than 50 years have passed since the establishment of schools and nursing education in Isfahan not much information is available and a very few studies have been done in this regard; in so doing, this study endeavors to examine the evolution of nursing education in Isfahan.

The is a qualitative research with historical survey that 12 in-depth interviews were conducted and 80 journals, booklets and old books, 350 historical and old photographs were examined. The codes obtained from the interviews as well as the items obtained from the texts were put together to develop the structure of the narrative, which shows the evolution of education in the nursing in Isfahan.

The obtained narratives were as follows: Higher School of Nursing from the years 1968 to 1976 and 1976 to 1982, educational complex of Isfahan belonging to the Ministry of Health and Welfare and the evolution of the Isfahan faculty of Nursing and Midwifery during and after the Islamic revolution.

Since nursing care and nursing education has grown rapidly in other countries, it seems that nursing education, especially in Isfahan as one of the metropolitan cities in Iran has many prospects in the future and can move towards promotion of professionalism and specialization.

Youths are considered as a susceptible group in terms of engagement in pre-marital sexual relationships. Therefore, this study was conducted to explain factors protecting youths in engagement in pre-marital sexual relationships.

This qualitative study was performed on 30 youths as well as 17 other participants (other than the youths) living in Isfahan in 2013. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using qualitative conventional content analysis.

After data analysis, two themes including "having a strong and secure personality" and "obeying the religious beliefs and principles" were obtained.

According to the results, having a healthy personality and obeying religious beliefs play an outstanding role in protecting youths in engagement in pre-marital sexual relationships? The results of this study can pave the way toward interventions for internalizing religious values as well as developing healthy personality in youth, which help their sexual health promotion.

Hypertension is one of the most important public health issues in different countries around the world. The disease is common, asymptomatic and often indistinguishable. If the risk factors of the disease which include an inappropriate diet, obesity, low activity and exercise, smoking, consumption of alcohol and stress are not controlled, the disease can lead to fatal complications in the absence of treatment. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between hypertension and its related risk factors in people over 30 years of age living in Isfahan. This descriptive-correlational research was conducted in 2013-2014. This study was conducted with a sample of 4900 men and women selected by using a simple and cluster sampling method in the city of Isfahan.
The research instrument was a researcher-developed questionnaire containing demographic characteristics and information about risk factors for hypertension. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical tests in the SPSS software version 18. The results showed that the mean age of the units was 48.57 ± 11.28 years and the mean BMI was 26.71 ± 4.1 kg/m2. The mean of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the studied units were 12.45 ± 16.6 mmHg and 78.47 ± 10.42 mmHg, respectively. Also, there was a direct correlation between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure with age, BMI and waist circumference (p<0.001). The results of the study showed that there was a significant relationship between sex and hypertension. In males (13.9%) it was higher than females ( 98.9%) (p<0.001). The results of this study provide a real picture of the underlying causes of people's attitude toward hypertension in the population of Isfahan residents. It is recommended to take these results into consideration in the design and implementation of any interventional program for the control and prevention of hypertension in this area.

Nowadays, due to the increasing development of nursing science and demand for improving and enhancing the quality of nursing care, the necessity of integrating informatics with Nursing Science for proper management of nursing information flaunts more than ever. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop the electronic information system of nursing as a step towards the integration of informatics science with nursing science.
The present study was conducted using technical action research approach. The main stages of the study were the development of a nursing electronic information system, its implementation, application and evaluation in a neonatal intensive care unit in 2016. Descriptive statistics was used for the analysis of quantitative data and qualitative data obtained from interviews were analysed using content analysis and coding.
The results of Satisfaction Scale Questionnaire showed satisfaction of nurses with the components and applications of the electronic system. Nurse's information about drugs and the process of nursing increased after using the system. Content analysis of qualitative findings also led to exploit the main categories of enhancing the quality of care, improving the documentation process, professional development, continuing education and learning, the integration of theory and practice in the application of the nursing process, human and equipment barriers.
According to the obtained results, paying attention to the design of a native system based on the needs of nurses and the participation of the beneficiaries could take a small but successful step toward effective use of informatics science in nursing.

Case study as a qualitative research has been used in many disciplines including sociology, anthropology, history, psychology, medicine, education, political science, and economics. Now, case study is used by nursing researchers for exploring phenomena in health care practice. The article aimed to assess the principles of the case study and its’ using in nursing.
Computerized search was done in Medline and Elsevier databases with case study, qualitative research, and nursing keywords among the articles in English language between 2000 and 2015. The main themes, agreement, and disagreement were assessed among the articles.
Case study is a research approach for providing deeper understanding of the complex and multifaceted phenomenon in real life context and checks general and significant characteristics of events. So, using this method is useful to evaluate the performance of nursing practice. This method was used in some of nursing researches.
Qualitative case study is a method that can play an important role in the production new knowledge in nursing and health system research by providing a holistic view about a phenomenon.

Cancer is an important event in one's life which has considerable outcomes for patients and their families as well. The major psychological consequence in cancer patients is depression that often This is a descriptive correlational takes less attention. This study aimed to assess the relationship of demographic variables and depression in cancer patients.

Study that conducted during May 2014 to May 2015 in Sayyed Al-Shohada hospital in Isfahan, Iran. 200 cancer patients were selected through convenient sampling method and data were collected using questionnaires (demographic questionnaire and Beck Depression Scale). Data were analyzed by SPSS software (descriptive analysis and Chi-Square).

The findings showed that the cancer patients had the mild depression (38.5%) and medium depression (27.5%) and only a few patients had experienced severe depression (14%). And also, Chi-Square test indicated a significant relationship between educational level and number of children with depression in cancer patients.

The Knowledge of the risk factors associated with depression among the cancer patients can help to researchers and health care providers to identify vulnerable patients for depression disorder. It is suggested that in all cancer-related treatment centers, the mental health unit should be established to assist with up-to-date teachings to reduce the suffering of patients.

Enhancing the quality and dynamicity of higher education programs requires continuous evaluation of curriculums. Reproductive health PhD program was established in 2006 in Iran while recommending that its curriculum be evaluated by assessing graduates’ performance in workplace and surveying students, faculty members and managers. This study aimed to explore challenges of the curriculum of reproductive health PhD program.
Employing a qualitative content analysis approach and using purposive and sometimes opportunistic sampling, experiences and viewpoints of 33 graduates and students of reproductive health PhD program, educational managers and reproductive health board members about the curriculum of reproductive health PhD program were collected through individual interviews and notes in 2014-15. Data were transcribed and important expressions were coded. Classification of similar codes led to preliminary categories. Five main categories were extracted by further classifications.
The five main categories included inadequacy of course topics and contents, challenges of student education, failure in realizing curriculum goals, long research period, and ambiguity in graduates’ professional status were appeared; each of these included various subcategories.
Results showed that the curriculum of reproductive health PhD program required revisions to meet the program’s mission and designing courses such as sexual health and reinforcing the clinical nature of the program were necessary. Moreover, the results emphasized that the establishment of an independent educational department of reproductive health for managing higher education affairs and greater supervision of the reproductive health board on educational affairs was necessary. Furthermore, reproductive health specialists should be employed in different positions to meet society’s reproductive health needs.

Nursing profession is based on the caring of patient. The complexity of the concept causes the care receiver to have different meanings, which needs to be accurately identified. This study examines the concept of care from the perspective of patients with stroke. This descriptive phenomenological study aims to achieve experiences of stroke patients, included 6 men and 7 women, of the phenomenon of treatment, hospitalized in Al-Zahra and Shariati hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. In this study, unstructured interviews were used to collect the data. Interviews, with the consent of the participants, were recorded on cassettes. Data analysis was performed using the Colaizzi method. From 13 interviews, 118 open codes, 34 primary concept, 11 subthemes, and four themes were extracted, including: "meeting the educational needs", "full and timely care," "emotional needs" and "continuity of care for patients”. Patients always need some knowledge about the disease process and treatment. It is expected that professional nurses do a holistic, on time, and continuously care. In patients with sensory motor deficits following a stroke, this need is much more noticeable.

Living with a parent having cancer would be intolerable for their children. Adolescents usually encounter much more emotional problems than others and will be especially more affected during the period of passage from childhood to adolescence. Regarding the fact that these affects are varied depending on their family structure and culture, researchers decided to investigate the main problems of adolescents had a parent with cancer in Iran. This qualitative research with descriptive– explorative design was done on 27 participants. Semi-structured interviews were used for gathering data and constant comparative analysis method was used for analyzing. The main problems of adolescents who had parents with cancer were in seven themes, and among them psychological problems had the most codes, and in the theme of adolescent made of crystal we have described it in details. Psychological problems of adolescents having parents with cancer in Iran are the same as other countries with this difference that in Iran, we do not have educational- supportive program for reducing these problems; therefore necessary steps should be taken for preparing and implementing this program.

Conceptual model should be explain the basic concepts of nursing (Metaparadigm)، including human beings، nursing، health and environment، and as a practical and highly flexible framework، taking into account the culture and values of the community، to act in a way that allows be used more effectively in various countries. Because of the important characteristics of scientific and professional nursing، conceptual models designed to develop knowledge and nurses'' professional identity formation. So this study aims is to develop a model based on Islamic perspective to provide a basic framework for the elimination of professional studies in Islamic societies. To achieve the concepts of the study we used philosophical inquiry and the concept’s analysis of Mors and et. al. For designing the model we used qualitatively-derived theory using of concept integration. with the study of four nursing metaparadigm base on Islamic perspective، nursing conceptual model was presented. In Islamic thought human being as an interaction with his environment. Environment has a main role in developing of health and disease of humans. On the other hand the health not only is the balance of human aspects، but also includes the balance between these aspects، So the nurse will influence in the creation and maintain human’s health، therefore nurse will benefit this matter and she/he will reach the development.

The Preservation of health and mental health, especially among students is important, because they are the future of the country. In the event of damage to the mental health of students and their academic performance is reduced. This study aimed to determinethe effect of psychological interventions on mental status of female students with behavioral disorders. This research was a clinical trial study in 80 female students (40 intervention and 40 control) were residing in the dormitory of Medical Sciences during 2010-11 which had the required conditions to enter the study program based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data gathering tools was MMPI (Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory)questionnaire had 71 questions that researchers using these tools for mental status in both theintervention and control groups before and after psychological interventions (in Grouptherapy 8 sessions of 45 min) data analysis with SPSS software using descriptive and inferential statistics was performed. Finding showed some mental status criterion had an Statistically significant average difference: the measure of paranoia, aspects of defense and lie detector test criterionin the two intervention and control groups.(p<0/005) However, some measures of mentalstatus showed no statistically significant difference. Researchers have suggested to do researches however as with a more widely and using a variety of other assessment tools.

Faculty members’ performance in administrative services to academy and society is considered in their academic promotion criteria. This study assesses the reasonability and attainability of these indicators according to the faculty members working in Iranian Medical Universities in 2011-2012. This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in 13 medical universities in Iran. Using stratified sampling, 350 faculty members were selected. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to assess the attainability and reasonability of service indicators mentioned in promotion bylaw with a scoring scale of 1-5. Mean and standard deviation of scores for each indicator was calculated. The total mean scores of 11 service indicators, for reasonability and attainability were 32.18(±12.11) and 39.37(±11.58), out of 55, respectively. The highest reasonability scores belonged to “being administrator of research projects”, “administrating activities in Educational Development Center (EDC)”, and “managerial activities in different levels”. The highest attainability scores were given to “administrative activities in scientific journals”, “being administrator of research projects”, “administrating activities in Educational Development Center (EDC)”, and “effective work in scientific associations”. Faculty members did not rate service indicators mentioned in promotion bylaw as much reasonable, but believed that they are somehow attainable. Revision of these indicators to make them more relevant to the responsibility values is recommended. Also developing management skills and providing appropriate partnership opportunities for faculty members’ service tasks, and facilitating their cooperation with scientific journals and associations, could improve the attainability of these indicators.

Holistic care is a comprehensive approach for achieving optimal level of care for patients. Identifying the motivational factors can increase quality of nursing care and improve the healing process. Investigation of nurses’ experiences will provide real and meaningful results in this field. In this study we aimed to explore nurses'' experiences regarding holistic care. This qualitative study was conducted on 18 nurses from Uremia، Tabriz، Ardebil and Tehran teaching hospitals of Iran. The data were obtained by interviews with nurses. These interviews were transcribed and analyzed by the conventional content analysis method and using MAXQDA software. Personal characters and experience of hospitalization were identified as motivational and promotional factors in providing holistic care. Considering the role of personal characters and experience of hospitalization in holistic care، paying more attention to nurses’ characteristics and upgrading their communication skills and knowledge are necessary for development of holistic care and are highly recommended.

Women's empowerment is a process of the expansion in women`s ability and freedom to make strategic life choices, especially empowering them for decision making about family planning and fertility desires. The study Aimed to comprehend the experiences of women about empowerment in family planning. In this qualitative study, data were gathered from 35 married women who eligible for contraception use at childbearing age. Seven focus group discussion sessions and five individual interviews were recorded and analyzed using qualitative content analysis method. Analysis of data showed that four main category as a meaning of empowerment in family planning in view of participants: 1- control over fertility plan 2- partnership in family planning 3- maintaining health 4- access to family planning services. in view of participants, with knowledge about family planning and autonomy for decision making they gain control over their fertility plan. Couples agreement in fertility desires and partner`s support in implementing family planning result in a partnership for family planning. Planned pregnancy, safe and appropriate contraception methods help women to maintain their health. Access to desired contraception methods during couple counseling and well treatment of side effects occur in use of contraception methods were highly emphasized. Thus to achieve empowerment in family planning we need to be planning it in the family, society and health systems.

The concept of emotional intelligence and its effect on critical thinking and educational، professional، and health issues have come into interest. On the other hand، based on studies conducted in this regard، emotional intelligence is found to be positively associated with positive attitudes، better adaptation، improvement in relationship with others and better awareness of positive values. Accordingly، this study was performed to Comparison of academic achievement and emotional intelligence among nursing students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. This analytic sectional descriptive study was conducted in year 2009 in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Study population included all nursing students of sixth semester (both day and night students and N=100). The emotional intelligence questionnaire by Bar et al was used to determine the level of emotional intelligence among the students. Students’ academic achievement was derived based on their scores on previous final examinations recoded by nursing faculty’s chancellery of education. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) as well as inferential statistics (ANOVA and t test). The mean of total academic achievement score was 15. 6±2. 92; the mean of academic achievement in theoretical lessons was 15. 2±3. 4; the mean score of academic achievement in clinical lessons was 17. 39±1. 75; and mean score of emotional intelligence was 337±35. 73 for these students. The highest score belonged to responsibility factor (25. 95±2. 84) and the lowest was associated with tension control (19. 74±3. 44). ANOVA showed that there is a statistically significant difference between mean of emotional intelligence factors and academic achievement means in the theoretical lessons (p=0. 02 and f=2. 049) as well as the total mean score of academic achievement (p=0. 015 and f=2. 153). A significant difference was observed between mean score of emotional intelligence and total mean score of academic achievement as well as mean score of academic achievement in theoretical lessons. The majority of studies in this field have approved the relationship between emotional intelligence and professional success. Therefore، recommendations have been proposed for improvement of emotional intelligence، application of findings، and further studies.

Nowadays with improving the taking care of the burnt patients، mortality rate decreased. With the increased survival of these patients، the number of the survivors with complications increased. Among these consequences، disfigurement is the most important ones. So recently، psychosocial problems of burnt patients and their rehabilitation have been deeply paid attention to. Therefore، a qualitative study was conducted so as to obtain information concerning quality of life with burn disfigurement after being discharged from the hospital، in order to devise psycho-social support programs based on this evidence. This article reports part of a greater qualitative study. Purposive sampling and theoretical sampling was used to selecting the participants. The main data collecting tool was in-depth interviews. Thirty-four individual in-depth interviews were performed with 22 participants. The interviews were analyzed by the content analysis method and constant comparative method. After analyzing، for quality of life with burn disfigurement theme''s «life in suffocation» with three core category «ruin lives»، «to get tired» and «slavery disfigurement» appeared. Despite the severity of suffocation for different people was different، but it was for all participants. The evidences indicate quality of life with disfigurement even in people who few years living with problem، in a way that is inappropriate and uncomfortable as life is suffocating. Hence there exists a need to devise a proper supportive plan to enhance quality of life for these people.

Exploring women's empowerment experiences in family planning in socio-cultural context of Isfahan city: A qualitative study Women's empowerment in family planning is essential key of reproductive health. In this area women should be gaining authority and power for decision-making for child bearing. Fertility decisions were influenced by power relations between the couples in family and social-cultural context. This study aimed at exploring women's empowerment experiences in family planning in socio-cultural context of Isfahan city. With a qualitative approach, data were gathered from 37 married women who eligible for contraception at childbearing age. Seven focus group discussion sessions and seven individual interviews were recorded and analyzed with using conventional content analysis. Analysis of data showed that six subcategory for two main socio- cultural factors category that contributing in women empowerment in family planning. In view of participants social factors including: The Impact of Media on Shaping the Status of Women in Decision-Making, The role of School Curriculum to Form Empowerment Infrastructures and Women Employment. Cultural factors includes: Positive Attitude to have Child, Women Responsibility for Family Planning and Men Dominant in Reproductive Decision-Making. According to the participants view, social factors such as media could play a crucial role towards strengthening women's decision-making and schools could develop the empowerment's infrastructures and women employment could improve women social status but impressive performance by them did not enough. Also cultural factors deems women to be responsible for contraception and decrease women's control over their fertility. Therefore we require profound socio-cultural changes for empowering women in family planning.

Nowadays, family planning is a separate concept from contraceptive tools. It is considered as a fundamental element in accessing to fertility rights, empowering women, and promoting women’s status in societies. It aims to empower women for appropriate decision-makings about family planning and help them to have aware decisions. To be assure of women’s empowerment, while giving family planning services, is an essential prerequisite for enhancing reproductive health. This study aimed to explore women’s perceptions about role of family planning services in empowering them. In this qualitative study, data were gathered from 37 married women who were using contraceptives and were willing to participate in the study. Seven focus group discussions and five individual interviews were recorded and analyzed using qualitative content analysis method. Analysis of data emerged four main categories about the role of health centers in empowering women: calling for men’s participation in family planning counseling by health providers, providing comprehensive reproductive health services, extending free family planning services, and applying suitable technology for informing society. T he results showed that present physical access to health centers and free family planning services cannot help women to fulfill their needs. Health centers should provide new approaches to provide comprehensive reproductive health services. This will result in helping women to decide consciously and voluntarily to have more control over their fertility.

Our country needs nurses who are expert in family nursing. Accordingly, we need to determine their professional tasks as a basis for future planning regarding establishment of family nursing discipline in Iran. This study was a need assessment for family nursing curriculum using the viewpoints of nursing experts.

It was a need assessment study using Delphi technique. Study population included nursing experts such as members of nursing board in Ministry of Health and Medical Education, vice dean for education and head of the departments in nursing schools in Iran who were selected through cluster multistage sampling and 93 experts participated in the first stage of the study. Data was gathered through Delphi technique and using questionnaire in two stages. The questionnaires were send by post. Focus groups viewpoints were used to complete and finalize the tasks. Data was analyzed using SPSS- PC by calculating mean and standard deviation for each statement.

In the first stage of Delphi 56 items in care domain, 34 items in consultation domain, 14 items in research domain and 15 items in management domain were determined. In the second phase of Delphi all tasks received a mean score more than4. At last, 15, 11, 5, and 5 tasks were determined and finalized in care, consultation, and research and management domains, respectively.

Findings of the study revealed the importance of family nursing role in care domain especially regarding the care of patients suffering from chronic diseases. The results of this study could be used in curriculum development of family nursing discipline

The discipline of family nursing is a specialty in nursing is designed to provide preventive services. Despite the emphasis on family nursing, this curriculum has not been designed in Iran. This study aimed to develop a task-based family nursing curriculum in Iran. This descriptive study was conducted in 2010 – 2011 in Iran. Curriculum planning was done using need-assessment, regular focus groups, discussion with nursing educators, medical education and curriculum planning specialists, nurses and postgraduate nursing students and medical education students. A task-based curriculum was developed based on the structure of the curriculum, which is recommended in the ministry of health and medical education in four seasons. Its courses were health status, chronic illness, family crisis and mental health, family health, geriatric nursing, research methods and statistics, nurse management, information systems, family and patient education, and family's thesis. This study provided a task-based family nurse curriculum that can be used to run this course in Iran. It is hoped that its implementation can decrease some problems resulting from the prevalence of chronic disease and its complications

Our country needs expert nurses who are professional in family nursing. As a result, it is required to determine their professional duties as a basis for future planning for new disciplines and new majors such as family nursing. This study is an endeavor to determine a portion of professional tasks of family nurses via the viewpoints of physicians (family physicians and specialists), families, nurses, managers of health care centers, and administrators of private and public hospitals. In this descriptive cross-sectional study in the year 2010 in Isfahan, study population included multiple groups of families who were covered by Isfahan health centers, nurses employed in public hospitals of Isfahan, family physicians, specialists, and managers of private and public health care centers. Families and nurses were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling, family physicians and specialist were chosen via simple random sampling, and managers were selected randomly among managers volunteered for participation in the study. Data gathering method was interview and focus groups were employed for completing and modifying the tasks. After determining the viewpoints, the tasks were categorized based on interview items and research objectives. Overlapping items and the number of repetitions were determined and were written beside each item. Based on the viewpoints of study groups, 59 items were determined from familie's viewpoints, 30 items from nurses', 25 items from family physicians', 15 items from family physicians', and 31 items from managers. After integration, elimination of the repeated items, and finalization in focus group, 32 items were remained. With regard to the need for future planning to train family nurses, there is a need for defining their professional tasks. Findings of the study could be used in curriculum development of this discipline.

After years of trying to make independent PhD course, Nursing could create two independent course including research-focused course (PhD) and clinical practice -focused (DNP). PhD focused more on research and DNP emphasis more on clinical activities and innovative clinical application of evidence-based research results. Presence or absence of DNP is still a debate as a challenge in nursing. In this paper, the authors compare these two doctoral nursing courses according to various sources

Unsafe abortion is the main problem of women during their reproductive age. This study was carried out to explore the reasons behynd illegal abortion in Iran. This was a qualitative study. Twenty-seven participants were interviewed during March and September 2006 about illegal abortion process. All participants had an experience about illegal abortion or their occupation was relevant to the one aspect of illegal abortion. Interviews were analyzed using a content analysis method. Five main themes emerged from analysis: motivations for ending unwanted pregnancy (social factors, familial factors, personal factors), the assessment of situation (reactions, religiousand individual beliefs, socio-politics restrictions), definite decision, changing the mind, doing abortion by the help of fassilators (the role of partner, previous experiment, doing abortion in general or private centers, doing abortion by herself) and abortion outcomes (physical outcome social outcome, mental outcome, juridical outcome). Illegal abortions are usually performed by unskilled practionnaires. Since, in Iran abortion is illegal, finding ways to protect women against malpractice needs urgent attention.