نشریه پرستاری و مامایی ارومیه
سال دهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 41، بهمن و اسفند 1391)

Establishing intravenous line (IV catheter) is one of the most common invasive procedures that cause pain in these children. Injection pain in children is so important that is stated as the most stressful aspect of their disease. There are various pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods to prevent and reduce pain. One of the non-pharmacological methods to reduce pain is distraction Comparison of the influence of two distraction methods (Rhythmic Breathing and Bubble Making) on the pain severity of injection procedures for school age children in Kerman Thalassemia Center. The present study is a clinical trial. The research sample consists of 40 thalassemia children with 6-12 years old, who have registered in Kerman thalassemia center. The participants were randomly divided into two groups. In the first experimental group, bubble making was performed and in the second experimental group, rhythmic breathing was carried out. The data gathering instruments were included: demographic information questionnaire, the investigation scale of pain behavioral signs, numeric pain scale. The analysis of the data was carried out through descriptive and analytical analysis. The data indicated that there was not a significant difference between the two experimental groups in the average scores of pain (P>0. 05). There was a reverse and significant correlation between the increase of age and numerical pain scale using Spearman correlation test (rho=- 0. 278, p < 0. 05). There was also a reverse and significant correlation between the increase of age and behavioral pain scale using Spearman correlation test (rho = -0. 359, p < 0. 01). There was a direct and significant correlation between the numerical pain scale and Behavioral one using Spearman correlation (rho=0. 674, p < 0. 001). Based on the result of this study, the two distraction methods (Rhythmic Breathing and Bubble Making) can reduce the pain of injection procedures in children.

Clinical education is important part of nursing teaching. The peer mentoring program is considered a learning strategy that helps nursing students with their individual and professional growth. This study was carried out to determine the impact of Peer Mentoring program performance on clinical function in second semester nursing students in Uremia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty. This research is a quasi-experimental study in which 44 second semester nursing students selected through census who met inclusion criteria were randomly divided into two groups as control (21) and intervention (23). The control group received clinical education through traditional method and the experiment group through Peer mentoring program-based education. In intervention group, a 7th semester nursing student as peer mentor was assigned 5-4 second semester nursing student and, took the role of guiding and supporting them. Students’ clinical function, pre test and post test were observed via checklist. Data was analyzed by SPSS software using, Chi², independent t test, Mann Whitney. Students clinical function achieved by the intervention group with Peer mentoring program -based education were significantly higher than that of the control group (P = 0.000). The difference between the mean scores clinical function in the two groups was significant (P = 0.001). Peer mentoring program -based education leads to developing nursing student's clinical function more than traditional method. Therefore, it is recommended to use this model in clinical education.

The growth of each child in the face of factors such as disease and nutrition is very sensitive and most sensitive measure of growth is weight. This study aimed to determine the factors adversely affecting growth in children 6 to 24 months was conducted. Information compiled by the researcher-made questionnaire, the results from previous research and the criteria for poor growth were collected and were analyzed with SPSS software. Descriptive statistics of variables and parameters for data analysis, inferential statistics were used. Of the children surveyed 50.3% boys and 49.7 percent of the children were girls. Gender of individuals studied was not significantly associated with poor growth. The most important variables in this study can be adversely affecting the growth of LBW, multiple nature, having reduced the number of pregnancies and breastfeeding noted. Findings could lead to improved primary health care in the age pyramid of 6 to 24 months. Therefore, respecting the most effective factors on undesired growth in health care centers can prevent the related problems.

In NICU some painful procedures can be happened for neonates. Neonates pain is a stressful experience to their parents. This research was done to determine the effect of mother presence on their views to pain control in neonates in Intensive care units.

This research was a quasi experimental study. The sample based on pilot study on 20 mother was 150. The instrument for data gathering was a questionnaire including demographic variables and 24 MCQ questions that measured mothers’ views about neonates pain control before and after their presence in NICU. To analyze the data, SPSS 18 was used and significant difference was lower than 0. 05.

There was significant difference in views before and after intervention (p<0. 001). Results showed a relation between mothers age (21-30) and their views (p<0. 05). Linear regression results showed visit times had affect on views (p<0. 002).

Mothers want to stay near their children if painful procedures decrease. Therefore, we should try to limit invasive techniques and because of their important role in care, we can encourage them to cooperate doing procedures.

The present study surveys the relationships between participatory decision- making, organizational citizenship behavior, and psychological empowerment of the Urmia Medical University staff members. The statistical population of the study includes the whole staff members of the Urmia Medical University comprising 480 subjects. The research sample covers 214 male and female subjects selected through stratified random sampling. The study is descriptive and of correlation type. To analyze data, the study employs descriptive statistics methods such as indices of central tendency, distributive indices, and inferential statistics including Kolmogrov- Smirnov test, and multiple regression. The results revealed that psychological empowerment and three of its subcategories including impact, autonomy and meaning (but not competence) have mediating role in the relationship between PDM and OCB. Furthermore, there is a significant and positive relationship between PDM and staff psychological empowerment. Also, staff organizational citizenship behavior depends on empowerment and all its components except autonomy. Hence, with regard to the above mentioned results, it is significant to pay close attention to staff psychological empowerment as an effective factor in staff participation rate at decision- making which in turn leads to the appearance of their organizational citizenship behavior.

Depression is the most common mood disorder and there is no consensus about its’ causes. Theoretical models of the etiology of depression are diverse. Families have allegiance of different treatment, based on the model they have accepted so recognition of their experiences about affecting factors to incidence of depression will help nurses to plan and implement appropriate care based on depression patient's needs and their families The aim of this study was to explain the experiences of families about affecting factors to incidence of depression. This is a qualitative research that was done using conventional content analysis method. 23 family members of the patients suffering from depression referred to Razi psychiatric clinic in Tehran were selected using purposeful sampling. Unstructured and in-depth interviews were applied to collect data. The interviews were transcribed and constant comparison analysis was applied. MaxQDA2007 software was used to manage the data. According to family experiences, affecting factors to incidence of depression have mainly root in personal, psychological, social and cultural factors. These factors are extracted in 4 main categories. They are "change in life”, “conflict in the family”, “unpleasant events” and "vulnerable personality". Change is always accompanied with stress. Lacks, the absence of loved ones, financial failure and physical illnesses are the changes that can make people susceptible to depression. Marital disagreements and misunderstanding between family members also lead to conflict in families and predispose to depression. Unpleasant events in life time and didnt meet needs and demand are another factor that has impact on outbreak/incidence of depression. In addition, dependent personality, lack of self confidence and isolation are also risk factors for depression. Affecting factors to incidence of depression are multi-factorial. Nurse's could implement appropriate psychological educations for prevention and fallow-up if they have aware of perceived affecting factors by families.

Nowadays Most hospitals replace their paper-based medical records with Electronic Health Records or update their old Hospital Information systems (HISs). A descriptive study of nurses as end users of these systems can be helpful to design better systems and therefore achieve more advantages like more patient's safety. To assay the attitude's of nurses toward Hospital Information systems, 400 nurses were asked to estimate whether they agree or disagree with a set of statements for each of the three diffusion of innovation theory attributes (relative advantages, complexity, and compatibility). 303 questionnaires were completed and analyzed by SPSS (Statistical Product and Services Solution, version 18). A large share of the nurses agreed that the HIS system is faster (92. 7%) and easier than paper records (90. 1%), saves time (81. 1%), and increases the legibility of the data (90. 8%). 55% agreed that the system leads to computer-related problems (software and hardware), and 51. 5% agreed that HIS leads to inhumane errors. A low percentage of the nurses (13. 9%) agreed that the system leads to more adverse drug events. According to our results nurse's attitudes were found to be positive about using HIS system to improve clinical documentation. Moreover results can help managers understand key consideration affecting HIS development and use and may be applied as a reference for system development and improvement..

Infertile women's live experiences at the time of confrontation with surrogacy and decision making for having child in this manner is a subject that haven’t been paid attention in researches. The more recognition from perception and attitude of commissioning mothers is important and it can help nurses to be able to empower them. The purpose of this study is to explore and to explain the commissioning mother's experiences at the time of confrontation and decision making to start remedy. In this qualitative study which has been carried out in 2010-2011, 11 commissioning mothers had gestational surrogacy for the first time (in waiting time or child rearing) selected by using purposeful sampling from Ruyan Institute and then the other infertility centers. Also to fulfill the study purpose, the researchers have interviewed with 5 infertility center's personnel for triangulating resources. Totally 25 deep unstructured interviews have been done with 16 persons. Data analysis has been done and by use of conventional content analysis method. Participant’s experiences expressed commonly that “mothers usually pass a period of stressful doubt and decision making’ which has been formed two main and seven subsidiary categories including 1.”The regret of having child" including two dimensions" infertility harm" and "to wish being mother" and 2. "Accepting the method as the only hopeful way" which includes five dimensions: "searching information", "decision making", "resistance and uncertainty about surrogacy acceptance", "assaying priorities" and "starting surrogacy acceptance". Infertile women suffer heavy stress and they pass complex process for final decision making. Nurses are providers of family and society care and they could play noteworthy role in presenting enough information and new technologies which can be helpful for fertility, and as a result they can play a supportive role to their patients.

Breastfeeding has many advantages for both mothers and infants. Several factors have negative effect on the duration of breastfeeding, one of them being mode of delivery. Caesarean sectioned mothers need more help and support, especially in positioning of infant on their breast. In addition, the role of partner and family during initial weeks after birth to support and encouragement of mothers, is very important. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of home visit after caesarean delivery on exclusive breastfeeding. The study was a randomized controlled trial with 100 mothers who admitted in an educational hospital of Iran University Medical Sciences and gave birth through cesarean delivery. Patients were selected continually and allocated randomly in two groups of experimental and control. During the trial some of samples excluded from research and finally 67 pair of mother and infant remained. Data collection tools included a questionnaire which was completed via interview with mothers about infant’s feeding. Four home visits were performed at 3rd, 10th, 30th, and 60 th day after discharge from hospital in the experimental group. In these days the type of infant’s feeding in control group was recorded after telephone interview with mothers. Data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. According to the results, after teaching good positioning, there was significant increasing in ratio of mothers who breastfed their baby exclusively during six month after birth (P=0. 02). The number of mothers who perceived milk insufficiency, decreased significantly and there was significant differences in exclusive breastfeeding during six month postpartum in two groups (P=0. 000). During the initial weeks postpartum, if cesarean sectioned mothers were taught good positioning during feeding baby, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding increases and mother’s perception of milk insufficiency decreases. Successful nutrition with mother’s milk during first week after birth is associated with support and encouragement of midwife, partner and family at home.

Regular physical activity is an important role in pregnancy, therefore this investigation was carried out in order to assess thee effect of educational program based on BASNEF model on the pregnant mothers` physical activity. This pre- and post-intervention quasi-experimental study was conducted on 280 pregnant women expecting their first child. They were randomly divided into two groups of experimental &control. Mothers in experimental group were trained both theoretically and practically in 8 sessions (90sceconds), while those in control group received routine care only. Data collected in pre and post test, then the 2 groups were compared. Data was analyzed by repeated measures of ANOVA, Friedman, Mann-Whitney U, and independent and paired t -tests by using SPSS-16 software. After the intervention, mean scores of BASNEF Model variables were significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the controls after intervention. There was not any significant difference in physical activity between the two groups of pre-intervention (p=0. 531) but there were significant differences after the intervention between the 2 groups (pConclusion